Flagellation and the Flagellants - The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia (2024)

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod (1869) is a book by William M. Cooper published by John Camden Hotten.

PRELIMINARY.

THE writer, now that his work is concludtd, is X not inclined to dwell on the difficulties underwhich he laboured in the preparation of the presentvolume. Although this History of the Rod may beregarded as "a compilation," still the task requiredmore than an ordinary expenditure of time and trouble.The facts and anecdotes brought together in the following pages were found to be very widely scattered,and frequently accompanied by details which on nopossible pretence could now be openly published

Indeed, it would have been simply impossible to havegiven the chronicle of Conventual and Monastic Discipline entire: the coarseness, the brutality, the re- fined cruelty often exercised, were of a character soobjectionable, that no good end could have been ac- complished by giving every circumstance and everydetail narrated in these old records. The writer's aimhas been to lay before the student interested in theprogress of civilisation as full an account of the use ofthe Rod as propriety on the one hand and as historyon the other demanded.No apology is oftered for what is recorded in thisbook: it was neither compiled for the prurient northe prudish, the writer's sole aim being to give (to thebest of his ability) a true History of the Rod as aninstrument for correctional purposes in the Church,the State, and the Family.Est el fiddi tula silailio Merces. —IIOR.VV. M. Q

CONTENTS.PAGiJ[NTRODUCTION JCHAPTER I. A Learned Controversy to begin with - - I7CH'aPTER II. A Brief Summary of another Curious Controversy 22CHAPTER III. Flagellation aKioxg the Jews - * - 29CHAPTER IV.Flagellation among the Romans, &c. • 34CHAPTER V.Flagell.viions in Monasteries and Convents • 43CHAPTER VI.Flagellation among the Carmelites - • sqCHAPTER VII.Flagellation among the Cistercians, Trappists,AND other Orders of Monks and Nun"vlii CONTENTS.CHAPTER VIIT.[lagkllatiom among the franciscans and similapReligious Orders ....CHAPTER l>ldlsciplinf. among the carthusians and otherOrdersCHAPTER X.Flageij.ation among the Dominicans, and incoijnection with the inquisitionCHAPTER XI.Flagellation among the Jesuits • -»CHAPTER Xll.The Sect of the FlagellantsCHAPTER XIII.The Flagellants {coniinned) . - - -CHAPTER XIV.Cornelius Hadrien and the Disciplina GynoPYGICACHAPTER XV.The celebrated Case of Father Girard andMiss Cadiere . . - --CHAPTER XVi.p5NAL Flagellation - - - --CHAPTER XVII.The Flagellation of Quakers and PoliticalPersons - ••CONTKNTS. IXPAc:» CHAPTER XVIIT.Whipping of Thieves and Garrotters - - in?CHAPTER XTX.Penal and Church Flagellation in Scotland- 173CHAPTER XX.Flagellation in Scotland {confijiiicd) - - 182CHAPTER XXI.Whipping in Bridewell and other Prisons - 195CHAPTER XXH.The Rei'uted Curative and Medicinal PowkrsOF THE Rod ..... 204CHAPTER XXIII.Celestial Castigation .... 213CHAPTER XXIV.Fl.AGELLAJ-lON AMONG EASTERN NATIONS - - 228CHAPTER XXV.The Rod in Russia .... - 242CHAPTER XXVI.The Knout - - . . 259CHAPTER XXVII.The sad Story of the NUxNts of Minsk - . 272CHAPTER XXVI II Flagellation in Africa 277X CONTENTS.CHAPTER XXIX.Flagellation in America - - . - 290CHAPTER XXX.The Flogging of Slaves - - - - 301CHAPTER XXXI.Flagellation in France - - . - 316CHAPTER XXXII.'Flagellation in France {coiuinued) • 327CHAPTER XXXIII.The Rod in Germany and Holland • • ^38CHAPTER XXXIV.Military Flogging .....347CHAPTER XXXV.Military Punishments—The Flogging of So.merville of the Scots Greys - - - 353CHAPTER XXXVI.Flogging in the Navy - - - - 363CHAPTER XXXVII.Anecdotes of Domestic Flagellation in ForeignCountries ------373CHAPTER XXXVIII.Anecdotes of Domestic Birch at Home • • 385CHAPTER XXXIX.Extracts from the Diary of a Lady of Quality- 398CONTKNTS.CHAPTER XL.DlSCII'LTNE IN AN ENGLISH CHARITV SCHOOL AHundred Years Ago . . --CHAPTER XLI.School Punishments - . . --CHAPTER XLI I. Additional Anecdotes of School Punishments -CHAPTER XLHLOn the Whipping ok Young LadiesCHAPTER XLIV.Birch according io the "Family Herald"CHAPTER XLV."Birch in the Boudoir"" - - - .CHAPTER XLVLInstruments of Whipping, &c.CHAPTER XLVn.The Rodl\d and O'i'her PoemsCHAPTER XLVIILThe Anthology of the RodCHAPTER XLIX.Eccentric and Miscellaneous Flagellation -ILLUSTRATIONS.Pi ate PaciFrontispiece: Madame LapucliinVignette: Gladiators— Ancient Roman Flagellum . . . ,j 9 The Rod in Egypt: The General Use of the Bastinado—The Bodyheld down during Punishment—Labourers Beaten by Task- Masters jy 3 The Rod in Egypt and Assyria: Woman Bastinadoed—King holding a Whip—Slaves Dragging a Colossal Figure - - - 284 The Rod in Assyria and Egypt: The Army of Assher-Eam-PalFlogging Captives taken in a Battle with the Susians— A Siietch from " Israel in Egypt," by E. J. Poynter, R.A. - . 325 The Rod in Roman Britain: Criminals Beaten to Prison—Washingand Scourging - -.....jj6 The Rod in Britain: A Priest with the Flagellarium — Games in a Saxon Amphitheatre ------^27 Religious Discipline: " Devils would often lay hold of men andflog them" ...--..-jr8 Religious Discipline: The Sect of the Flagellants - - - 102y Religious Discipline: Henry II. Scourged at the Altar of Thomas a Beckett — St. Edmund Flagellating the Fair Temptress - - 13^10 Religious Discipline: The Castigation of a Penitent -Disciplinepractised by the Jews ......i.^.,1 1 Religious Flagellation: Chastising a Quaker at Paul's Cross, Cheapside, in the time of Cromwell -----iff12 The Whipping of Criminals: The Scourging of Titus Dates from Newgate to Tyburn - A Public Whipping in the London Sessions House Yard - - - - - - - -15^13 The Whipping of Criminals: Stroud, the notorious Cheat, whippedat the Cart's Tail from Charing Cross to Whitehall - - 173(4 Running the Gauntlet in Russia .....26S15 French School Discipline (16th Century): A School Scene of the Period - 51616 Civil and Military Flogging: Caricature by Gillray—Old Carved Whipping Block— Whipping in the Navy—Whipping in the Army - 35.}17 Domestic Flagellation: The Mother's Correction—School Scene inthe Middle Ages 3S.118 Schoolin the Last Century:" Take down his Breeches " - - 42419 The Rod in School: Winchester Rod and Cap- Eton Flogginp " Block " and Rod 43*ao Whiotiine Imnleraents 47^IiNTRODUCTlON.

IT is recorded of an old-fashioned schoolmaster X that in the course of fifty years he administered to his pupils nearly half-a-million canings, and a hundred and twenty-four thousand proper floggings!

This pedagogue, who in the days of Solomon wouldhave been a man after that wise king's own heart,may be taken as the type of a class of teachers vvhoflourished "in the good old days"—rigid disciplinarians who never spared the rod nor spoiled the child.Happy schoolboys of the present day have but afaint notion of those times, or of the severities undergone at school by their fathers and grandfathers.Flagellation, except for garrotters, has gone nearly outof fashion in this country, and the birch of to-day isbut the ghost of what it was a hundred years since,and the rod even of that period was only a faintshadow of the terrible whips and scourges of a muchearlier age.Nor was the Rod in early times confined toschoolboys; it had, from small beginnings, becomea symbol of authority at which even bearded men2 INTRODUCTION.trembled, and, as any one may read, was wieldedwith tyrannical power by the kings and conquerors ofantiquity; for the practice of flagellaling^ the humanbody dates from the earliest ages of mankind, andhas been chronicled by the most ancient authors.Without doubt, the destinies of mankind have beengreatly influenced by the scourge, and the curiositiesof flagellation form an interesting chapter in the progress of human civilization.Records of various kinds of corporal chastisementinflicted during the most remote pagan ages are still extant, the heathens having made a most industrioususe of the scourge, frequently practising with relentless severity on the backs of their unfortunate captives. The extended use of the whip, however, is due to more Christian times. The ancient Persianswere familiar with the Rod: the nobles of the kingdom even were not spared when flagellations weregoing the round, whilst a satirical custom prevailedthen, as it does even yet in some eastern countries, ofthe punished having to return grateful thanks for thepunishment—an observance of etiquette which at a not very remote period, we believe, was insisted uponby hard-hearted lady teachers—

• ' Flick-em, fiap-em, over the knee,

Say, Thank you, good dame, for whipping of nie."fVfter a time, in Persia, nobles were spared the indignity of a personal application of the scourge, it being arranged in the case of such grandees thatfniiure punishments shoulJ be innictcd on thoiitNTRODUCTION,clothes instead of their bare bodies, thus renderingtlie whipping in their case much pleasanter than itwould otherwise have been, leading to the belief thatit was at that time the proverb originated, of one lawfor the rich and another for the poor.Before the foundation of Rome the whip was thedaily portion of the slave, and the ancient Romansbecame adepts in the use of the scourge. In thesatires of Juvenal, and in the writings of otherauthors, th^re are numerous examples of severeflagellations bestowed upon slaves. The judges ofthe period were surrounded by a variety of whips andscourges: in order to strike evil-doers with terror,they were shewn in the courts of law in profusion.These instruments of torture had each a particularname; for mild punishments there was the ferula,and for degrees of greater severity there were harsherinstruments of correction, the severest of all being theterrible flagclliiin. The Roman judges had unlimitedpower over the culprits who were brought beforethem, while masters and mistresses held the lives oftheir slaves so cheap that it was no uncommon matterfor some of them to be whipped to death; and, asall who are versed in the manners and customs ofancient Italy know, the retainers of a first-rate Romanhousehold were so numerous that some of them weresure to be in disgrace. In accounts of Roman lifewhich we have read, some unfortunate slave wasgenerally found asking the feasting guests to intercedewith the master and save him from being flogged. I»I —2i INTRODUCTION.an elaborate description of Trimalchios' banquet wehave an example of this. Indeed, the practice ofwhipping slaves was often indulged in as an excellentmode of amusing guests, either during dinner or afterthe feast had terminated. The ladies were, however,far more severe and ingenious in their disciplines thanthe men, and the waiting-maids of these fair despotsled in consequence a very unpleasant life. A lady'sdressing-room is said to have been as well furnishedwith scourges as a court of law. The Roman ladiesrequired a perfect army of female attendants, eaclihaving a particular duty to perform connected withthe house or the toilette; those performing duties inthe dressing-room were made to attend their mistressin a partially nude state, in order that there shouldbe no impediment to an immediate whipping if anything displeased the lady. One way of punishingmale slaves was to suspend them by their hands to astrong beam, and attach to their feet a heavy weight,in order that they might not kick the person whoflogged them. Ladies used to whip their maids whilesuspended to the beam, a slight difference, however,being made in the mode of suspension—these victimsof the incensed fair being hung up by their hair, apiece of cruel ingenuity that has never been tried inlater times, although many persons have been punishedfor cruelty to their sei'vants. It is not long since a lady in Scotlar\d v/as imprisoned for thirty days forslapping h:'.r: servant's face! whilst another mistres'who had cha.stised her scrvrint-maid in the old ortho-INTRODUCTION. 5dox fashion, with the household taws, had to paydamages to the young woman in consequence; andwe lately read, in the assize intelligence, that a strawplait manufacturer at Luton was sentenced to sixmonths' imprisonment for birching one of his fen^aleworkers.It would appear that at a very early period schoolmasters learned to use rods upon the backs of theirdisciples. There are numerous anecdotes extant offlogging schoolmasters of ancient times; and thereare stories also of preceptors who were flogged bytheir pupils I. The greatest of all the curiosities of flagellation werethose voluntary scourgings which were performed bythe Spartan youths of Lacedemonia. Plutarch alludesto the whipping customs of Sparta in the character ofan eye-witness. Boys delighted in being whipped fora whole day before the altar of Diana, at the annualcontest of flagellations. The " gamest " boy, if wemay use the word, was he who could endure thegreatest number of stripes—he carried off the prize,or, at any rate, became victor in the contest. Theseexhibitions were conducted before the parents of thechildren, who eloquently exhorted their youths tcbear the pain with fortitude. Priests were appointedto witness the ceremony, examine the wounds, andpredict the future career of the heroes. The exampleof these youths raised up other sects of flagellantsphilosophers who cultivated birch and used whip-cordwith a zeal worthy of a better cause. In the course of6 INTRODUCTION.time these sects of whipping zealots began to spread(not, however, without being ridiculed) into differentcountries, giving rise to a great number of anecdotesconnected with customs of flagellation, which will befound in the body of this work, and need not befurther alluded to here than to mention that at alater date there was founded on these Spartan exhibitions the rather disgusting festival of the Lupercalia, a curious example of the kind of voluntary flagellationsonce so common.It was long debated whether flagellation as a punishment or flagellation as a penance was the moreancient of the two kinds of whipping; but there needbe little doubt about the matter, corporal punisJuiicntbeing as old as sin. The voluntary flagellations, nodoubt, resulted in imitation of the punishment: inother words, persons had the strength of mind topunish themselves for such sins as they knew theyhad committed—and so this practice became in timea portion of the daily life of persons who were moredevout than others. Damian, the Cardinal Bishop ofOstia, is the first historian of these voluntary flagellations, and he tells us about the extraordinary vigourwith which some of the more zealous of the religiousof early days used to flog themselves.Voluntary flagellation of the kind alluded to datesfrom a far back period: about the fifth century ofthe Christian era. The progress of flagellation amongthe Christians was at first very slow, but, after atime, spread so rapidly as to aUracl the attention ofIN IRODUCTIO/I. 7all Christendom, a large body having sprung up, whopractised the art M'ith great industry and severity"The Flagellants/' as they were called, began theircareer in Italy, but soon extended into Germany,and even into England in a small degree; and theoperators of those days used to wield the scourge as ifit was a prime social enjoyment. These flagellatingbodies originated in superstition, and their acts maybe classed amongst the greatest of all the curiositiesconnected with the use of the whip. One sect of TheFlagellants originated in fear of the plague, whichwas raging at the time, it be'ng thought that onlyby severe penance could the divine wrath be turnedaway.Various modifications of the system in time arose,as, for instance, in Spain, where Flagellants imparteda tone of gallantry to their discipline, by undergoingtheir self-inflicted punishment under windows in presence of their mistresses. Indeed, to such an extentwas the practice carried that there arose persons whotaught the polite art of flagellation, perhaps like theart of writing, in lialf-a-dozen lessons! The ladies\/cre doubtless delighted with the homage paid tothem, and rewarded youthful martyrs by hfting theirveils for a brief moment. As the author of Hudib.ras sa)-s:—" Way may not whipping have as goodA grace, performed in time and mood,With comely movement, and by art. Raise passion in a lady's heart?"Private and family flagellation rapidly extended. la8 INTRODUCTION.the houses of the great nobility, and in tlie palaces ofkings, flogging had become very prevalent. Stories arcstill extant of queens—Catherine de' Medicis is a motherly example—who, placing their maids of honourover their knees, whipped them like little children; and ladies of quality living at court, whether in theimmediate suite of the Oucen or not, were not ex- empt, when they became naughty, from chastisementof the same kind. Pages in the palaces were frequently to be found on the flogging-block—indeed,at one time, the flagellation of a page excited nonotice. We read of pages who were ^\hipped formocking the priests of a household. Others of theKing's retainers had frequently to submit to similardiscipline; in fact, the oft-recurring administration ofcorporal punishment was a portion of the every-daylife of that period. The place selected for carryingout these disciplines, in the palaces of the kings or the nobility, was the kitchen. Persons of quality, however, were not flogged there; but it was there thatflagellations were administered to drunken priests*pert maid-servants, or forward pages, and where generally the lower retainers suffered chastisement. Ladie."of rank and persons of condition would, in all probability, be whipped in a much more private place,where they would not be exposed to the gibes andinsults of the menial servants.There are instances on record of queens beingflogged: a favourite sultana has before now been madeto endure the whip, and among female slaves in the1NTR0DUCTT0N\ $o-reat sersfflios the birch is still very familiar. In suchromances and tales as depict the manners and customs of those remote times, there may be foundvarious anecdotes of disciplines inflicted at court. Asan instance, the story of the poet Clopinel, whichillustrates court life of a certain period, is elsewhererelated.Among the great people who have been fiogged wefind the names of more than one king.There is another phase of flagellation equally curious, and of great antiquity—vi2:., those practices ofdiscipline which were incidental to life in conventsand monasteries. Some of the monkish orders wereparticularly severe in their discipline, and many curious stories are still extant regarding the whippingcustoms of these devout classes. So far back as thetime of the Vestals, we have notices of the severepunishments inflicted for breaches of the rules laiddown for the guidance of those virgins who tendedthe sacred fire. Although these young ladies werepersons of great importance, it is on record thatseveral of them were whipped. Having been previously covered over with a thin veil, they were compelled to suffer punishment in a dark room by thehands of a priest.In convents long ago (and at present [.?]), it was tlicrule that the punishments awarded to erring sistersshould be inflicted by a woman that was elderly and3evere in her nature; while the flagellations awardedto those of the sterner sex were ordained to be givei[O INTRODUCTION.by a morose brother; and strict rules were laid downas to the modesty with which all punishments were tobe inflicted. There was, however, a time in the Churchwhen this virtue of modesty was not so highly prized — in fact, at one period, in some of the monasteries,nakedness was held very cheap: delinquent brothers,being made to strip, were flogged, not only in thesight of their own congregation, but before the publicas well! By an act of the Constitution of the Abbeyof Clun}'-, it was ordained that brethren guilty of certain faults should be slrlpt naked, and be tied up andflogged in a street or public place, so that all mightsee them. Voluntary flagellations, or those not inflicted by the law of the Order, were, of course,inflicted at the will of the individual. Many monksand nuns have been celebrated for the immense number of blows with which they chastised themselves.There was one priest, in particular, who, in theseold times, was celebrated for his zeal in laying on thediscipline. His name was Cornelius Adrianscn, auuhe was distinguished by having his particular mode ofwhipping named after him, so that a Cornelian discipline meant a flagellation supra dorsum mtdiini.Another person in holy orders became at one timevery notorious for his style of discipline: this waFather Girard, the trial of whom, for flagellating andotherwise abusing Miss Cadifere made at the time agreat noise. This cause ceTebre was published in a foliovolume, \\hich gave full details of tUe doings of tU<;supposed sorcerer.INTRODUCTION,Throughout the period which we have indicatedflagellation, public and private, was as nearly as possible universal; it was in such general repute, especially with monastic bodies, that nuns were recommended to flagellate themselves before proceeding tcthe election of a lady superior. The instruments ir use for the purposes of monastic flagellation havebeen various. Father Dominic used a besom [i.e., abirch-rod.) Other saints have been more eccentric,and employed whatever instrument came in theirway, whether the tongs or a stick. Again, somehave used bunches of nettles, whilst others have preferred thistles; and one very devotional lady used a bunch of feathers. St. Bridget beat herself with a bunch of keys; and other ladies of simpler imaginations have made use of their hands.Flagellation has its romantic and comic side, although it is quite possible that Eton and other schoolboys may fail to see any fun in birch. Schoolboys ofthe present day who find themselves in "the bill"have generally but a very dim idea of the humourthat has at various times been associated with theRod. In corroboration of what we assert, there istold, on another page, numerous stories connectedwith the house of St. Lazare, which at one period existed in Paris, known as the seminary of the goodboys, and kept by certain pious monks who carriedon a roaring trade in flagellations.In a medical point of view, flagellation was at onetime in repute; it was thought to be, if we may use12 INTRODUCTION.a simile, but another way of blistering the skin; andas a remedy for certain complaints, the birch held a distinguished place. The ancients also reverted toit as a moral agent, and a remnant of this idea prevailed till a comparatively recent period, as exemplified in the flagellation of maniacs and others. Thedoctors held that a smart whipping re-animated thetorpid circulation of the cutaneous vessels, and ledto an increase of muscular energy. Physicians usedto prescribe a liberal amount of slapping for some oftheir patients; and there is on record an anecdote of a great lady who ordered her servants to give her physician a dose of birch of great strength, as she wasunder the impression that the learned gentleman was inthe habit of betraying the secrets of the prison-house.Enough is chronicled in the follow ing pages to shewhow prevalent the use of the Rod has been in all ages and in all countries. Advancing civilization hashappily banished the frequent use of the scourgefrom among us, and it is admitted that the countrydoes not suffer much from its absence. It is not yet"sixty years since" the birch was wielded with terrible severity both in the public and private schoolsof our own country, and also in the domestic circle.Masters and mistresses frequently corrected thei\servants, and parents their children, with the birch orthe whip. Apprentices were often chastised. Mrs.Brownrigg flogged some of her girls to death, for whichcrime she was executed. A century ago, neither sexnor age formed a boundary to the administration ofINTRODUCTION. 15corporal chastisement. Even grown women had to bowsubmissive before the Rod. Dr. Johnson tells of a ladyin Leicestersliire who used to birch her grown-up•'daughters. In Russia, flogging, although greatly onthe wane, still prevails; in that country the stick and theknout form a part of the penal law. We need not won-^der, therefore, that the birch is the portion of disobedi- ,evit ballet-girls, and that ladies of quality have been occasionally flogged at the police bureau for the good oltheir moral health. Stories of the knout are common.To return again to our own country, we may re- mind our readers of the time when criminals wereflogged through the streets—a custom that may againbe revived in the case of garrotters; naughty womenwere whipped in Bridewell, and parties of fashionablesused to be made up to go witness the sight! Someladies of rank once had the mortification—it wastheir own choice—to be flagellated by a millinerfor theft; and it is recorded that two gentlewomenwere birched for stealing caudle-cups from the RoyalPalace. Long ago, too, another quaint flagellatingcustom was exceedingly prevalent in this country.On the occasion of an execution taking place, all theyounger branches of a family were thoroughly birched,in order that they might the better recollect the awfulevent. Perhaps the oddest case of flagellation referring to our own country is that of a clergyman who•insisted on whipping his housemaid, "after the manner of a schoolboy," and who rushed into print todefend his conduct when it was impugned. A curious14 INTRODUCTIOx\.practice also prevailed in some of our village schools:a naughty boy would be strapped down to a desk atthe door, and, being partially undressed, it fell toevery pupil to administer a blow to the delinquent as he or she left the school. Except at some of thelarge public schools of England, the rod is now seldom used, and even at Eton and Harrow it is not so often resorted to as formerly. The birch was at onetime immoderately used in schools for young ladies,and naughty pupils, of all ages, had \.o submit, oftenwith many humiliating ceremonies—ceremonies saidto have been borrowed from the convent schools offoreign countries—to " elegant flagellation."In a well-known penny periodical, an attempt wasmade, about twelve years ago, to persuade the publicthat corporal chastisement was still inflicted in someof the ladies' schools of this country, but the wholestory must have been a pure invention, as no onewhom we have consulted seems to know a school inEngland where such practices are tolerated. A greatcontroversy was lately carried on in the pages of apopular magazine about the whipping of girls. Thedetails which Avere given of various punishments ex-.cited a " sensation," and were hotly denied—it beingasserted that such punishments were too immodestand brutal for the present age of refinement; butthat the kind of discipline described is reviving in thedomestic circle is certain, and, as it has been morethan once recommended by ladies of quality, mayagain become fashionable. Apropos of the whippingINTRODUCTION. 15of young ladies, a girl of the peiiod, aged seventeen,lately asked, through the columns of Public Opinion,if she could not raise an action of damages againsther governess for having whipped her as if she werea child!In various foreign countries the Rod is still thebadge of power. In Austria soldiers are made to runthe terrible gauntlet. Russia has not yet abolishedthe knout, and the ladies of Poland have been openlyscourged b}' Russian soldiers! China has still thegreat bamboo; Turkey governs with the stick; theSiamese have their nightly birches; and in Africathere is "mumbo jumbo." Grown young ladies arestill whipped in some of the American schools, andit was reserved for the Americans to make a trade offlogghig, they having invented, in the days of slavery,a machine for whipping niggers!The birch has been celebrated in poetry. Manyallusions have been made to the Rod by the poets,and there are various serious, sentimental, and satirical poems—whippiads, rodiads, birchiads, &c.—extant; but, unfortunately, they are too coarse for "thegeneral reader." The children's toy-books of fortyyears ago dealt largely in birch. We have preservedone of these, giving a history of two naughty boys,who never did "nothing at all." Mamma punishedthem at last, as is related by the poet:

"Then down both their trousers she took,While each stroke made them furiously squall.

• Oh, why, mamma, what are you at?' *I^ly dears, I'm at " nothing at all

i6 INTRODUCTION.Shenstone s and Crabbe's poetical works have also^ numerous allusions to the punishment of the Rod;f and there are likewise poems on the subject which,although they were not considered Indelicate or vulgar by our grandfathers and grandmothers, are at thepresent day totally unfit to be reproduced, notwithstanding some of them are very witty and wellwritten.

Plate II. THE ROD IN EGYPT.THE GENERAL USE OF THE BASTINAEO.—Beni Hassan.THE DODY HELD EOWN DtlRING PUNISHMENT. —Tieni Hassan.LABOUUEUS REATEN BY TASKMASTEUS.—Pyramids." IIOHRIBILE FlaCELLUM."— //<»r. t'iom a bas relief of Cybele in ths Museumof the Capitol at RomeGladiators Fighting withFlagei.la. —From a CoinCHAPTER I.A LEARNED CONTROVERSY TO BEGIN WITH.^HE origin and progress of flagellation is involvedX in obscurity, and it is unnecessary to say thatno means exist of tracing out the first whipping thatwas inflicted, or the name and address of him or herwho administered or received it; but it may beshrewdly guessed that the population of the worldwould not be very numerous when the practice wasinstituted. We shall not venture here on an inquiryinto antediluvian discipline, preferring to confine ourselves, in the meantime, to the subject in its comparatively modern aspect.A tremendous dispute agitated the learned worldat one period as to whether whipping as a penanceor whipping as a punishment was first introduced.One author contended for one view of the case, andhis opponent lought to establish an opposite theory.The facts related by the old controversfalists are\S A LEARNED CONTROVERSY TO BEGIN WITH,SO lost in words, and hidden in Latin quotations, or so frittered away in notes and commentaries, as tomake it a task of no small difficulty to separatethe corn from the chaff. Whipping, as a penance,has at any rate made its mark on language. Thevarious methods of doing penance were at first ailcomprehended under the term disciplines; but so great was the prominence awarded to flagellation{disciplina flagelli, "the discipline of the whip"), thatin process of time discipline was used to express thatkind of penance alone. Indeed, in French, we findthat word appropriated to designate the instrument ofreligious flagellation: for example, in Moliere's playof "Tartuffe; or, The Hypocrite," Tartuffe says tohis valet

" Laurent, serrez ma haire avec ma discipline,Et priez que toujours le Ciel vous illumine."Ta7-tuffe, ac iij., 5C. a." Laurent, lock up my haircloth and discipline, andpray that Heaven may always enlighten you " Disciplines thus mean voluntary flagellations inflicted onthemselves by penitents with scourges, whips, or rods.But the controversy need not be further alluded tothan to say, that all the probabilities are in favour of"punishment" as first giving occasion for the use ofthe rod.Other two points connected with flagellation thathave also formed a subject of controversy, and beenthe theme of many writers, may be illustrated beforegoing farther. The proper place of the body on whichto inflict a discipline gave rise to great differences ofopinion: some writers were in favour of bestowing theblows on the back and shoulders, which was calledA LEARNED CONTROVERSY TO BEGIN WITH. 19"the upper discipline"

sursum disciplma: otliers,again, advocated deorsiim disciplina, " the lower discipHne," as being the proper whipping.According to the most learned of the controversialists, the upper discipline was highly disapproved of,because of its tendency to hurt the eyes and thebreasts of the penitents; such, indeed, is the dangerof wounding these sensitive parts, that at this day,when a woman is flogged in Sweden—a frequentoccurrence for some offences—she is laid in a coppersheath, which fits the front part of her person withso much nicety as to leave only the hips or backexposed to the lash. A celebrated medical journallately observed, in commenting on the flogging of a party of garotters, that heavy punishments ought tobe given by instalments of ten or a dozen stripes at atime, and that a lower discipline would be, by far, themost effective as a deterrent from crime.Father Gretzer, a very ancient disciplinarian, wasmuch troubled in his mind as to the proper parton which to lay the stripes, and obtained the folV)wing opinion from a learned doctor: —" The vulgaropinion that lashes applied to the back are aptto hurt the eyes is not well grounded. It is true that the great loss of blood injures the brain,and consequently the eyes, which are called bysome the sprouts of it; and these it affects by thediminution it causes of the vital heat. But theredoes not arise from disciplines such a great lossof blood as that the brain may thereby suffer anyconsiderable deperdition of its heat; on the contrary,since scarifications on the back are often employedwith success for the cure of disorders in the eyes, whyshould bad consequences to them be feared from a few20 A LEARNED CONTROVERSY TO BEGIN WITH.stripes? Those, therefore, alone, who are of a weaklyliabit of body the exercise in question can hurt,but not persons of a good constitution; and wliendisciplines are so moderately inflicted as to cause noloss of blood, and barely to affect the colour of theskin, no detriment certainly ought to be feared (romthem."Such was the decision of an excellent physician,and to it Father Gretzer adds that he willingly andreadily subscribes." Physicians and anatomists say," writes anotherauthor on this part of the subject of flagellation, " thatthe secret or open communion between all parts ofthe human body is such, that it is impossible to do anymaterial and continual injury to one part without tlieother parts being also sooner or later affected. Henceit follows that those persons who execute disciplinesupon themselves with great severity fall in process oftime into serious distempers of some- kind or .other, so as at length to find themselves disabled from continuing those practices by which they intended to procure the improvement of their morals."All physicians, however, do not agree with theauthorities just quoted. Some have delivered differentopinions concerning the harmlessness of disciplinewith respect to the eyes; and whether it was thatthe Capuchin Friars thought the advice of theselatter of greatest weight, or that they intended theirzeal should be unrestrained by any apprehension,they adopted the use of the lower discipline; andthe generality of nuns did the same, from tbe likeintention of securing, their e}'csight. "Determinedthereto by the advice of able physicians and piouspersons, they gave up flagellating themselves on their^A LEARNED CONTROVERSY TO BEGIN WITH.shoulders, in order to belabour and slash their loinswith knotted small cords and hardened rods."There was still another point to be considered intills matter. By most of the ancient monastic rules,religious persons were forbidden to inspect any partof their naked bodies, lest such indulgence might giverise to wicked thoughts. "If such disciplines," it hasbeen argued, "cannot be performed in secret withoutdanger, is it prudent to execute them in the presenceof witnesses?" Tertullian observes, that " Nature hasmade either fear or shame the attendants on everyevil action. What man or woman then could, withoutshame, execute a lower discipline in company withother persons?" Shakespeare says

" The chariest maid is prodigal enoughIf she unmask her charms to ihe moon."This amusing and very learned controversy lasted 3 Jong time, and ended, like many others, by the adncrents of each system thinking their own the best.The wrangle described, naturally enough, led to anotherinteresting inquiry, which is summarized in the nextcUap<"er for the benefit of the curious reader.CHAPTER II.A URIEF SUMMARY OF ANOTHER CURIOUSCONTROVERSY.DE LOLME—in reality the Abbe Boileau, brotheiof the poet—assures us that the part uponwhich mankind sits is extremely deserving of esteem.1 1 is, in the first place, a characteristic part ofhumanity: it is formed by the expansion of muscleswhich, anatomists inform us, are proper to the humanspecies, and exist in no other animal.Nor do these parts confer upon man a distinctionfrom animals that is of an honorary kind merely. Likethe faculty of walking erect, which, as Ovid remarks,enables him to behold the sun or the stars, as he goesforward, it puts him in a condition to promote theliberal arts and sciences, as well as the mechanicalarts and manufactures. By the power Oi assiduityit confers upon man, it is so useful to him in thestudy of the law, that it has been looked upon as being as good as the head itself, with which it nas, inthat respect, been put upon a par; and it is a commonsaying in the universities, that, in order to succeed inthat study, a man must have an iron head, and leadenposteriors; to which they add, a golden purse, to buybooks with.This part of the human frame not only server to•nake man learned and industrious; it contributes asANOTHER CURIOUS CONTROVERSY. 23well to the beauty of the species, being itself capableof a great degree of beauty.Without mentioning the opinions held by differentsavage nations, who take pains to paint and adornthat part, we know that the Greeks, who were a cultivated and polite people, entertained high notions ofits beauty. They seem to have thought that it had the advantage, in that respect, of all the otherparts of the human body; for, though we do notfind that they ever erected altars to fine arms, finelegs, fine eyes, or even to a handsome face, yetthey did that honour to the part mentioned, andexpressly erected a temple to Venus, under the ap^peilation of Venus Callipyge. The above templewas built, as some say, on the occasion of a quarrelthat arose between two sisters, who contended whichof the two was most elegantly shaped in that part q\the body.The Latins entertained the same notions as to thebeauty of that part, or those parts, on which man sits as the Greeks. Horace bestows upon them the appellation offair: and he declares it is as his opinion, thatfor a woman to be defective in this part of the bodyis one of the greatest blemishes she can have—a defectequal to having a flat nose or a long foot.Among the moderns, notions of the same kind haveprevailed. Rabelais, a well-known writer. La Fontaine,and the celebrated poet Rousseau, all allude to thesubject; the latter, in one of his epigrams, speaks ofthe above-mentioned Grecian temple erected to Venus,and declares that it would have been that templewhich he would have most assiduously frequented.Other persons have thought, that, besides theabove advantages, the part mentioned was, moreover,24 ANOTHER CURIOUS CONTROVERSY.capable of dignity, and partook of the importance ofits owners. This is an opinion which the poet Scarronexpressed, in a copy of verses written to a certain lady,whose husband having lately been made a duke, hadthereby conferred on her the right to be seated in theQueen's assembly: "she had been given the tabouret(a stool). Favourable sentiments of the kind justmentioned seem also to have been entertained byLord Bolingbroke, whose distinguished character as a statesman, a politican, and a philosopher, renderhim extremely fit to be quoted in this place.Other writers have carried their notions still fartlier,and have thought that the part in question wac capable,not only of being beautiful, but even of being endowedwith dignity and splendour. Thus, M. Pavilion, a French bel esprit under the reign of Louis XIV., whofilled the office of King's General Advocate at Metz,was a member of the French Academy, and nephewof a bishop, wrote some verses which he inserted inthe collection of his ivorks, entitled, Metamorphose duCu d'Iris en Astre.On the other hand, we find that part of the body

which has been thought by some to possess so manybeauties, and has accordingly become the subject ofrespect and admiration—has been made by otheis theobject of scoffs, and a chosen place to insult. Theprevailing vulgar practice, in cases of provocation,of threatening, or even serving, the part In questionwith kicks, might be alluded to, but it is better toobserve generally, that among all nations it has beendeemed the proper place for beatings, lashings, andslappings.That this notion prevailed amon^^ the Romans, weare informed by passages from Plaulus, and by St.ANOTHER CURIOUS CONTROVERSY. 25Jerome. The same practice was also adopted by theGrcelcs, as will be proved by the instance of the philosopher Peregrinus. And under the icign of theEmperors, when the two nations (the Greek andRoman) had, as it were, merged into one, similarnotions concerning the fitness of the same part tobear verberations and insults continued to prevail.Of this we have a singular instance in the mannerin which the statue of the Emperor Constantine wastreated, at the time of the revolt of the town of Edessa:the inhabitants, not satisfied with pulling that statuedown, in order to aggravate the insult, flagellated it onthe part alluded to. Among the French, similarnotions prevail. We may cite proofs of this fromtheir language itself, in which the verb that is derived from the word by which the part here alludedto is expressed signifies of itself, and without theaddition of any other word, to beat or verberate it: thus, Voltaire supposes his Princess Cunegonde to sayto Candide

Tandis qiion vous fcssoit, rnon cJicr Caudide. From the above French word fcsscr has beenagain derived the noun fcssade, signifying a verberation on the same part; the same as the word claque,which originally meant a slap in general, now signifiesa slap on what has been called " the seat of honour."Among the Italians, the practice of verberating thesame part also obtains, if we are to trust to proofslikewise derived from their language; and from theword cJdappa they make cJiiappata, the meaning ofwhich is the same as the French word claque.We find the practice generally prevalent throughoutEurope. It was certainly adopted in Denmark, andeven in the court of that country, towards the latterpart of the lyih century, as we are informed by Lord26 ANOTHER CURIOUS CONTROVERSY.Molesworth, in his "Account of Denmark." It was thecustom, his lordship says, at the end of every huntingmatch at court, that, in order to conclude the entertainment with as much festivity as it had begun, a proclamation was made—if any could inform against personswho had infringed the known laws of hunting, let himstand forth and accuse. As soon as the contraventionwas ascertained, the culprit was made to kneel downbetween the horns of the stag that had been hunted; two of the gentlemen removed the skirts of his coat

when the king, taking a small long wand in his hand,laid a certain number of blows, which was proportionedto the greatness of the offence, on the culprit's breech;whilst, in the meantime, the huntsmen with their brasshorns, and the dogs with their loud mouthings, proclaimed the king's justice, and the criminal's punishment: the scene affording great diversion to thequeen and those of the court who were present atthe ceremony.In Turkey, a verberation on the breech was thecommon chastisement inflicted either on the Janissaries or Spahis. In Poland, a lower discipline was thepenance constantly inflicted upon certain offenders,previously to tying them together by the bond olmatrimony; or, indeed, some time after they had beenmarried. In England, castigations of the same kindwere at an early period adopted among the respectable part of the nation. Among the Spaniards, the>so generally consider the part of the human body ol" which we are treating here as the fittest to hter iil usage and mortification, that in every place there is commonly some good friar who makes himself answerable for the sins of the whole parish; and who, according as he has been fee'd for that purpose, flogs himsel£AN'UtllEK CURIOUS CONTROVERSY. 27or at least tells his customers he has done so: hencethe common Spanish saying:—" I am as badly off asthe friar's;" which is said by persons who thinkthat they are made to pay, or suffer, for advantagesthey are not admitted to share.A serious flagellation on that part is the punishment which was established at the Cape of GoodHope among the Dutch, as Kolben informs us, forthose found smoking" tobacco in the streets: apractice which was frequently the cause of housestaking fire. Among the Persians, punishments ofthe same kind are also established; and we find inChardin an instance of a captain of the outward gateof the king's seraglio who was served with it, forhaving suffered a stranger to stop before that gateand look through it. The Chinese use a like methodof chastisement, and inflict it with a wooden instrument, shaped like a large solid rounded spoon. InIne "Arabian Nights' Entertainment," which, no doubt,is faithful to the manners of the time, we see, from thestory of the cobbler Bakbarah, that they viewed thematter in a similar light. This cobbler having fallenin love with a beautiful lady belonging to some wealthyman, whom he had seen through the window of herhouse, would afterwards keep for whole hours everyday staring at that window. The lady, who prooosed to make game of him, one day sent a femalesLve to introduce him to her, and then gave him tounderstand, that if he could overtake her by runningafter her through the apartments of her house, shewould accept him as her sweetheart: he was besidestold, that in order to run more nimbly he muststrip to his shirt. To all this Bakbarah agreed; andalter a number of turns, up and down the house,28 ANOTHER CURIOUS CONTROVERSY.he was at last enticed into a long, dark, and narrowpassage, at the farthest extremity of which an opendoor was to be perceived; he made to it as fast as lie could, and when he had reached it, rushed headlongthrough it; when, to his no small astonishment, thedoor instantly shut upon him, and he found himself inthe middle of a public street of Bagdad, which waschiefly inhabited by curriers. A number of theselatter, struck by the sudden and strange appearanceof the unfortunate Bakbarah, who, besides stripping tohis shirt, had suffered his eye-brows to be shaved, laidhold of him, and soundly lashed the softest part ofhis person with their straps. To complete his misfortunes, the judge of police sentenced him to receivea hundred strokes on the soles of his feet, and to bebanished from the city.As will be seen throughout the following pages, thecustom of whipping was at one period universal; andin those countries where flogging is still practised inschools or prisons, it is generally the rule to bestow'the flagellation on that part of the body which mankind are wonl to sit I'pon.THE ROD IN EGYPT AND ASSYRIA. Plate 111.

CHAPTER III.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE JEWS.LAGELLATION is undoubtedly a very ancientmode of coercive punishment. Tlie earliestrecord of it occurs in the fifth chapter of Exodus,where the sacred historian informs us that Pharaohflagellated the Israelites. He required them to furnisha certain quantity of bricks every day, and when thespecified number was not made up the officers iverebeaten. The words of the Vulgate are in verse 14

• 'Jlagellati sunt" and in verse 16 "Jlagellis ccedhnurl'

and both expressions signify, were lashed with rods or whips. Further on in the Old Testament we find thatflagellation was the punishment awarded under the oldlaw, as delivered to Moses, to those who were foundguilty of particular sins: " And whosoever lies witha woman that is a bond maid, betrothed to an husband, and not at all redeemed, nor freedom givenher: she shall be scourged: they shall not be put todeath, because she Avas not free." The Mosaic Lawlikewise prescribed the number of lashes to be administered to criminals: " And it shall be, if the wickedman be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall causehim to lie down, and to be beaten before his face according to his fault by a certain number. Forty stripes hemay give him, and not exceed: lest if he should exceed,and beat him above these with many strioes. then thy30 FLAGELLATION AMONG THE JE\VS.brother should seem vile unto thee."—Deut.. ch. xxv„ver. 2, 3. The writers of the New Testament makefrequent mention of flagellation. They all notice thecircumstance that Jesus Christ was scourged before hiscrucifixion. In John, ch. ii., v. 1 5, we are told that Christhimself made a scourge of small cords, and drove themoney-changers from the Temple. In the Acts, ch. v.,V. 40, it is narrated that the apostles were beaten withscourges. Saint Paul, in enumerating the persecutionsand sufferings he underwent for the sake of the Gospel,says, "Of the Jews five times received I forty stripessave one;" and " Thrice was I beaten with rods, oncewas I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreok: a night anda day 1 have been in the deep;" and again, "And othershad trials of cruel mockings and scourgings; yea,moreover, of bonds and imprisonments."The passages which we have quoted from the Scriptures refer only to flagellation as a punishment, andafford no justification of voluntary flagellation, stillless of the excessive use of the lash practised andrecommended by monks of later days, who oftenlashed themselves with knotted cords, and sometimeswith whips armed with spikes or sharp points. TheLav/ of Moses expre.-^sly limited the number of stripesthat might be inflicted to forty. In no case mightthis number be exceeded. Thus, even to the con- victed criminal, justice was tempered with mercy,and excessive scourging was forbidden. In practiceamong the Jews the number of blows inflicted wasin fact limited to thirty-nine, lest, by any accidentin counting, the criminal should receive more thanthe legal number. There was another reason stillfor limiting it to thirty-nine, and this was the peculiar manner in which the punishment of stripes wasFLAGELLATION AMONG THE JEWS. Jiinflicted. The scourge was of leather, and had threethongs—one very long, going round the body at everyblow, and the other two much shorter—and this wasstruck thirteen times, making thirty-nine, whereas anadditional blow would have brought the number toforty-two.The advocates of religious whipping have beenextremely desirous to support their position by theauthority of Scripture, and have ransacked the Biblefor that purpose, but with indifferent success. Besidesthe passages already quoted, there are only two morereferring to flagellation, and these are held by some toprove that flagellation is a scriptural and meritoriousexercise. In Psalm Ixxiii., v. 14, David exclaims, "Forall day long have I been plagued and chastened &v^xymorning." The words of the Vulgate are "ftiijiagellatus" "I have been whipped;" and taken in a literalsense, may mean that the Psalmist was in the practiceof lashing himself every day. The majority of writers are of opinion that the words are to be understood ina figurative and not a literal sense: that the stripeswere only the misfortunes and troubles which are so frequently the lot of good men in this world.The last passage on this point occurs in St. Paul'sEpistle to the Corinthians, and has been the subject ofmuch learned controversy. St. Paul there says (i Cor.ch. ix., ver. 27), "I chastise my body and keep it under subjection." Several writers of great authorityassert that the Apostle here means to say that it washis practice to lash himself in order to overcome hisvicious inclinations. James Gretzer, one of the Jesuitfathers, affirms that the Greek words in the textliterally signify, "I imprint on my own body thestripes or marks of the whip, and render it livid byFLAGKI.LATION AMONG THE JEWS.dint of blows," and his opinion is followed by othcitheologians. Apart from these authorities, and considering the meaning of the Greek word in dispute, it cannot be held to signify voluntary flagellation. It occurs only in this passage and in the parable of " theimportunate widow," as given by Luke, ch. xviii., ver,5, " Lest by her continual coming she tvcary me."The word means properly to strike under the eyeeither with the fist or cestus, so as to render the partlivid, or as wt?av black and blue; in common phrase,to give any one ^ black eye. The word is derivedfrom the Grecian games, of which the Apostle has justbeen speaking. Its secondary meaning then comes tobe, to treat any one with harshness, severity, or cruelty;and thence also so to treat any civil inclinations ordispositions, or to subject one's self to mortification, or self-denial, or to a severe and rigid discipline, thatall corrupt passions might be removed Add to thisthe fact that Paul, when he has occasion to speak ofactual stripes, nowhere uses this expression. Most ofthe Greek and Latin fathers favour the opinion thatPaul did not practise self-flagellation, and that in thisparticular passage he expressed himself in a figurativemanner.After the compilation of the Talmud or umvrittcnhnv of the Jews, about 500 years after Christ (sonamed in distinction to the law of Moses or writienlaw), containing their traditions, it appears that a kindof voluntary discipline was practised among them.In the third chapter of " Malkos" we are informed thatthe Jews, after they had finished their prayers andconfessed their sins (which were exercises they derivedfrom their ancestors), used to lash one another withscourges. Buxtorf. who is considered a good authorityTHE ROD IN ASSYRIA AND EGYPT. Plclie IV.THE ARMY OF ASSHER-BAM-PAL FIOGGING CAPTIVES TAKEN IN A BATTLE WITHTHE SUSIANS. —Kovjunjil; Gallery, Brit. J/i/s.A SKETCH FROM "ISRAEL IN EGYPT," BYE. J. Poynter, B.A.

FLAGELLATION AMONG THE JEWS. 33thus describes the practice in his "Judaic Synagogue/published in i66i —" That there are constantly twomen in every Jewish School, who withdraw from therest of the company, and retire into a particular placeof the room, where they are met; that one lays himself flat on the ground with his head turned to thenorth and his feet to the south (or his head to thesouth and his feet to the north); and that the other,who remains standing, gives him thirty-nine blowsupon his back with a strap or thong of ox leather. Inthe meanwhile, the man who is lashed recites threetimes over the thirty-eighth verse of the 78th Psalm.This verse in the Hebrew language contains justthirteen words; at every word the patient recites, hereceives a lash from the other man, which, when hehas recited the whole verse three times over, makes upthe prescribed number thirty-nine; and at every timehe says the last word, he strikes his own breast withhis fist. This operation being concluded, the operatorin his turn becom.es the patient^ and places himself inthe same situation as the other had done, who thenuses him in the same brotherly manner in which theformer had used him, and they thus mutually chastiseeach other for their sins, and rub o?ie anoiJicr as thelearned author observes, like asses." This practice offlogging among the flebrews will be found described!in a novel called " Count Teleki; a Story of ModernJewish Life and Customs."CHAPTER IV.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC.THEancient Romans carried the practice of flagellation farther, perhaps, than any other nation; andthere are several authors who refer to their use of thescourge. Flagellatic emblems were common in everyhouse; and the judges of the nation were surroundedwith an array of whips, scourges, and leather straps, inorder to terrify offenders and bring them to a sense ofduty; but a great number of instruments of flagellation, besides those mentioned above, were successfullybrought into use for punishing slaves. Among thosewere particular kinds of cords, manufactured in Spain.The scourges had all different names: there was theferula, a flat strap of leather, which was the mildest ofall; then came the scutica, an instrument of twistedparchment, which was a degree more severe than the firstnamed; after that there was theflagella and the terribleflagelhmi, the severest of all, which was composed ofplaited thongs of ox leather. In the third Satire of thefirst book of Horace, there is an account of the gradation'in severity between the above-mentioned instrumentsof whipping. Horace lays down the rules which r.t thinks a judge ought to follow in the discharge of hitoffice, and also addresses himself, somewhat ironically,to persons who, adopting the principles of the stoiust.FLAGKLLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC. 35ifTected much seventy in their opinions, and pretended that all crimes being equal, they ought to bepunished in the same manner. "Make such a rule ofconduct to yourself," says Horace, "that you mayalways proportion the chastisement you inflict to themagnitude of the offence; and when the offender onlydeserves to be chastised with the whip of twistedparchment, do not expose him to the lash of th^horrid leather scourge; that you should only inflict thepunishment of the flat strap on him who deserves a more severe lashing, i" what I am by no meansafraid of" There were other instruments of punishment still more terrible than theflagellitm, such as ballsof metal stuck full of small sharp points, and fastenedto the end of long whips. So prevalent did thepractice of whipping slaves become, that in course oftime these unfortunates came to be named by the witsafter the particular kind of flagellation they weremade to undergo, as Resticues, BuccedcB, Verberoiies,Flagriones, &c. The scourge was looked upon bythe Romans as characteristic of dominion; and themaster or mistress of a Roman household often exercised their terrible powers with unrelenting severity,the poor slaves being not unfrequently scourged todeath from a mere caprice.It is evident that the flagellation of slaves, or the fearthey entertained of incurring punishment, frequentlyprovided Plautus with incidents for the conduct of hisplots; thus in his Epidhus, a slave who is the principalcharacter in the play concludes, upon a certain occasion, thathis master has discovered his whole scheme,becausehe has spied him, in the morning, purchasinga new scourge, at the shop in which they were sold.Moreover, those same flagellations have in general3—236 FLAGELLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC.formed an inexhaustible fund of pleasantry for Plautus:»n one place, for instance, a slave, intending to laughat a fellow slave, asks him how much he thinks lie weighs, when he is suspended naked, by his hands, tothe fatal beam, with an hundred weight {centjipondiuui)tied to his feet; which was a precaution taken, as commentators inform us, in order to prevent the slavewho was flagellated from kicking the man {virgator)whose office it was to perform the operation: and inanother place, Plautus, alluding to the thongs of oxleather with which whips were commonly made, introduces a slave engaged in deep reflection on thesurprising circumstance of " dead bullocks, that makeincursions upon living men."Vivos homines mortui incursanthoves!There are many other customs of the ancientRomans which might be quoted to illustrate the universal prevalence of flagellation. For instance, whipping and lashing were so generally considered amongthe Romans as the lot ol slaves, that a whip or scourge became the emblem of their condition. Ofthis there is an instance in the singular custom, mentioned by Camerarius, which prevailed at one time, ofplacing in the triumphal car, behind the triumpher,a man with a whip in his hand; the meaning of whichwas to shew, that it was no impossible thing for a personto fall from the height of glory into the most abjectcondition.It was quite a sufficient excuse among the Romanladies to whip a slave if, as Juvenal expresses it, theirnose displeased them; in other words, if they were notsatisfied with the state of their own charms. Theirwantoness of power was carried still farther. It was aFLAGELLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC. 37customnry thing with some of them, when they proposedhaving their hair dressed with both nicety and expedition, to have the dressing-maid stripped to the waist,ready for flagellation, should she be guilty of any fault or mistake in performing her task. The fair termagantsat last carried these cruelties to such a pitch, that inthe beginning of the empire it was found necessary torestrain their licence. During the reign of the EmperorAdrian, a lady was banished for five years for inflictingundue cruelties on her female slaves. The smallestfaults, such as breaking glasses or over-seasoningdishes, exposed these wretched serfs to grievous whippings, which were sometimes inflicted in presence ofguests who happened to be entertained at table, as ameans of affording a little diversion. The followingis a literal translation of a passage from Juvenal inwhich he describes the way an angry woman treatsher slaves, upon an occasion when her husband hasslighted her: " Woe to her waiting woman: the dressing maids lay down their tunics, the errand slavek charged with having returned too late, the strapsbreak on the back of some; others redden under thelash of the leather scourge, and others of the twistedparchment.'*With reference to the banishment of the lady mentioned above, it may be stated that in the course oftime the severity of mistresses towards their femaleslaves became so marked that a provision was madein the Council of Elvira to restrain it; in this actit was ordained, that if any mistress caused her slaveto be whipped with so much cruelty that she shoulddie, the lady should be suspended from communion fora certain number of years. The following are the teimsof the above ordinance, in the fifth canon:—" If a mis-3^ FLAGELLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC.tress, in a fit of anger and madness, shall lash her femaleslave, or cause her to be lashed, in such a manner thatshe expires before the third day, by reason of the tortureshe has undergone; inasmuch as it is doubtful whether't has designedly happened, or by chaiice; if it hasdesignedly happened, the mistress shall be excommunicated for seven years; if by chance, she shall beexcommunicated for five years only; though, if sheshall fall into sickness, she may receive the communion."Ladies having a very large establishment wouldnot themselves condescend, except in a moment ofpassion, to chastise their slaves. Some gr°at womanhad been satirized for doing so:"I hate a vixen that her maid assails,And scratches with her bodkin or her nails; While the pour girl in blood or tears must mourn,And her heart curses what her hands adorn,"says Ovid. Particular slaves were kept {lorarii) forscourging their fellow-slaves. The public flagellatcrs(carnifices) were also occasionally employed. Indeed,it was a favour which called for the slaves' gratitudewhen they received their chastisement from the handof the Domina. Far more cruel was the punishmentwhen, in her anger, she directed it to be inflicted onthe wretched culprit by a female brought up to suchemployment, and kept for that particular purpose. Inthis case they were immediately seized, without mercy,and bound, by their twisted hair, to a door-post or apillar, xnd lashed on their bare backs with thongs c-itfrom 05.:-iiides, or knotted cords, till the mistress pronounced the word " enough! " or " go! "Eut it was not upon their slaves only that Romanuiaatjis or mistresses inflicted the punishment oiTHE ROD IN ROMAN BRITAIN. Plate TWASHING AND SCOVKGINCKxpreising: the rods upon a Saxon slavr. From tlic Hftrlcian ^IS., No. 603. It wasnot unusunl in those days for servants to bo suourged to doath by (or byorder of) their mistresses. The aptness with whioli tlic Saxon ladies made useof the scourge is illustrated by one of William of Malmesbnry's anoedotes, whotells us that when Kin? Rthelred was a child he once so irritated his motherthat, not havinsT a whip, she beat him with some candles, which were the first thing's that fell under her hand, until he was almost insensible. " On this account he dreaded candles duriny the rest of his life, to such a decree thathe would never suffer the light of them to be introduced in his presence."\FLAGELLATION AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC. 3<)flagellation, for they often served in the same manneryoung men of position who came into their houseupon errands of love. The favourite disguise on theoccasion of such adventures was a slave's dress,because a man so habited was able to get into thehouse and to go about without being noticed; butwhen the husband either noticed the stranger orhad been told by his faithful wife of the visit, hewould feign to mistake the man for a runaway or other strang-e slave, who had entered his house witha felonious intention, and treat him accordingly.The opportunity, indeed, was a favourable one forrevenge, and if to this consideration be added thesevere temper of the Romans and their jealous disposition, it is easy to conclude that such an opportunity,when obtained, was seldom suffered to escape, and thatmany a Roman spark caught in disguise, engaged perhaps in the then fashionable pursuit of seducing hisneighbour's wife, has, with a centupondmm clapped tohis feet, been sadly rewarded for his ingenuity. Theseflagellations gave, as may be supposed, great delightto the real slaves. Many adventurers obtained accessto Roman houses without being discovered, becauseof the slaves being so numerous. Sallust, the celebrated historian, having gone to court the wife of Milo,Faustina the daughter of Tullia, v/as found out andseverely flogged! and was also compelled to pay aconsiderable sum of money.Besides the employment of the whip in the cause ofgood morals, the Romans introduced whipping intotheir religious ceremonies, and especially into the festival of the Lttpercalia, performed in honour of the godPan. The word comes from Lupercal, the name ofa place under tiie Palatine Mount, where the sacrificeg40 FLAGELLATIO? AMONG THE ROMANS, ETC.were performed. The Liipercalia were celebrated on the isth of the Kalends of March—that is, on the15th of February, or, as Ovid observes, on the 3dday after the Ides. They are supposed to havebeen established by Evander. Virgil speaks of thedancing Salii and naked Lnperci, and the commentators explain that these last were men who, uponparticular solemnities, used to strip themselves starknaked, and who ran about the streets, carrying strapsof goat's leather in their hands, with which they strucksuch women as they met in their way. Nor did thoseR'omen run away; on the contrary, they willingly presented the palms of their hands to them in order toreceive the strokes, imagining that these blows, whetherapplied to their hands or to other parts of their body,had the power of rendering them fruitful or procuringthem an easy delivery.The Liiperci were in very early times formed into twobands, named after the most distinguished families inRome, Qnintiliani and Fabiani; and to these wasafterwards added a third band, named Juliani, fromJulius Caesar. Marc Antony did not scruple to run as one of the Luperci, having once harangued the peoplein that condition. This feast was established in thetime of Augustus, but afterwards restored and con- tinued to the time of Anastasius. The festival wascelebrated so late as the year 496, long after theestablishment of Christianity Members of noblefamilies ran for a long time among the Lnperci, anda great improvement (!) was moreover made in theceremony. The ladies, no longer contented with beingslapt on the palms of their hands as formerly, began tostrip themselves also, in order to give a fuller scope tothe LtiperaiSj and allow him to display the vigour andFLAGELLATION AMON , THE ROMANS, ETC. 4Iagility of his arm. It is wickedly said that the ladiesbecame in time completely fascinated with this kindof " diversion," and that the ceremony being broughtto a degree of perfection was so well relished by allparties, that it existed long after many of the other ritesof paganism were abolished; and when Pope Gelasiusat length put an end to it, he met with so much opposition that he was obliged to write an apology.Whippinsr ceremonies were common among variousDther nations of antiquity. The practice is believedto have originated with the Egyptians. Herodotus,the historian, relates that, at the annual festival heldat Busiris, in honour of their goddess Isis, "while thesacrifice is performing, the whole assembly, amountingto several thousands of both men and woman, beat oneanother." The Syrians thought that the gods inightupon paiticular occasions be appeased by usingscourges and whips, and their priests lashed themselves with an instrument made of twisted woollencords armed with small bones.At Lacedsemon there was an annual festival heldcalled the Day of Flagellations, the chief ceremonybeing the whipping of boys before the altar ofDiana. Several ancient authors have given a description of this festival, and all agree in statingthat the Spartan youths were lashed in the presenceof their parents and friends. These boys, calledBomonicae, were originally free-born Spartans, butafterwards they were of mean birth, and generallyof a servile origin. This operation was performedby an ofhcer in a severe and unfeeling manner, andthat no compassion should be raised, the prieststood near the altar with a small light statue ofthe goddess, which suddenly became heavy and42 FLAGELLATION AMOxVG THE ROMANS, ETC.insupportable if the lash of the whip was morelenient or less rigorous than necessary. The parents of the children attended the ceremony, andexhorted them not to make any signs that mightbe unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were often so severe that the blood gushed profusely from the wound, and many expired under thelash without uttering a groan, or betraying any marksof fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable: the corpse was buried with much solemni*-.y, and a garland of flowers was placed on its head. The origin ofthis festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgusfirst instituted it in order to inure the youth of Lacedaemon to bear labour and fatigue, and to render theminsensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain thatit is a mitigation of an oracle which ordered thathuman blood should be shod on Diana's altar, and,according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced thecustom after he had brought the statue of DianaTaurica into Greece. There is another tradition whichmentions that Pausanias, as he was offering up prayersand sacrifices to the gods before he engaged Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydianswho disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelledwith staves and stones, the only weapons with whichthe Lacedaemonians were provided at that moment.In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping ofboys was instituted at Sparta. The festival wasregarded with much favour, and continued to be heldthroughout many political changes in the Spartanrepublic. Of the Thracians, another ancient nation,it is related that young men of noble families were oncertain occasions cruelly lashed.THE ROD IN BRITAIN. Plate VI.A PRIEST WITH THE I'l AGELIARIUM.From tlio Orig-inal Brass prcscrvrd in the Church of Sawbrey, All Saints,Huntino-donshire. Date, about 1380.GAMES IN A SAXON AMrHITHEATHE.It willwasbeusedobsPTvcd from the Illustration that the same Iiistrumeut-the Birch for a performing- bear as for the slave represented in Plate V

CHAPTER V.FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES AND CONVENTS^.THERE is little or no evidence that self-flagellations prevailed in the first monastic institutions.The code of rules prepared by their founders does notmention the voluntary use of thongs and whips.Indeed, the chief kind of flagellation alluded to by thewriters of those times is that bestowed on the ancientsaints by the " Father of Lies" himself, who wasdoubtless moved to anger by the exceeding sanctityof those holy men. St Anthony, the founder oimonastic life, was particularly favoured in this respect.The devil paid him many personal visits, subjected hisvirtue to divers trials and temptations, and frequentlyset upon and lashed him. Other saints might bementioned who were also treated in the same way.Although self-flagellation was not enjoined by theancient monastic rules, yet those statutes appointedflagellation as the means of correction, and vested thepower of inflicting it in the hands of the superiors ofsuch establishments. Even before the erection ofmonasteries, we are told that the bishops among theearly Christians assumed such a power, and exercisedit upon their own flocks, and also on those who werelot of their Churches.With regard to flagellation in monasteries, theabbot not only had the power of correction, but he44 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC.was allowed carte blanche in his use of it. For ex- ample, it was ordained with respect to a monk convicted of being a liar, thief, or striker, " that if, afterhaving been warned by the elder monks, he neglectsto mend his manners, he shall on the third time beexhorted in the presence of all the brethren to leaveoff his bad practices. If he still neglects to reform,let him be flagellated with the utmost severity." Thefollowing against theft occurs in another collection

"As to the monk convicted of theft, if we may still callhim a monk, he shall be flagellated as for a secondoffence of adultery, and with great severity: sincelewdness has induced him to commit theft." Amongother ofl"ences punishable by flagellation was that ofindecencies of any kind with boys or other monks, andin this case the whipping was inflicted in public. Verysevere flagellation was ordained against those who,through pride, denied or tried to extenuate theirfaults,and refused to makesatisfaction to theirSuperior.Attempts to escape from monasteries were to bepunished by the rod, and a public whipping was tlieprescribed correction for wanton conversation or encouracrins: a brother monk to wickedness. Theirintercourse with the other sex was of course verymuch restricted and fenced round with severe penalties.We find such as the following: —" Let him who hasbeen alone and conversed familiarly with a womaneither be kept on bread and water for two days orreceive two hundred stripes." This article, in whichthe founder of a rehgious order rates the hardship ofliving on bread and water for one day as equal to ahundred lashes, affords a proof of that love of goodliving which is commonly said to prevail among monks.The following stoiy from an old monkish book illus-FLAGELLATION IN MON ^^'! t- .' > r<'. 4.'-trates their penchant for the pleasures of the table:

A certain Benedictine friar had procured a quantityof good wine and some nicely seasoned dishes, and. inorder to enjoy these viands in security, he and hisfellows repaired to the cellar, and ensconced thenisclvchin a large tun. The abbot, missing so many of thtmonks, began to search for them, and at last astonishedthe guilty ones by popping his head over the sidcof the tun. The monks, as may be supposed, werevery much alarmed, but were soon reassured by theabbot offering to share their good cheer; and htimmediately took his seat among them. After an houior two spent in an agreeable and convivial manner,the abbot withdrew. The rest of the party soon broktup, some admiring the condescension of the abbot,though others were not without misgivings as to theresult. The fears of the latter were well founded, fornext day the abbot requested the prior to fill his place,while he himself stepped into the middle of the as- sembly, and, confessing the sin of which he had beenguilty the previous day, requested that disciplinemight be inflicted on him. The monks had to followsuit, and the abbot, by means of a proper personselected for the purpose, inflicted a hearty whippingon each of his late fellow banqueters.The expedition and punctuality with which monks sitdown to dinner have given rise to a common saying. OnVattend comvie les moincsfont rabbe, " they wait for himas ri.onks do for their abbot"—that is, he is not waitedfor at all, the monks sitting down to their dinner as soon as the bell strikes, without caring whether theabbot is come or not.The crime of seeking the company of women wasto be corrected by repeated lashings; and it was,'6 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETCdirected that such as were guilty of looking on womento lust after them, and failed to amend after undergoing the " discipline of the whip," might be expelledfrom the society, lest their bad example should corrupttheir brethren. In point of fact, the founders of monasteries had such faith in the Rod, that flagellation wasthe punishment appointed for every imaginable offence,and for several offences the statutes enjoined the Superior tocontinue the flagellation ad libitmn. Itis scarcelyto be wondered at that this arbitrary power shouldsometimes be abused, so that it was necessary fortheir bishop occasionally to remind them that theywere guilty of homicide if they lashed offenders so severely that they died. The statutes did not neglectthe novices, or those who were candidates for ecclesiastical life, but ordered flagellations for the improvement of their morals.In nunneries the power of flagellation was likewisevested in the Superior, and prescribed for offencesagainst morality and neglect or carelessness in theperformance of religious duties. The discipline wasordered to be inflicted in the presence of all the inmates, in accordance with the injunction of the Apostle," Confute sinners in the presence of all."Opinions differed in those days with respect to themanner of inflicting flagellation. In 817, at an assembly of ecclesiastics held at Aix-la-Chapelie, it wasforbidden to lash monks naked in the presence oftheir brethren. The ordinance was obeyed in a fewof the monasteries; but in!nany of these establishments the Superiors preferred to inflict the correctionon the naked penitent, and further were of opinion thatthe merit of the performance was thereby enhanced.About the doctrine of nakedness, some have carriedFL^GELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 47their views very far— so far, indeed, as to assert that themere freedom from clothes had in itself something holyand meritorious. The Cynic philosophers in Greece frequently made their appearance in public without a ragto cover their nakedness; and the Indian philosophers,Gymnosophists (meaning literally naked sages), oftendid the same. In our own part of the world therewere the Adamites, mentioned by St. Austin: theseAdamites, thinking they would eftectually assimilatethemselves to our first parents before the fall if theyappeared in the same habit, would put themselves ina complete state of nature during certain solemnitiesof their own, and in that condition ventured to appearboth in the streets and in private meetings. About theyear 1300, a sect of the same kind, called the Turlupins,which seems to have been a nickname, appeared inFrance, and proclaimed the doctrine of nakedness. Asimilar sect arose in Germany, about a century afterwards, and were called Picards. They carried thedoctrine to its full extent, and made their appearancealways in a nude state. A section of Anabaptiststried to form a procession in the streets of Amsterdamin February 1535, in this hallowed state, but themunicipal authorities would not allow it, and treatedthe processionists rather severely. In the " De Conformitatibus " of the Franciscan monks is an accountof brother Juniperus, who made his processions alonein the above-mentioned state, regardless of the contempt and ill treatment of the public and even his ownbrethren.These processions and appearances of stark-nakedpeople, whether Cynics, Gymnosophists, Adamites,Turlupins, or Picards, do not seem to have foundgre&.t. CT continued favour with the public; and asFl..\(,hl I \1I{)N IN MONASTERIES. ETC.hippinn^s, without nakedness—mere bastinadoes.ive been generally thought but dull acts of penance,nakedness vvitiiout beatings has been indififerenriy• teemed. A combination of the two has been veryifferently regarded: then penitents, conscious ofmerit, v;ontinued to practise their exercises with perseverance, and the world thought the affair worthy ofpublic ceremonies and solemnities.Cardinal Damian, a great authority on the subject of whipping, expressed his opinion very clearly infavour of nakedness as the proper plight to receive acorrection, and supported it by the argument that thepenitent ought not to be ashamed to follow the example of our Saviour—certainly a very strong argument. The founder of the Abbey of Cluny musthave been a man after the Cardinal's own heart, for inthe statutes of that establishment it is enacted thatdelinquents are " to be stripped naked in the middle ofthe next street or public place, so that every personwho chooses may see them, and be there tied up andlashed."Long before self-flagellation v/as adopted in a systematic manner by the Church, we find instancesof it among saints. Peter the Hermit used it onone memorable occasion at least. Having rescueda young woman from the hands of a military officer,who wished to seduce her, his own inclinations became so strong, that he was obliged to lock himselfup and subdue them by means of a severe flagellation —the mother of the young woman being present at theinfliction. St Pardulph, who lived about the year 737,during Lent used to strip himself, and order one ofhis disciples to lash him. His example was followedby St William, Duke of Aquitain. St Rodolph seemsFLAGELLATIuN IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 49to have exercised the discipline with great severity.U is related that he often imposed upon himself thepenance of a hundred years, and performed it in twentydays by the assiduous application of a broom. Armedwith a besom in each hand, he locked himself in hiscell, and lashed himself during the time that he recitedthe whole psalter. Three thousand strokes, and thechanting of thirty penitential psalms, were sufficientto cancel the sins of one year, and the hundred years'penance might be accomplished by a flagellationlasting the whole time that the psalter was sungtwenty times!This was a favourite penance with St. Dominic Loricatus. His constant practice, we are informed, was,after stripping himself naked, to fill both his hands withrods, and then vigorously flagellate himself in times ofrelaxation; during Lent he frequently undertook thehundred years' penance. The duration of flagellationswas thus early regulated by the singing or recitationof psalms, but surely they have sadly degeneratedin these later days, since modern disciplines last onlyduring the singing of the Miserere De Frofuiidis,and the Salve Regina, in slow time, the Misererebeing the 51st and Z?^ Profiindis the 130th Psalm.Of St. Dominic Loricatus it is further related thathe always carried his scourge with him, and floggedhimself regularly at bedtime wherever he happened tospend the night.Cardinal Damian, Bishop of Ostia, who lived aboutthe year 1056, has the honour of having assistedgreatly in promoting the custom of flagellation in theChurch. He zealously inculcated it both by preceptand example, and in his time the practice made avast advance in public estimation: pious men of even'4^6 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC.rank and condition in life were seen armed with whips,rods, thongs, and besoms, lacerating their own bodies,in order to merit a share of divine favour. Kings didnot consider that their earthly dignity exempted themfrom such penance, and nobles willingly submittedthemselves to it. At first view it may seem surprising that priestswere able to introduce, and induce compliance with, so painful a practice as flagellation among those whoregarded them as spiritual advisers: but we cease towonder when we remember that the power of theconfessor was practically unlimited in the matter ofpenance. Penance was a sacrament of the Church,and, satisfaction being a necessary part of it, the confessor could withhold absolution until the penitent hadperformed the prayers, mortifications, or disciplinesenjoined. History shews that, at the call of priests,kings undertook wars and crusades to the Holy Land,and queens performed long and perilous pilgrimagesto distant shrines; it is not very wonderful, then,that the Church has been able to inculcate successfully the painful exercises of the upper and lowerdisciplines.Since its introduction, many able writers among theJesuit fathers have recommended flagellation as a means of mortifying the flesh, and above all, thepictures of the Church have assisted to perpetuate thepractice. Horace, in his Arts Poetical says

" Pictoribiis atque PoctisQuicllibet audendi semper fuit aeqiia potcstas.""Painters and poets have always equally enjo)-ed thepower of daring everything," and especially in religiouspictures have painters made a free use of this licenseWe find that they have never rej. resented any of the^FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 51"Hnclent anchorites or saints without leaving some sparecorner of t/ie canvas whereon to place whips or rods,suggesting that these men often used such instruments; and, if pictures be, as Pope Gregory the Greatcalls them, " the libraries of ignorant Christians," thelash must inevitably be associated in their minds witha holy life. From flagellating themselves, priests and confessors soon began to appoint the penance of flagellationto their penitents, and in process of time assumed thepower of inflicting the discipline with their own hands.Such a prerogative, we can well believe, led to manyabuses, especially when exercised on female penitents,and under cover of it some confessors found opportunity to indulge their own passions.Confessors being exposed to many dangers of a peculiar kind, it is not surprising that they sometimescontract sentiments not altogether of a Platonic naturetowards their female penitents. In virtue of theiroflice, they have to hear long confessions from womenof every age of the sins they have either committedor wished to commit; and, under these circumstances,priests must frequently be agitated by thoughts notvery conformable to their vows. Further, femalepenitents sometimes, under the seeming artlessnessof their confessions, shroud their designs of creatingsentiments of love in their confessors. Miss Cadiere's•declaration, it is thought, shews that she herself designed the conquest of Father Girard—although hewas over fifty yejrs of age —attracted by his fame as a preacher and a man of parts.In the books intended for the direction and instruction of confe.ssors in their duties, they are warnedagainst the dangers arising from frequent confiden*4—2fLAGHLLATlON IN MoNASTERlhs, tlL,tial intercourse with the sex, who are much moreexact in their confessions than men. In one olthese books, tliey are directed to have all tlie doorswide open when they hear the confession of a woman, and they are supph'ed with a set of passagesfrom the Psalms, to be pasted on some conspicuousplace in their sight, and which were to serve as exclamations to keep down the wicked thoughts withwhich they might feel themselves agitated; a sort ofRetro Satanas—" Get thee behind me, Satan "—in fact,to be used whenever they were likely to yield totemptation.Many instances are on record, however, v/hich provethat these rules were forgotten, or ineffectual to present confessors from forming serious designs againsttheir penitents; and many curious devices were re- sorted to in order to conceal their plans from penitentsand their doings from the public. A Spanish monk.Menus, persuaded young women to live with him ina ktEid of holy conjugal union, which he pictured tothem, but which did not end in that intellectual mannerwhich the father had promised. Others have persuaded women that works of matrimony were no lessliable to pay tithes than the fruits of the earth. LaFontaine has founded one of his tales—" The Cordeliersof Catalonia " —on this idea. Other confessors have hadrecourse to flagellation, to prevent suspicion and successfully carry out their love schemes. To removescruples of delicacy, they represented that our firstparents were naked in the garden of Eden, that peoplemust be naked when christened, and that they shallall be so at the resurrection. Others supported thestate of nakedness in the penitent by quoting thetext. " Go and shew th} self to the priest." There areFLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 53numerous anecdotes extant of the strange doings andpractices of the monks at tlie time alluded to, butmost .of them are quite unfit for publication.We cannot resist giving, in this place, a rather laughable story of flagellation related by Scott in his AlcusaPliilosophica. A woman having confessed, the priesttook her behind the altar, and prepared her for the administration of a lower discipline. Her husband, whohad secretly followed her through jealousy, was movedto pity by the pain which he expected would ensue,and offered himself in her place. The wife, admittins: that her husband was better able to bear thepunishment, consented, and cried to her confessoras he was operating, " Now then, holy father, lay onlustily: I am a great sinner."Flagellation was regarded as a necessary act ofsubmission to the Church, as well as part of the sa/isfaction due for sin, and a sentence of excommunication could not, tlicrefore, be repealed unless thepenitent submitted to a public discipline. Historyaffords two well-authenticated examples of this in thecase of Henry H. of England and Henry IV. ofFrance. Through some hasty words ( " What sluggardwretches, what cowards, have I brought up in my court,who care nothing for their allegiance to their master: not one will deliver me from the low-born priest I ")uttered by King Henry H,, several persons were ledto believe that he desired the death of Thomas aBecket, Archbishop of Canterbury. The Archbishopwas soon after assassinated, and, although the Kingexpressed great sorrow on that account, the Churchwould not grant him absolution until he submittedhis bare back to the rod. The penance was accomplished at the Cathedral of Canterbury. The King54 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC.knelt at the tomb of Thomas a Bccket, removed therough cape or cloak which had been thrown over hisshoulders, but still retained the wollcn shirt, to hidethe haircloth which was visible to near observation , next his skin, placed his head and shoulders in thetomb, and there received five strokes from each bishopand abbot who was present—beginning with Faliot,who stood by with the "balai," or monastic rod, inhis hand—and three from each of the eighty monks.Henry IV. of France had to receive a correction fromthe Church before he was absolved from a sentence ofexcommunication and heresy that had been passedagainst him; but this prince took care to receive thediscipline by proxy. These proxies were Messrs.D'Ossat and Du Perron, who, as compensation, wesuppose, were afterwards created cardinals. Thebeating was administered by the hands of his holinessthe Pope, during the singing of the Miserere, andappears fi*om various accounts to have been of a verymild character, bearing but a faint resemblance to thecastigations bestowed on less exalted personages.Heretics were not excluded from the benefits supposed to be conferred by flagellation, for it was frequently resorted to in order to reform and convertthem to the doctrines of the true Church; and thesaints, who have in all times been profuse in thencounsels to the benighted mass of mankind, not seldon.enforced and strengthened their arguments in favourof godliness by a vigorous application of the Rod, andthus " whipped the offending Adam " out of them.The fair sex iiave at various times come in for a fairshare of these emphatic admonitions, if we are tobelieve the biographers of the saints. According tothe lives of the saints, those holy men were oftenFLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 55assailed by woman's wanton wiles, and in every casethe saint was the victor, and seldom dismissed thefair sinner without a sound flagellation. Such wasthe way in which St. .Edmund, afterwards Bishop ofCanterbury, acted. While studying at Paris, he wastormented by a very beautiful young woman: summoning her to his study, and there stripping her, headministered such a flagellation that her body wascovered with weals. Brother Matthew of Avignon,a Capuchin friar, gave a similar reply to a young ladywho entered his bedroom while he was asleep. Bernardin of Sienna, while out on an errand one day, wascalled into a house by the wife of a citizen of Sienna.As soon as he entered, she made violent love to him,which he professed to return; but ultimately he laidhold of her, and whipped her severely with his scourge,which fortunately he had with him. The biographerconcludes the story by remarking that " she loved theholy man the better afterwards; and so did her husband when he knew how things had been transacted"The advocates of flagellation did not confine themselves strictly to precept and example in their recommendations; besides flagellating themselves and otherson all possible occasions, and writing long and learnedarguments in support of whipping, they invented manyextraordinary stories in their accounts of it. They mayin iheir enthusiasm have actually believed such stories,Ci ths:v r/iay have tho.jgut that the more extravagantthey were-—the greater demand made upon the credulity—the more likely they were to be believed byvulgar people. Some holy men maintained that whipping had the power to rescue souls from hell, a featwhich masses were not thought to be able to achieve.One Vincent, who lived about 1256, says that in the-56 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES. ETC.monasteryof St. Sylvester, in the Duchy of Urbiiio, Italy, a certain monk died: the brethren as usual sang psalmsbeside the body, and when they came to the Agmis Deithe dead man arose. The brothers, of course, crowdedaround to hear what he might say, when he began to curse and abuse God, the cross, and the Virgin Mary,stating that he had been tormented in hell, and that therewas no use in singing psalms for him. They exhortedhim to repent, but his only reply was curses. Tliemonks then betook themselves to prayer on his behalf,and, as a last resource, stripped off their clothes, andflagellated themselves; when, lo! the desperate manrecovered his reason, renounced his errors, and prayedfor forgiveness. He continued to live, praising andblessing God, till next day, when he again gave upthe ghost.We have stories not only to shew the merit and effi- cacy of whipping like the above, but others to terrifythose who declined adopting, or argued against thepractice. Cardinal Stephen, an early and vigorousopponent of flagellation, was commonly reported tohave died suddenly, because he despised this exercis\,.Thomas de Chantpre relates in his book how a certaincanon of St. Victor suffered after death for havingneglected during- his life to exercise the usual discipline. This learned canon belonged to the monasteryof St, Victor in Paris. During his life he refused toflagellate himself, either in private or in tne chapter.When near death he promised a brother canon thathe would, if possible, visit him from the other \/orldHe shortly after died. He was soon able to pay hisfriend the expected visit. The latter asked, " How isit with you, my dear friend V " It is v/ell with me,*replied the deceased canon, " but because I refuse

Plate Vll. RELIGIOUS DISCIPLINE."devils Vl'OULD OFTEN LAY HOLD OF MEN AND FLOG THEM." —.4.2) be Boileaxi.In the first monastic institutions the chief kind of flnpellation nlludod to by thewriters of those times is that bestowed on the ancient saints, by the " Fatherof Lies " himself, who was doubtless moved to anger by the exceeding sanctityof those lioly men. The devil paid St. Anthony many personal visits, andfrequently set upon and lashed him.FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETC. 57while alive to receive discipline, there has hardly beena single spirit in the whole infernal empire who did notgive me a smart lash in my way to purgatory." Weare told that the devil has prescribed flagellations forsins on certain occasions. It is related in the Hfe of St.Virgil, that a man possessed by the devil was beatenwith four rods, by direction of his satanic majesty, forthe theft of four wax candles from the saint's altar.The reverend fathers have not failed to informus that the devil himself got his due in the matterof whipping, and from a female saint CorneliaJuliana has the distinguished honour of having performed this praiseworthy deed, as Father Fisen relatesin his "Ancient Origin of the Festival of the Bodyof Christ." He says, " the sister nuns sometimesheard a prodigious noise in the bedroom of CorneliaJuliana, being the strife which she had with the fiend,whom seizing, she thrashed with all her might: thenhaving thrown him to the ground, trampled him under•* foot, bitterly reviling him." The saints who inhabitParadise have been supposed to descend to this earthagain at the request of suppliants, and discipline theirpersecutors. This misfortune overtook a servant ofthe Emperor Nicephorus. The servant, after oppressing the common citizens by heavy taxation, proceededto exact tribute from the inmates of the monastery ofSt. Nicon. The monks in vain remonstrated, andpleaded poverty—some of them were imprisoned

the others then applied to their patron saint, andbesought his assistance. That night the saint appeared and administered a severe beatino- to the kincr'sservant, after which he interfered no more with themonks. Lastly, we are told the Virgin Mary hasapplied such a correction to avenge those under her58 FLAGELLATION IN MONASTERIES, ETCprotection: for instance, she caused a certain bishopto be flagellated in her presence because he deposed a canon, who, although illiterate, and possessing no spiritual gifts, was very constant in his devotions at the altarof the Holy Mother. The Blessed Virgin appeared tothe bishop by night, accompanied by a man bearinga discipline, and after ordering the bishop to be chastised, commanded him to restore the prebend.Bernardinus de Bustis, in a sermon written by himin honour of the Virgin, gives another instance insupport of the opinion that the flagellation of sinnerswas especially pleasing to the Virgin Mary, by relating that a Franciscan monk, under the pontificate ofSextus IV., did, in the public market-place, administera lower discipline to a professor of divinity, in the sightof a crowd of delighted spectators, because he hadpreached against the immaculate conception of theBlessed Mary. The narrator thus graphically describes the operation—" Seizing hold of him, he threwhim upon his knees, for he was very strong; then, taking up his gown, he began to lash him with the palm ofhis hand upon the lower part of his person, which wasbare, for, to the great diversion of the bystanders, theprofessor of divinity wore neither drawers nor breeches.Then a female devotee who was looking on cried out,'Give him four more slaps for my sake;' anothersaid, ' Give him also four more for me.' And so dida number of others: so that if he had granted all th^\irequests he would have had nothing else to do thewhole day."Bernardinus adds that the monk acted in this c:.s£ under the direct inspiration of the Virgin herbclt, si"suitable did t)i.e Qorreqt.ioxi appear to fee.CHAPTER VI.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE CARMELITES.THE original rules of the Carmelite order were ofa mild character, and contained few injunctionswith regard to flagellation and other devout torments.St Theresa, who was the founder of the barefootedmale and female Carmelites, was the first to set anexample of severe flagellation. Her life affords aperfect study of religious fanaticism. In her case, a naturally vivid imagination and a proud adventurousdisposition were utterly perverted by an educationwithout method, so that what was at first enthusiasmsoon became madness. When seven years of age, herfavourite books were the lives of saints, whose flagellations and sufferings captivated her mind, as the story ofRobinson Crusoe does a modern schoolboy. Her elderbrother being her chief companion at this time, theyresolved to go among the Moors, that they might beflagellated and tortured for the sake of Christ. Theywere, however, found out, and had to undergo a goodbirching from their parents. This was not sufificientto prevent Theresa from leading a hermit's life on herfather's estate, after the manner of the ancient hermitsof Syria and Egypt. Her next course of reading wastales of chivalry, where love and war took the placeof tortures. Thes romances so excited her warm'uthern nature that her father deemed it prudent tf6o FI,AGELLATION AMONG THE CARMELITES.place her out of temptation within the walls of aconvent. Here she resolved to renounce the worldand lead a life of devotion; and thenceforth the birch,the scourge, and the haircloth, became her dearestfriends. She entered into mysticism with even moreenthusiasm than she had shewn for chivalry. Her chiefdelight was in flagellation. She would have given herlife to scourge the whole world, or that the wholeworld might scourge her, for she delighted alike in theinfliction and the reception of the birch. Her examplehad a powerful influence on her fellows, and monksand nuns tried to emulate her efforts, and consequentlythe laws of the order became more stringent. Shewas regarded with veneration and devotedness, andher mode of flagellation became in time the leadingpenance of the order.The ordinary penance was performed by the monksevery Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and by thenuns on all the holy days. The singing of theMiserere after service regulated the duration of theflagellation, which was inflicted with so much vigouras to bring the blood from the back or whatever partof the body was struck. Special permission was askedof the Superior for any extraordinary flagellation.Some would flagellate themselves during the night,others twice daily, and some three or four times duringLent. On certain days it was the duty of the Superiorto give the disciplineto all inmates, and it was their dutyto receive itwithhumility and thankfulness. There wasa cell set apart as a birch-store, and every novice wasat liberty to select an instrument to his or her taste. The mortification called Ecce Homo was one of thegreatest penances. In this case the penitent strippedhimself to the waist, covered his face with ashes, put aFL/GELLATION AMONG THE CARMELITES. 6lcrown of thorns on his head, placed a cross under hisleft arm, and taking a scourge in his right hand, walkedup and down the refectory whipping and praying.The novices of this order were severely dealt with.They were punished for the most trivial offences.Paper was frequently burned on their backs, andthey were scourged from time to time. Sometimesthey were threatened with expulsion, and had to begfor sharper punishment. Blows, torture, and ridicule,were daily heaped upon them. The statutes of theorder gave full directions how to receive the discipline.The penitent had to kneel, bare his back, and, afterreceiving the birch, thank the operator and kiss thehem of his garment.Among the nuns there Avere three degrees of penance,according to the offence. Some were scourged in particular places, others before the whole assembly andthe Superior, or one of her delegates. The former wasthe punishment for going into the kitchen, or spendingtoo much time over their toilette. They were carefullywatched in the visiting-room. No nun was allowedto go there without being accompanied by anotherto watch her words and actions. If she committedthe fault of speaking about worldly matters, nine daysin a cell, with the refreshment of a scourging in the re- fectory eveiy third day, was the regular punishment.If the duenna failed to inform of a fault, she was liableto the same chastisement. The crime of going into thespeaking-room without permission was punished bythree flagellations before the assembled sisters, andthree days' confinement on bread and water. If in addition to going into the room she also spoke, the punishment was still more severe. She had then to prostrateherself on the ground and beg forgiveness. After that62 FLAGELLATION^ AMONG THE CARMELlfE§.she bared her shoulders, and the Superior gave her sucha whipphig as she thought proper. On being told to rise,she went to her cell and forfeited all her privileges, untilher pardon had been pronounced. During meals shehad to lie down in the middle of the refectory veryscantily clad, and receive her bread and water: duringservice she prostrated herself at the door of the choir,and the sisters stepped over or trod on her. Toomuch work, curiosity, or a serene smile, was punishedby an immediate discipline.The graduated Carmelites who wore shoes had notsuch hard times of it; but even among them the Rodwas in frequent use. The gowns and shirts of the monkowere made with a wide opening, so that the shoulderscould readily be laid bare for the application of thebirch. Reading forbidden books, laziness in the service,getting up too soon in the horce, &c., were immediatelypunished by flagellation. There were five degrees orclasses of guilt which had their proportionate penance.The first, for very trifling faults, the penitent kissedthe feet and gown of the prior, however dirty theymight be. The next was a simple discipline. Thethird, a few days of fasting, and the flagellation inpleiio. The next was a heavy birching—the penitenthad to undress in the refectory before the Superior,,and after having received the punishment, sit on theground and partake of bread and water served ona wooden platter. For sins of the deepest die, the imprisonment and torture was increased, and the criminal,after being cruelly flogged, was often exposed, hungryand thirsty, to the cold, entirely divested of clothing,and fettered to a wooden block.As might be expected in such a severe order, thereare many bright examples of flagellation among theii"l.AGfeLLATlON AMoKG tllfe CAkMELit£S. 63Carmelites besides the illustrious reformer St. Theresa.A certain Sister Mary, not satisfied with the commondiscipline, castigated herself with a pot hook! FatherAlexander, when tired of the exercise, would get a novice to inflict it, and when one Avas not at hand wouldput himself in position and receive it in spirit.The nun, Caterina of Cardona, was very severe. Shewore a haircloth and iron chains which actually cut intothe flesh. She flogged herself with chains and hooksas often as possible. Then she became a hermit,and lived in a cave, sleeping on the bare ground, witha stone for a pillow, and a single garment for cover. Flagellation was her favourite pastime, and she wasamply supplied with every instrument for whippingand torture. She would flagellate herself for twoor three hours continuously, her discipline beingfurnished with pins, thorns, and other irritating substances. Even in the night she allowed herself littlerest. Eventually she became quite mad, and, Nebuchadnezzar-like, crawled into the fields and ate grasslike an ox! We have read of a priest who had suchreverence for these saints that he shed tears whenever their names were mentioned, and always mixedhis wine with water, because these blessed saints hadrecommended the mixture as a shield against thetemptations of the flesh.The worthy Father Alexander, already mentioned,imposed a humiliating penance on a certain FatherSeraphim. He caused him to attend all the exercises of the monastery (Charenton) with a rope roundhis waist, the accounts of the monastery bound onhis back, and otherwise ridiculously attired. He wasthen flagellated on the most sensitive parts of hisbody. Flagellation was henceforth his daily bread,64 FLAGELLATION AMONG THE CARMELITES.and he had to go into the vestry and humbly beg for a h'ttle of that refreshment. Stationed on tlie floor, infront of the altar, each novice gave him three strokesof the scourge and then spat in his face.Maria Magdalena of Pazzi was a distinguished orna- ment of the Carmelites. She was born at Florencein the year 1566, and from her youth upwards sheshewed a great fondness for penance. Even as earlyas her tenth year she took discipline. She slept ona bed made of old sacks, and whipped herself severaltimes everyday. Another means of self-mortificationwhich she adopted was to lie down with a crown ofthorns about her head, and also a belt of thorns roundher waist. She became a Carmelite nun in the Conventof the Holy Angel of St. Frians in her seventeenth year,and quickly rose to distinction as a miracle of humilityand penance. One of her greatest enjoyments was whenthe Superior ordered her hands to be tied behind herback, and, in the presence of the other nuns, administered a^^discipline with rods on her naked loins. Sheonce begged to be tied with a rope to the altar and to beblindfolded, in order that people might think her mad.She went very scantily clad both during summer andwinter, slept on the bare ground, and took the discipline every night, either by herself or by the hands ofa sister. She thus attained a high degree of sanctity,and was subject to ecstasies, and saw visions of aheavenly nature.The Order of Fontevrault may be here noticed; it was founded by Robert of Aubrissel, who, interpretingafter his own fashion the passage, John chap, xx., vers. 26 and 27, " When Jesus therefore saw his mother andthe disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saithvnto his mother, Behold thy son. Then saith he toFLAGELLATION AMONG THE CARMELITES. 65the disciple, Behold thy mother. And from that hourthat disciple took her to his own home," held thatChrist had enjoined community between the sexes,and the superiority of the female over the male.An abbess ruled both monks and nuns, the latterhaving privileges which they took special care topreserve. Good Saint Robert ordained that the twosexes should live together, and the result of suchlicense may more easily be imagined than described.At any rate, a separation speedily became necessary,as v/ell as a supervision of the founder's rules.This order existed as early as the year 1 100, andat one time numbered as many as fifty establishments.Although the nuns flagellated each other, they greatlypreferred, as we read, to apply the birch to the monksand novices. If a nun took a fancy to castigate anovice, he had forthwith to receive his birching withhumility and gratitude. If he complained, very probably the abbess, instead of giving him consolation,gave him another whipping! Promiscuous flagellationivas also alicv/cd, and in such administrations both theFather Confesscr and the Lady Superior performed.To monks who complained of the zeal of the nuns,arid felt shame at being flagellated by them, it washinted that it was more agreeable to be birched by thesoft hand of a woman than by the hard hand of aDian.CHAPTER VII.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE CISTERCIANS, TRAPPISTS,AND OTHER ORDERS OF MONKS AND NUNS.I "^HE order of the Cistercians, founded by RobertX Alberic and Stephen, was moderately addictedto the use of the scourge. The male and female Feuillants were more strict in the matter; the nuns beingunder the monks, received the discipline from them.Several reforms took place, but none of great i?nport- ance. Port Royal was founded, and promised at firstto set a good example in the way of flagellation , but it did not come up to expectation. In that establishmentthere was also a spiritual union between the sexes, andthey chastised themselves in company, but the uniondid not last; gradually succumbing to the persecutionof the Jesuits, it was dissolved in 1709. The next re- forms in the Cistercian order—viz., those of La Trappeand Septfons—were much more important. Ranee ofLa Trappe flourished in the middle of the 17th C'::ntury,and manifested during his youth a fondness for thetair sex. The death of the Duchess of Montbiazan,w ith whom he was in love, caused him to change hislife, and begin a reform of the monastery of whichhe was Superior. He introduced flagellation, con- demnatory labour, and the iniposition of silence, li is contemporaries styled him an executioner of thebrethren. The imp'-ovenients in discipline introducedFLAGELLATION AMONG CIStERCIANS, Etc. 67by Septfons were also carried on about the samelime by Beaufort, a co-reformer, but neither of themwas so extravagant ais La Ranc^. In the exercisesof repentance enjoined by the reformers, Ranee andBeaufort, the scourge bore a prominent part. When a lady entered the order she was presented with a freshsound instrument, and exhorted to use it actively.On the death of a nun, the sisters scourged themselves many weeks for the salvation of her soul. Inthe Trappist schools which weie afterwards established the discipline was excessive: a word, a look, a wink, turning the head, or a smile, were punished bya birching on the bare body, and solitary confinementwas frequently resorted to. The innocent were madeto share the punishment of the guilty, in order to learnthem obedience, and these whippings were continuedtill their nineteenth or twentieth year. In schoolsunder the charge of nuns, the same practice was carried on. The nuns at Paderborn, as we are told in anold volume, felt a positive pleasure in birching theirpupils—indeed, the abuse of the Rod became so notorious that the order was forbidden to keep schools,and a certain Don Augustine, who had achieved fameb)- his style of discipline, was ultimately forced to fleeto Switzerland, where he obtained considerable support for his system.The order of the Trappists, driven from France atthe Revolution, returned at the Restoration. Someof their practices were perfectly horrible: hair-cloths,and girdles of iron wire, with points for entering theflesh, were frequently worn by the monks of La Trappefor months. Their scourge was made of a bunch of hardand knotted strings, which cut the skin. Occasionallythe delinquent's head was fastened in a hole called by5—268 FLAGELLATION AMONG ClStLRClANS, EtC.them Le iron ptxiri, so that he could not see who wasflagellating him. In the scourging room novices weretreated as if they were pupils in school. The orderagain flourished under royal patronage, and enlargedits borders in France. From 1 8 14 to 1827 there wereabout six hundred nuns in the several establishments.Mdlle, Adelaide de Bourbon and Madame de Genliswere members of the order; and the latter displayedin her advanced years a greater delight for the purifying birch than she ever did in her gay youth. Theformer devoutly chastised herself. In Spain the mostcelebrated monasteries were the Royal Abbey of LasHuelgas and the hospital of Bourgos, both rich founda-

ions. They sent inmates to the Universities; and if any of the student monks acted in a manner that was

thought to be too gallant, they received the scourgein the convent of the town, in presence, we are tolcl,of the fair inmates! The history of the holy Hildegard of Colognerelates that, disguised in male attire, she acted thepart of a brother in the monastery of Citeaux fora long time, and we are gravely assured by a monkish historian that she was an eye-witness when youngmonks received the birch, on account of variouscfTences.Mother Passidea of Sienna was a notable fiagellator,of the order of the Cistercians. In her early yearsshe would scourge herself with iron disciplines unti'she was bathed in her own blood. Li winter shewould lie among the snow, and in the summer timeamong nettles or thorns. After an energetic whippingshe had vinegar or salt dripped on her wounds. Sheliked exceedingly a flogging with thorns. Broom wasmore lovUy in her ej cs than any other flowers, andFLAGELLATION AMONG CISTERCIANS, ETC. 69instead of a fo'^d of roses she preferred a couch strew edwith peas or 'small leaden balls—in fact, it was for heithe height of enjoyment to roll about naked on sharj.prickly substances. A common whipping was tooinsignificant for her taste. On one occasion she gotherself suspended by her feet in the chimney, andwas then smoked with damp straw. After she entereda convent she redoubled her penances and disciplines,begging for a flagellation as for the greatest favour,for which she gratefully thanked the donor. Her confessor was obliged to order her to reduce the numberof her disciplines. Mother Passidea attained, we aretold, to the sanctified state of seeing Jesus Christbodily before her.Elizabeth of Genton was a kindred spirit, and stillmore mystical, having constant dreams and visions ofI strange and remarkable character. It was by meansof constant flagellation she brought herself into thismystical condition: her chief delight, so we have read,was to be flogged in a state of entire nudity \CHAPTER VIII.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE FRANCISCANS ANt>SIMILAR RELIGIOUS ORDERS.THE order of th^ Franr.isans was founded in tlie thirteenth century by Francis or Assisi, a manof much talent and great enthusiasm. After sowingan abundance of wild oats he was at length converted,and resolved to renounce the world, and became as energetic in his religious career as he had formerlybeen in profligacy, excelling in every kind of mortification—spiritual and bodily. He ran naked throughthe streets, ate hay like a horse, and thistles like anASS, allowing the street boys to cudgel him. Duringhis early years his father tried in vain to beat commonnense into him. One day his father thrashed him so severely that he lost all patience, and throwing offhis garments, even to his shirt, reproached his parentin an eloquent speech for his unchristian cruelty.When the renown of his sanctity had spread abroadhe began to form the order called after his name. At^\rst he did not include the fair sex in this order, andit was not until he made the- acquaintance of Miss ClaraSeiffo, who was possessed ot a kindred snirit, that hedid so. This young lady had given her father quite as much trouble as Francis had given his, and she wasin consequence very early in life initiated into themysteries of the birch; but flagellation only increase^FLAGF.T.r.ATTON V^TOyC FRANCISCANS, ETC. 7Iher mystic inspiration, and she was thus admirably fit- ted to be the companion of Saint Francis. Their intercourse mostly consisted of pr-aying together, scourgingeach otlier, and such like spiritual exercises. On a separation becoming necessary, Clara resolved to foundcommunity of women similar to the male order, andgoverned by the same rules as the order of Francis.He was sorry that he; could not introduce his spiritualbride into his monastery, but, as the next best thing,he gave her over to the care of the Benedictines. Shewas taken away from this retreat by force, and havingthen ran away from her friends, was again seized.Her father and uncle were about to bestow an exemplary punishment upon her for this behaviour, when,lo! all vigour suddenly left their arms, and she escapeidchastisement. That same year she carried off heryounger sister and founded a convent. The orderfounded by her soon became popular; numerousbranches sprang up, and various cardinals took thenuns under their patronage. Cardinal Hugoliniusfound great pleasure in their manner of penitence andchastisement, and increased it; but Francis, moremerciful, drew up a less stringent code of rules.Clara herself, however, was inclined to severity, andfrequently flogged herself. After the decease of Claraand Francis numerous divisions took place in thevarious orders, and these were not always friendly toeach other.Many remarkable things are related of the Urbannuns, a branch of the Franciscans, founded by Isabella,daughter of Louis XHI. This young lady, in opposition to the wishes of her friends, had determined topass her days in a convent. She preferred fastingand chastisement to courtly gaiety, and her palace72 FLAGELLATION AMONG FRANCISCANS. ETC.was like a convent where little else but penance wenton. She scourged herself, and received such scourgings from others as to cause the blood to flow freely.She then bought an hospital, and turned it into a convent, with the name of " Humility of our DearLady." The inmates, principally noble young ladies,became so tired of the severe rules, which inchidedheavy scourging, grave silence, and long fasting, tliatthe Superior was at length obliged to apply to th<Pope for a mitigation of the penances.The founder of the Capuchins, another branch, v;asalso a notable example of sanctity. Maria Laurentia Longa, after the death of her husband, a ministerof state, at Naples, founded an hospital for incurables,in which she officiated -as a common servant. If shecommitted the least mistake, she insisted on receivinga severe whipping from the Superior. Stretched on thehard ground, naked to the shoulders, she had herselfscourged oh the loins with an immense rod made froma stable broom, and it was impossible to lay on toohard for her pleasure. Her zeal cooled a littte withage; but a duchess followed in her footsteps, andproved a worthy successor—scourgings and birchingsbeing her prime enjoyments. From the hospital Laurentia went to be Superior in a Capuchin convent, andhere she at last succumbed to repeated fastings, watchings, and scourgings. The community continued toflourish after her death, and Cardinal Baronius foundedan orphanage as a kind of training school for the order.The poor girls had a hard time of it: praying andscourging were the order of the day.The Capucliin nuns were introduced into Franceby Louisa of Lorraine. At the convent founded atMarseilles, three monks were appointed as teachersFLAGET.LATION AMONG FRANCISCANS, ETC. 73of observances to the young ladies; and they behavedwith humanity: but the Lady Superior birched thepupils so severely for every trifle that the monks wereforced to interfere, and the Superior was so disgustedat this interference that, quitting thfe establishment, shewent to Paris, where she attended- tlie hospitals as a nurse, preferring those where the severest forms ofcertain loathsome diseases were treated.Another branch of the Franciscans was the orderof Penitents, and the most distinguished ornament ofthis order was an Italian Countess, Angelina of Korbain.At the age of twelve she made a vow of perpetualchastity, and some years after, having refused to marryaccording to her parents' wish, her father punished herso severely that she at last assented. Her bridal nightwas spent in prayer. She permitted her husband towitness her devout exercises, and see the scourgingswhich she bestowed on her naked body. Althoughthis was no doubt some satisfaction, he was not devoutenough to suffer it for any length of time, and a separation took place. She then became a decided opponentof matrimony, and having persuaded a number ofyoung women to agree with her, retired to Foligny.and established a convent. Other convents on thesame principle arose, the most interesting of whichwas that of Madrid, established by Cifuentis, wherea number of young ladies (not nuns) were under thecare of the order. The birch was actively used there; ladies of noble descent allowing themselves to bescourged by the Franciscan monks as often as theholy men thought necessary.Romuald, the founder of the order of the Camalduenses and Celestines, was a celebrated flagellator,and had a great opmion of himself for the number of74 FLAGELLATION AMU^G FRANCISCANS, ETCwhippings that he had received from his master. Tothjs, order belonged Cardinal Damian, whom we havementioned elsevv'here as a strenuous advocate of flagellation. Romuald founded convents in which scourging was the most predominant feature.The Celestines took their origin from Celestine V.In this order the breaking of fasts and silence, andincontinence, were severely punished. Whilst penance was being performed, the Superiors looked or" through a grating in order to convince themselves thaieverything was done eu regie. Flagellation sometimestook place before the whole chapter, and occasionallya brother was castigated without any apparent cause

perhaps on the principle of the old schoolmaster, whosaid a whipping was never thrown away: because if a lad did not deserve it when he got it, he was sure lo earn It before long!CHAPTER IX.DISCITLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS AND OTHERORDERS.THE Carthusians, founded in the nth century,were proverbial for their strictness in the matterof discipline. Their rules w ere most minute and particular on this point. Delinquents had to strip, and^o before their Superiors to receive severe punishment.Novices were visited with slighter disciplines. Forcriminals and apostates fourteen days' fasting and fourteen days' scourging before the whole inmates was th.eusual punishment. Even when travelling, the rules ofthe order with regard to the birch were strictly enforced. The Superiors were exemplary in assertingtheir prerogative of birching the novices. The laynienof the order received a double share of the scourging,and on festival days were well whipped on the backdown to the knees. Sometimes the usual birch wasnot considered enough, and stronger instruments wereprocured. In the convents of this order the disciplinewas equally strict. The three principal rules were thepunishing, the regulating, and the voluntary discipline.The Trinitarians were quite as strict in their discipline as the male and female Carthusians, and re- garded the birch and the scourge as most importantmeans of inspiration.The order of St. Benedict, for many years a rich76 DISCIPLINE AMOx\G THE CARTHUSIAN'S, ETCand influential establishment, cultivated the disciplineto a moderate degree. The birch and scourge wereprovided for the novices and maidens. Among themost illustrious of its members was Queen Anna ofAustria, who submitted to a heavy penance for sins,committed with Cardinal Richelieu. She sometimes*inflicted the discipline herself, and at other times hisEminence undertook the employ ment. The penancesof Benedictine nuns were made the subject of someribald songs.The Fathers of Death, the Coenobites, and the Eremites, as might be expected, did not forget the scourge.In these orders it was the duty of the prior to inflictthe discipline, and then to receiye it himself Absencefrom the Jiorte was punished by a public scourging.The order of the Premonstratenses, a branch ofthe Benedictines founded by Norbert of Cologne, inthe nth century, had minute details as to penance.A daily chapter was held, at which every one, withoutexception, had to appear, and such as had committedfaults made a public confession, and prostrated themselves on the ground, to await their punishment at thehands of the Abbot. If the fault was a heavy one,the delinquent had to strip in order to receive thepenance. The scouirge was given to all the monks bythe Superior alone, and the novice's received it everyFriday. The allowance was left to the discretion ofthe Superior, and consequently varied according tothe temper of the individual. The monk who hadcharge of the novices was answerable for all the faultsof his pupils, and a sort of court' was held regularly,where offenders were tried and sentenced, and theexecution of the sentence was carried out on the spot.It may prove interesting to examine the laws ofDISCIPLINE AMONG Tll£ CARTHUSIANS, ETC. 77penance a little more in detail. Offences were dividedinto four classes. The first class comprehended dilatoriness in beginning the exercises, in coming to table,or in going to the barber to be shaved, forgetfulnessor carelessness, making a noise in the monastery, andbeginning to read at dinner before asking a blessing.These faults were atoned by a very slight penance, suchIS repeating a few prayers or kissing the feet of someof the brothers.The second class comprised, ist. To have arrivedtoo late on Christmas day in the chapter; 2d. Tobe careless in the choir; 3rd. To laugh or make otherslaugh there; 4th. To be absent without leave in thechoir, the chapter, or at table; 5th. Too late at theearly mass; 6th. To eat or drink without asking ablessing; 7th. To go in or out without crossing themselves; 8th. To address a brother of the order withoutsaying father or brother; 9th. Breaking silence. Thepenances for these faults were as follows: —To kissthe feet of all their brothers, to say several paternosterswith outstretched crossed arms, or to eat on the floor.Breaking silence was punished by correction in thechapter, and bread and water for one day.The third class included the following: —To vex byunbecoming behaviour or words, lying, excusing one'sown faults or those of another, and speaking to relationswithout permission of the Superior. If the offenderin any of these points acknowledged his faults, andbegged for pardon, he was only punished by two days'bread and water, and three public scourgings. If, onthe other hand, the offender pled not guilty, and had tobe formally accused and convicted, his punishment wasthree days' fast and four public scourgings.The fourth class comprehended the heavy sins of

8 Discipline among the cartiiusians, etc.

cursing and swearing, striking, thieving, gambling,opposition to the Superior, and accusing the latterbefore a judicial tribunal. The penance for thesecrimes was very severe. The guilty one appeared inthe chapter, confessed his crime, and prayed for forgiveness. He was then scourged either by the Superior himself or another, and the culprit was forthwithsentenced to fast for a period ranging from six tothirty days. During this period he was degraded fromhis rank, and treated as one excommunicated. Hisonly fare was bread and water.There were various other offences not includedIn either of these classes, which were punished bylengthened fasts. Any one who revealed the secretsof the order, or appealed to another order, suffered so many days, and was then imprisoned for three years, or longer, according to circumstances. Breaches -ofchastity were punished in a similar way, and someother sins, of a nameless kind, brought imprasoameatfor life. The most heinous of all crimes was apostasy, whether of the monastery or of the faith. If thecriminal repented within forty days he had to appearbefore the brothers with rods in his hand, fall on hisknees and make a confession. He was then scourged,and. afterwards sentenced according to the fourth class.Determined obstinacy and disobedience was punishedby imprisonment and fasting, and, as a last resource,expulsion. The prisons were of various degrees tosuit the different crimes. There were two in everyI onastery, one not quite dark, and the other harder,narrower, and darker. In these last the prisoner wasexcluded from the sacrament except during his lastmoments, when his chains were taken off that hemi ht receive the communion, and afterwards re-DISCIPLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS, ETC. 79placed. His fare was at all times bread and water.A mistake in partaking of the sacrament was visitedby a public confession, two or three days' fasting, andas many self-flagellations. In the letters of the holyBernard, such a case is mentioned: a certain fatherhad forgotten to pour wine in the cup, and for thismistake the saint advised the whole community to dopenance by a public flagellation.The rules concerning flagellation in the orders ofthe Augustines and Ursuline nuns were much the sameas in the preceding orders. Apostates desiring re- admittance were treated with great severity. The penitent was required to appear at the church door, stripto the shirt, then advance to the assembled brotherhoodwith a rod or switch in his hand, beg forgiveness, andrequest a discipline. After receiving a castigationfrom the prior he was sentenced to a daily whipping,and to forfeit his rank in the community.Among the monks of St. Anthony the birching wasvery mild. Exxept in rare cases they never scourgedto bleeding, and other mortifications might sometimesbe substituted for corporal chastisement. In the communities regulated by St. Genevieve, although not verystrict in other respects, the birch was applied to the\'oungernuns for laziness or carelessness. Every Fridaya regular scourging took place, the abbess taking hershare for the sake of example. Apostasy, or a breachof chastity, brought the penalty of fourteen days' imprisonment, and a heavy flagellation. f In tlie regular order of St. Augustine there were fourdegrees of penance. The laymen of this order weresummoned to the monastery to receive the disciplinewhen they trangressed the rule.s. If an individual wasobstinate, and refused to undress, he was subjected to8o DISCIPLINE AMOx\G THE CARTHUSIANS. ETCimprisonment and a heavier punishment. Lying,swearing, and speaking to women, were visited bya discipline on the naked body. Profanation anddrunkenness entailed so severe a flagellation that it was almost beyond endurance. A story is told of a doctor having to appear in a miserable gown, beingmade to undress to the waist, and run the gauntletof the scourging brotherhood.The barefooted monks were a division of the Augustines, originating in Spain, and thence spreadingthrough France and Italy. In this order novices werescourged three times a-week until they had been threeyears in the monastery, after which they only receivedthe birch every Friday. A penitent was dressed in a gown, having a slit behind, and received the discipline on his bare back: from the prior first, and afterwards from the fathers and brothers in succession.Criminals in the prisons of the order were scourgedevery day. One brother Casarius died from the effectsof a flagellation inflicted on him for some offenceagainst the rules. The Spanish division of the orderexcelled all others in the severity of the discipline.In the convents of this oider the novices werescourged by the Mother Superior, but the nuns didnot suffer so severely. Maria Vittoria Fornari, founderof the order of Annonciades, was a remarkable cliaracter. This lady was subject to visits from the devil, whobeat her and dragged her about the house with so muchnoise as to awaken the other inmates. In order tocounteract his influence she fasted, wore a hair shirt,and scourged herselftill she fainted. She chose forhercompanion a ragged beggar, and walked about withhim. Dressed as a medicant, she consorted withbeggars in the street, and partook of their punishnentDISCIPLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS, ETC. 81when they came under the notice of the police. Herfather confessor, a Jesuit, persuaded her to undergothese mortifications, and, in order that she might be stillfurther accustomed to implicit obedience, she was placedunder the care of a peasant girl, whom he directed toinflict a nursery chastisement upon her whenever shedisobeyed in the smallest point. This teacher heard herrepeat a number of paternosters, and administered a boxon the ear for every mistake she made. Thus trained,with the assistance of the Jesuit she organised first thesmaller and then the larger convent of the Annunciation, the members of which were called the heavenlyones—the blue and the skyblue.The Visitantines were formed by Frangoise Fremoitde Chantal, a young widow, under the direction of theholy Francis of Sales, and were distinguished more forinward humiliation than outward severity. Humiliating punishments were preferred to chastisements withbirches and scourges, and novices were obliged to weara fool's cap, immense spectacles, or to tie heavy piecesof wood on themselves, or be laden with stones andblocks like an ass. If a novice lay too long in bed,she had, as a punishment, to carry a pillow intothe refectory; and if a similar fault was committeda second time, she was obliged to extend herselfon the ground, and sky to the nuns, " Dear sisters,have pity on me, that I am so lazy." On a thirdoffence, the delinquent was treated like' a little child,wrapped in swaddling clothes, and fed with pap, andonly as a last resource would the Mother Superiorgive her a good birching. Some of the nuns thoughtthe rules too mild, and left the community for amore rigid order. One declared that she would farrather have the scourge and hair-shirt of the holy682 DISCIPLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS, ETCFrancis of Assisi than the honey and sugar of Francisof Sales.The Ursulines, an order of nuns under the Jesuits,were very numerous throughout Germany, and contrasted favourably with similar sisterhoods in flagellatingpractices. Severe scourging was almost unknownamong them, being only rarely applied to apostates andrunaways. They devoted themselves to the educationof children, and the training of servants. Delinquentswere only whipped mildly on the hand.The orders of the Brothers of the Hospitalites andthe Theatines were somewhat similar in flagellatingpractices to the orders already described. In the firstthe discipline was severe and combined with strangehumiliation. Their prisons were well furnished withblocks, bells, and chains. Common faults were expiatedby a flagellation on the bare back, and apostates hadto appear naked before the inmates, carrying rodswherewith they were at once scourged. The Theatinesseldom applied the discipline, and in this respectdiffered very much from the order founded by Casarde Bus, where the monks were lashed till the bloodflowed about the room. Vincenz de Paula foundedthe order of the Lazaristes, and instituted a number of severe penances. The Countess Beatrice de Partalegre,who was imprisoned and punished bythe jealous QueenElizabeth of Castile, after her liberation founded theorder of Unstained Virginity, under the tuition ofCardinal Ximenes. Johanna de Valois, daughter ofLouis XL, instituted the order of the Annunciation ofMary under the Franciscans. She persuaded tenyoung ladies to submit themselves to her, praying andfasting with them. She directed their devotions, andgave them maternal discipline over her knees everyDISCIPLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS, ETC. 83evening after confession if they deserved it. She alsowished to unite in one the peculiar mortifications ofthe other orders—the hair-shirt, the three-fold scourgewith five pointed silver nails under it, the Fridayscourge, solitude, tears, and repentance. The order ofRepentance had for its chief object the reclamation offallen women, and was distinguished for severity. Flagellation in that order seemed absolutely indispensable —quite as necessary, indeed, as daily bread: evenSuperiors were not exempt from it. Although the rules of the female ttospitalites werenot so severe, the birch and the scourge were by nomeans neglected among them.The reader, after a perusal of the manners andcustoms of the nuns and monks of old, will probablysay to himself, that at the present day, in convents andnunneries, the scourge and all other cruelties have beenlong abolished. Let him not be too sure. It is notvery long since we had certain convent revelations, inthe case of " Saurin v. Starr;" and certainly the re- cent tale of convent horrors in Poland throws the so- called revelations of " Maria Monk" quite into theshade.The story of Barbara Ubryk was so forcibly toldby the newspapers, that, beyond a slight abridgment,it requires no further literary art to set it before thepublic. It is as follows: —One day an anonymousletter reached the Criminal Court at Cracow, to theeffect that, in the convent of Carmelite barefootednuns, Sister Barbara had been forcibly kept in closeconfinement in a dark cell for twenty-one years. Thevice-president of the Criminal Court, Ritter von Antoniewicz, immediately laid this information before ajudge of inquiry, who, in company with the public6—284 DISCIPLINE AMONG THE CARTHUSIANS, ETC.prosecutor, repaired to the Bishop von Galecki, withthe request to permit them to enter the conventHaving overcome the obstacles that were offeredagainst their search, the representatives of the lawdiscovered the particular part of the building wherethe unhappy woman was confined. The place was acell situated at the extreme end of the corridor, between the pantry, close to the dung-hole, and had a walled-up window and a double wooden door, in whichthere was a movable grating, through which, veryprobably, food was handed in. Some rays of lightcould now and then penetrate into this dismal dungeonby means of a small window. The cell, seven paceslong by six paces wide, was opened, but it is almostimpossible to describe the view this piece of inquisition of the nineteenth century presented. In a dark,infected hole adjoining the sewer, sat, or rather cowered, on a heap of straw, an entirely naked, totally ne- glected, half insane woman, who, at the unaccustomedview of light, the outer world, andhuman beings, foldedher hands, and pitifully implored: " I am hungry, havepity on me; give me meat, and I shall be obedient."This hole, for it could hardly be called a chamber,besides containing all kinds of dirt and filth, and a dish with rotten potatoes, was deficient of the slightestpersonal accommodation. There was nothing—nostove, no bed, no table, no chair—it was neither warmedby fire nor by the rays of the sun. This den, then,the inhuman Carmelite sisters who call themselveswomen, spiritual wives, the brides of heaven, hadselected as a habitation for one of their own sex, andkept her therein in close confinement for twenty-oneyears—since 1848. For twenty-one years the greysisters daily passed this cell, and not one of them evermSClPLlNE AMONG THE CARtHUSIANS, ETC. S5thought of taking compassion on this poor outcastprisoner. With her deeply sunk eyes staring on onespot knelt this wretched victim in her cell in the convent of the Carmelites. Half human, half animal, witha filthy body, with thin knock-kneed legs,hollow cheeks,closely shorn dirty head, unwashed for years, therecame forth a horrible-looking being, such as Dante inhis wildest imagination was unable to picture. Thejudge instantly ordered the woman to be clothed, andwent himself for Bishop Galecki, who was deeplymoved at the awful spectacle. When the unhappynun was led away she asked anxiously whether shewould be brought back to her grave, and when askedwhy she had been imprisoned, she answered, " I havebroken my vow of chastity, but," pointing with afearfully wild gesture, and in great excitement, to thesisters, "they are not angels." Upon a search beingmade in the convent, a heavy whip or scourge, like a knout, and several other inf>tru nents of torture, werediscovered.

CHAPTER X.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE DOMINICANS, AND INCONNECTION WITH THE INQUISITION.HIS order, in its own peculiar statutes, and in its J- regulations for the Inquisition, was notorious forthe severity of its discipline. The founder, Dominicusde Guzman, a native of Spain, was a famous flagellator.His mother, before she conceived him, is said to havedreamed that she was with child of a whelp, carryingin his mouth a lighted torch, and that after he wasborn he put the world in an uproar by his fierce barkings, and set it on fire by the torch which he carriedin his mouth. His followers held that this torch presaged the light that his doctrine was to shed on theworld; while there were not wantingthqse who affirmedthat it merely foretold an emblem of fire and fagot, bywhich an infinite multitude of men would be burned toashes.Dominicus, when he grew up, often sccwtged himself till he became insensible, and had to be recalledto consciousness by the cares and caresses of the HolyMother and three beautiful sisters. His penance wassaid to be so effectual, that evil spirits filled the airwith bowlings in consequence of the many thousand50uls that he rescued from their grasp. He w?.3 noless severe to others than be was to himself, and, underFLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC. 87the appearance of mercy and forgiveness, he executedthe greatest cruelties. Excommunication was at thattime the most dreadful of evils, and, on pretenceof removing that ban, and restoring penitents to thecommunion of the Church, excruciating punishmentswere inflicted, veiled only by the gentle name ofpenance.We give the following order in his own words, asillustrative of the mercy and tenderness shewn bythis celebrated saint: —" Brother Dominic, the leastof preachers, to all Christ's faithful people to whomthese presents shall come: greeting in the Lord. Bythe authority of the Cistercian Abbot, who hath appointed us this office, we have reconciled the bearerof these presents, Pontius Rogerius, converted byGod's blessing from his heretical sect, charging andrequiring him by the oath which he hath taken, thatthree Sundays, or three festival days, he be led bya priest, naked from his shoulders down to his drawers,from the coming into the town unto the church doors,being whipt all the way. We also enjoin him, that heabstain at all time from meat, eggs, cheese, and allthings that proceed from flesh, except on the days ofEaster, Whitsuntide, and Christmas: on which dayswe command him to eat flesh for a denial of his formeverrors. We will that he keep three Lents in one yearabstaining even from fish; and that he fast three daysevery week, always refraining from fish, oil, and wine,except bodily infirmity, or hard labour in harvest time,require a dispensation. We will have him to wearfriars' coats, with two small crosses sewn on his twobreasts. Let him every day hear mass, if opportunitymay serve, and on holy days let him go to church tovespers. He shall observe all other canonical hours88 FLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS. ETC.by day and night, wherever he be, and shall then sayhis orisons—that is, seven times a day he shall say tenpaternosters together, and twenty at midnight. Lethim altogether abstain from married life; and everyfirst day of the month let him shew these our letters tothe curate of the town of Cererim, whom we commandto observe diligently what kind of hfe this bearer leads:Whom, if he should neglect to observe these our injunctions, we declare to be perjured, and excommunicated, and will have him taken for such," &c.Johann Tauler was another distinguished ornamentof this order. His biographer relates that he began hisspiritual exercises like a schoolboy, but with a goldenABC, and received a whipping for every fault hecommitted. He afterwards undertook the task ofperforming the flagellation himself, the commandof his master, and, it is said, laid on harder than hispreceptor had done. As might be expected, with suchprominent examples before them, the rules of theorder are full of the disciplina JlagellL Birching^ werefrequently applied to the body, partially and whollynaked, and the novices w^ere early initiated into themysteries of the scourge. The usual discipline wasscourging the body, naked to the girdle; but in manyconvents of this order the ladies were obliged toreceive it like children, and sometimes they were compelled to scourge each other. Occasionally they wereobliged to lie on their backs and receive disciplineon the opposite part of their bodies. A number oftrivial faults were punished by very severe birchings —indeed, they were frequently lashed till the bloodcame. A very effectual plan for ensuring due severityin the application of the Rod was an arrangementwhereby the ladies punished each other aliernately,FLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC. 89when of course the sister who had experienced no forbearance from the preceding one did not spare theother when her turn came to administer the lash.The Dominicans, under the authority of the Pope,established the Inquisition, and the severity whichcharacterised the order was displayed in their treatnr.ent of heretics. It may interest our readers toknow the part which flagellation bore in the punishments inflicted by the Inquisition, and we propose,therefore, to give a short account of some of the moreremarkable cases. One of the first to fall under the displeasure of theholy office was Raymond, Earl of Toulouse. ThePope excommunicated him, as a defender of heresies,and absolved his subjects from their allegiance. Thoroughly frightened at this, the Earl promised obedienceto the church, and desired to be reconciled to it. Inorder to obtain this favour he had to deliver up to thePope's Legate seven castles, by way of security forhis future behaviour, and submit to be scourged inthe Church of St Agde. This sentence was executedwith very great severity, his body being torn andswelled to such a degree that it was impossible to puton his clothes: he was obliged, therefore, to returnhome naked. He was also served in the same manner at the sepulchre of St. Peter the Mtrtyr at NewCastres, which saint he had caused to be slain.Each prison in the Inquisition was under the chargeof a keeper, who had necessarily great influence onthftreatment of the prisoners; but any indulgence shewnby the attendants towards the unfortunate victims ofthe holy office was visited by severe punishment.There was in the service of a very covetous andcruel keeper, named Gaspard Bennavidius, an old^$0 FLAGELLATlOf AMONG DOMINICANS. ETC.servant maid, who, moved to pity by the distress ofthe prisoners under her master, took every opportunityof comforting them, and even assisting them with foodaccording to her ability. Being discovered in thischaritable act, she was thrown into prison for a year,was condemned to walk in the public procession witha yellow garment on, and to receive two hundredstripes, which sentence was executed as she wentthrough the streets of the city. Gonsalvius Montanusmentions another instance of this kind of punishment. Peter ab Herera, keeper of the Tower of Triana,which was a prison of the Inquisition, had, amongothers prisoners commited to his care, a certain goodmatron with her two daughters, who were put in different cells. Their urgent prayers to be allowed to see and comfort each other, even for a quarter of anhour only, moved the keeper to compassion, andhe allowed them to be together for half-an-hourand then placed them in their separate cells. A fewdays after they were put to the torture, and thekeeper being afraid that through the severity of theirtorments they might confess what he had done, wenthimself to the Holy Tribunal and begged pardon forhis fault. Being immediately thrown into prison, hewas treated so cruelly there that he became mad.After remaining in prison for a year, he was broughtout in a public procession, clothed in a yellow garment,with a halter round his neck, in order to be lashedthrough the streets, and be then sent to the galleys forsix years. When he was being taken to be whipped,his madness came upon him, and he attacked the executioner in a fierce manner: he was soon overpowered,however, and the sentence of two hundred lashes dulycarried out. For his attack on the alguazil, fourrLAGELLAtlON AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC.years were added to the six for which he was firstcondemned to the galleys.Among the crimes and offences punished by theInquisition was polygamy. After abjuration, the polygamists were enjoined various salutary penances, suchas fastings, prayers, and the like, and then were banishedto the galleys for six or seven years. If the offenderbelonged to the lower or middle class, he was whipped,and half his goods confiscated; and in some cases aninfamous mitre was put on his head, before he wasbeaten. In the year 1612, the Pope Paul V. issued abull against priests who, in the confessional, solicited or provoked women to dishonourable actions; and theInquisition was appointed to receive complaints andpunish the offenders. The sequel revealed an alarmingstate of affairs. When the edict was published in thechurches of Seville, accompanied with heavy penaltiesagainst those who, within thirty days, neglected or refused to inform against monks or clergymen whohad abused the confessional, so many women went tothe palace of the Inquisition in Seville to inform againsttheir confessors, that twenty secretaries, with as manyinquisitors, were not sufficient to take the depositionsof the witnesses! The period was then extended toother thirty days, and when this was again found to beinsufticient, the same number of days was appointed athird and even a fourth time. At length the Inquisition,finding it impossible to punish so many, revoked theorder, and quashed the whole proceedings. In ordinarycases, when a confessor was convicted of an offence ofsuch a na^ure—and these offenceswere difficult to bringhome, because a woman could not be admitted to giveevidence unless she was of approved life, and the confessor was known to be given to the sins of the flesh$2 fLAG£LLAtlON AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC.he was, besides the penance of fasting and prayer, con- demned to the galleys, or perpetual imprisonment.The punishment for heretical blasphemy varied ac- cording to the rank of the offender. If the blasphemerwas a mean person, he was made to wear a mitre, histongue was tied, and pinched with an iron or v.-oodengag, he was carried through the streets, whipped withscourges, and banished. If he was a noble, he wasconfined in a monastery for a time and fined. Whenthe blasphemy was not considered very heinous, thecriminal had to stand during divine service withouthat, cloak, or shoes, with a rope round his waist, anda burning taper in his hands.Diviners, fortune-tellers, and astrologers were punished with excommunication, suspension of dignities,whipping, banishment, or imprisonment, according totheir rank. Jews were especially obnoxious to theInquisition, and were on every pretext punished withfines, whipping, and imprisonment.False witnesses were sometimes condemned to perpetual imprisonment, during which they had to eat" the bread of grief, and drink the water of affliction."If their testimony had done little mischief a smallerpenalty was inflicted—the criminal, wearing the usualmitre, had to assist at the public procession, was thenbastinadoed or whipped, and finally banished,j When the Inquisition sentenced a monk to bescourged, the discipline was inflicted in the monastery to which he belonged, in the presence of theNotary of the Holy Office. Paramus records such aninstance in the case of Laurentius Valla at Naples.He was condemned for heresy, but through the king'sfavour his punishment was mitigated to a publicrecantation and whipping; and accordingly, in iheFLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC. 93convent of the Predicants, being led round the cloisterswith hi5 hands tied, he was whipped upon his shouldersand back by the inmates of the house.The monotony of perpetual imprisonment was variedby causing the criminal to stand at the church door on .certain days, as the following instance will shew:— Ina decree of the Council of Biterre, where, after commanding that penitents should be present at divineservice on Sundays and festivals, this is added: thaton the mass of every Sunday and festival, between theepistle and the gospel, heretics shall publicly presentthemselves with rods in their hands, stripped of theiroutward garment, and with their veil or hat off, to thepriest, celebrating mass in the presence of the people,and thereafter, having received discipline, the priestshall declare that they suffer this discipline for heretical depravity.The decrees of the Inquisition were generally carriedinto effect en masse at an Auto-da-f^ or Act of Faith.The general acts of the Inquisition, which in othercountries were considered mere executions of criminals,were in Spain, and such Catholic countries, lookedupon as religious ceremonies, and manifestations ofholy zeal. These generally were exhibited on suchpublic occasions as the accession of a monarch to thethrone. After the chief heretics and other sinners hadbeen burned, the victims sentenced to whipping werenext day mounted upon asses, and scourged throughall the chief streets and places of public resort.Among all the monastic orders none enjoyed a higher degree of power than the Dominicans, but stillthey had their enemies, and when their influence beganto decline they were not scrupulous as to the measuresthey adopted to support and extend their authority;94 FLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS, ETCindeed, to keep up their power, they practised the mostinfamous frauds. We give one of the most remarkable,because it is not only extraordinary in itself, but alsoinvolves the discipline of the whip, and is thereforepertinent to our subject.About 1509 there was a controversy between theFranciscans and the Dominicans concerning theImmaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. Theopinion held by the latter body, that she was not bornwithout original sin, was unpopular, and to supportthe credit of the order it was resolved to "get up"some visions and dreams, which were much believedin at the time. A lay brother, named Jetzer, living atBern, a man simple as a child, and much given topenance, was chosen as the instrument of the delusions. Four Dominicans undertook to manage theplot; and one of these, hiding himself in Jetzer's cell,appeared to him about midnight in the guise of a horrid figure, blowing fire from his nostrils, and sur- rounded by howling dogs. He informed the affrightedbrother that he was the ghost of a Dominican, con- demned to purgatory for laying aside the monastichabit, and that he (Jetzer) was the person by whoseinstrumentality he might be rescued from his purgatorial torments. Jetzer, wild with terror, promised todo what he could to save him from the flames. Hisvisitor told him that nothing but the most extraordinary mortifications, such as the discipline of the whipperformed for a period of eight days by the whole monastery, while Jetzer lay prostrate in the form of one crucified in the chapel during mass, could contribute to hisdeliverance. Before vanishing, the ghost promised toreturn with other spirits like unto himseh. When morning came, Jetzer hastened to relate his vision, and theFLAGELLATION AMONG DOMINICANS, ETC. 95monks unanimously advised him at once to undergothe discipline that was enjoined him; and every onewas willing to do his share of the task

i.e., lay on thestripes. Poor Jetzer obeyed, and was hailed as asaint by the multitude outside the convent. He continued to receive frequent visits from the ghost, whostrove to convince him that the Virgin Mary was bornin original sin; and one night they gave him a strongopiate, during the power of which they marked thefive wounds of Christ on his body; but the visionsand frauds were at length overdone, and Jetzer, simpleminded as he was, discovered the imposture, andalmost killed the prior, who one night performed therdle of the Virgin with a crown on her head. TheDominicans were afraid that Jetzer would discoverthe cheat to the world outside, and resolved to quietlyget rid of him. But the vigour of his constitution,which so well supported him in his flagellations andausterities, stood him in good stead in this matter.Five times they gave him poison, and he was notdestroyed: they then poisoned the host or consecratedwafer, but he escaped by vomiting it. Having at lengthfound an opportunity of escaping from the convent, heimmediately went and discovered the plot to the magistrates. The whole imposture was afterwards fullyproved, and the four Dominicans who carried out theplot, after being degraded from the priesthood, wereburnt alive. Jetzer died some time after at Constance.This elaborate conspiracy would no doubt have beenhanded down to posterity as a most surprising miracle,if Brother Jetzer had not had the good fortune to slipthrough the fingers of his Dominican brethren.CHAPTER XI.FLAGELLATION AMONG THE JESUITS.THE order of the Jesuits was at one time ver)wide spread, having branches in Spain, Portugal,Italy, France—in fact, throughout the known world.They occupied the front rank among Flagellants,^ and,although they tried to disprove as slanderous muchthat was said against them, there is good ground tobelieve that they had a taste for flagellation and forusing the Rod to secure the gratification of base passions.The founder of the society, Ignatius Loyola, beganhis education when he was thirty years of age; andit is said that he requested his teacher at Salamanca to inflict the usual schoolboy chastisementon him that he might be properly instructed. Othersdeny that he did so, but affirm that at Paris, whenhis preceptors were about to punish him with theRod, they were suddenly enlightened by heaven asto the future high destiny of their pupil, and, insteadof whipping him, humbly begged his pardon. Althoughit is not very clear to what extent he personally carried the discipline in the order which he founded,'chere is no doubt his successors had a decided tastefor the Rod, and that they inflicted it on many ofthe beautiful ladies who were entrusted to their care. Even at an early period of their history, scandalousFLAGELLATION AMONG THE JESUITS. 97stories were circulated concerning the penitential ar- rangements of the Jesuits and their abuse of theirtrust. In the Netherlands they established a sisterhood of distinguished ladies who submitted to a discipline every week. They improved on the ordinarymethod of inflicting chastisements on the bare backof the person by whipping the penitent on the front.We are informed that the ladies of Holland and Belgium took so much pleasure in this novel Spanishmethod, that when the ecclesiastical authorities forbadeit, they begged their confessors to continue the fatherl)discipline. In the Latin versified account of the Jesuitorder, it is related that the Jesuit Johannes Ackerbomwas convicted of scourging a maiden who had confessed to him. Another brother, Peter Wills, anintimate friend of the former, indulged in the samtpractice. One of their imitators, Peter Gerson, was so fond of using the Rod that he fell upon the countrygirls at work in the fields and flagellated them. Inthe Netherlands the Jesuits punished the boys atschool after the Spanish fashion. In Portugal thepenitent, after repeating a number of prayers, hadthen to submit to the Spanish mode of discipline,and the Jesuits even carried the practice into thepalace of Queen Louisa.During the next reign, under Queen Donna Maria,Father Malgrida carried out the practice to a fargreater extent, by introducing it among the youngladies of the court. In the ante-rooms the beautifulsinners were to be seen on their knees at prayers,and upon a signal being given they removed suchportions of their dress as were necessary, and receivedthe discipline. In all probability the Queen herselfparticipated in the operations. The penitents, as we793 FLAGELLATION AMONG THE TESUITS.have read, felt great pleasure in these disciplines, and.it is said, eagerly longed for the Rod! Foreign prin- cesses were specially invited to come and partake ofthe discipline after this refined method. In Spain,where it was usual to absolve the female sex afterconfession by bodily penances, the Inquisition undertook to reform the abuse of discipline by issuing a proclamation against it. It was forbidden in futureto strip young women, or to apply the hand or thewhip to them. But the Inquisition still retained theright, and did not hesitate to apply the whip torefractory heretics—without remorse stripping andscourging the unfortunate persons of either sex whofell under their displeasure.With priestly craft, the Jesuits made themseb/esindispensable friends of the family in every distinguished house, and practised the discipline amongthe ladies. Such young ladies as were confined in con- vents for being in love, or for obstinacy or worldliness,were under their charge, and it is recorded that whenthey were especially pretty the Jesuit fathers neverfailed personally to take charge of the prescribedchastisement. They kept in the good graces of thosenuns who fell victims to their arts, and prevented themfrom betraying the secret of their humiliation. The Jesuits also ingratiated themselves into female societies, as also into boarding and other schools, and were alwaysforward in prescribing the Rod. Nor did Charles Borromeus forget the scourge in the statutes which he drewup for the use of the convent of St. Ursula. The Jesuits I likewise advised parents who had refractory daughters'to send them to their order, and their soul's welfarewould be taken care of; indeed, the followers of'Loyola, were always AvilHng to undertake the educa-FLAGELLATION AMONG THE JESUITS. 99tion and restraint of young ladies.' Pious parent:,A^ould thank God with tears of joy for the painswhich these holy men took upon themselves; butthe Chroniqne Scandaleiise tells a different story ofthe result of their labours.The Jesuits did not confine their flagellatory practices to Europe, but in their missions to heathen landsalso employed the Rod in the work of conversion. InParaguay they chastised the native parents as if theyhsd been little children; but in Mexico they did notact so inhumanly as their predecessors who accompanied the conquerors of the New World. A bandof missionaries, chiefly Jesuits, were sent to Afric^iabout the year 1634 by the King of Portugal anc'the Pope, at the request of the Queen of Matamba , and one day, when a missionary met the Queen anda numerous train of attendants giving an airing toan idol, he enforced his arguments against idolatryby the application of a whip to the body of her sablemajesty! It is astonishing, he says, how the processof flagellation gradually opened her understanding,till she at length confessed herself wholly unable toresist such sensible proofs of the excellence of hisdoctrine. Although the King was afraid to resent thisusage, the ladies of the court determined to avengethe cause of the sex. For this purpose they selectedas their place of bathing the opposite bank of a rivuletwhich flowed before the garden and dwelling of themissionaries, and here they deliglited to exhibit themselves daily in a state of the most primitive simplicity,and in attitudes not at all decorous. The holy menwere terribly shocked, but the only remedy availableto them was to build a hi'gh wall in front of theiigarden. In Abyssinia it was then a common pro7—2CHAPTER XII.THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.WE have seen the customs of flagellation con- nected with religion taking their rise amongheathen nations, and afterwards being adopted in theChristian Church, to form part of its penitential service. From being practised here and there by hermits, who led a life of solitude and self-mortification,it spread through the Church, and took a deeper holdon the minds of the people, until it reached a climaxabout the middle of the thirteenth century, and led tothe formation of fraternities for the regular and publicpractice of flagellation. This sect first made its appearance in Italy in the year 1210, and the follovvingaccount of it is given in the " Chronicon UrsitiusBasiliensis " of the monk St. Justin of Padua:

"When all Italy was sullied with crimes of everykind, a certain sudden superstition, hitherto unknownto the world, first seized the inhabitants of Perusa,afterwards the Romans,and then almost all the nationsof Italy. To such a degree were ihey affected withthe fear of God, that noble as well as ignoble persons,young and old, even children five years of age, wouldgo nakedaboutthestreets without anysense ofshame,walking in public, two and two, in the manner of asolemn procession. Every one of them held in hishand a scourge, made of leather thongs, and with tearsand groans they lashed themselves on their backs tillthe bloodran: all the while weepingand giving tokensRELIGIOUS DISCIPLINE. Plate VIII.THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS,ing the variouB InBtrumcnts selected for Self-punishment.

THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS. 103of the same bitter affliction, as if they had really beenspectators of the passion of our Saviour, imploring theforgiveness of God and His Mother, and praying thatHe, who had been appeased by the repentance of so many sinners, would not disdain theirs. And not onlyin the day time, but likewise during the nights, hundreds, thousands, and ten thousands of these penitentsran, notwithstanding the rigour of winter, about thestreets, and in churches, with lighted wax candles intheir hands, and preceded by priests, who carriedcrosses and banners along with them, and with humility prostrated themselves before the altars: the samescenes were to be seen in small towns and villages

so that the mountains and the fields seemed to resoundalike the voice of men who were crying to God. Allmusical instruments and love songs ceased to be heard.The only music that prevailed both in town andcountry was that of the lugubrious voice of the penitent, whose mournful accents might have moved heartsof flint: and even the eyes of the obdurate sinnercould not refrain from tears. Nor were women exemptfrom the general spirit of devotion we mention: fornot only those among the common people, but alsomatrons and young ladies of noble families, wouldperform the same mortifications with modesty in theirown rooms. Then those who were at enmity withone another became again friends. Usurers and robbers hastened to restore their ill-gotten riches to theirright owners. Others, who were contaminated withdifferent crimes, confessed them with humility, andrenounced their vanities. Gaols were opened; prisonerswere delivered; and banished persons permitted to re- turn to their native habitations. So many and so greatw Mks of sanctity and Christian charity, in short, wer^104 THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.then performed by both men and women, that it seemedas if an universal apprehension had seized mankind, thatthe divine power was preparing either to consumethem by fire, or destroy them by shaking the earth, or some other of those means which divine justiceknows how to employ for avenging crimes. Such a sudden repentance, which had thus diffused itself allover Italy, and had even reached other countries, notonly the unlearned, but wise persons also admired.They wondered whence such a vehement fervour ofpiety could have proceeded: especially since suchpublic penances and ceremonies had been unheard ofin former times, had not been approved by the sovereign pontiff, nor recommended by any preacher or person of eminence; but had taken their origin amongsimple persons, whose example both learned and unlearned had alike followed."The author of the solemn processions of the Flagellants is said to have been St. Anthony. The sect wasre-organised in the year 1260 in Italy by Rainer, ahermit of Perugia, who speedily found followers in all parts of Italy; indeed, their number soon amountedto 10,000, who went about, led by priests, bearing banners and crosses. In 1261 they extended over the Alpsinto Germany, shewed themselves in Alsatia, Bavaria,Bohemia, and Poland, and found there many imitators.Notwithstanding the opposition of different governments, the tenets of the Flagellants spread throughEurope, and in the year 1349, while the plague wasraging in Germany, they made their appearance inthat country. According to the chronicle of Albert ofStrasburg, two hundred came from Schwaben to Spira,under one principal and two subordinate rulers, whosecommands they implicitly obeyed. They were met byTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS. 105crowds of people. Placing themselves within a circledrawn on the ground, they stripped, leaving on theirbodies only a breech-cloth. They then walked witharms outstretched like a cross round and round thecircle for a time, finally prostrating themselves on theground. They soon after rose, each striking hisneighbour with a scourge, armed with knots and fouriron points, regulating their blows by the singing ofpsalms. At a certain signal the discipline ceased, andthey threw themselves first on their knees, then flat onthe ground, groaning and sobbing. On rising, theleader gave a short address, exhorting them to implore the mercy of God upon their benefactors andenemies, and also on the souls in purgatory. Thiswas followed by another prostration, and then anotherdiscipline. Those who had taken charge of the clothesnow came forward, and went through the same cere- monies.Another writer graphically . describes their mode ofoperation: —Penance was performed twice a-day: inthe morning and evening they went abroad in pairs,singing psalms amid the ringing of bells, and whenthey arrived at the place of flagellation they strippedthe upper part of their bodies, and put off their shoes,wearing only a linen dress reaching from the waistto the ankles. They then lay down in a large circlein difi'erent positions, according to the nature of theircrime: the adulterer with his face to the ground; theperjurer on one side, holding up three of his fingers,fee, and were then castigated, some more and someless, by the master, who ordered them to rise in thewords of a prescribed form—" Stant uf durch der reinen Martel ere; Und hiite dich vor der Siinden mere."io6 fHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.Upon this they scourged themselves, amid the singingof psalms and loud supplications for the averting ofthe plague, with genuflexions and other ceremonies, ofwhich contemporary writers give various accounts.Their ranks contained peasants as well as priests, andboth learned and unlearned. Theyaffirmed that they derived their authority from a letter brought by an angelto St. Peter's Church in Jerusalem: this letter declaredthat Jesus Christ was offended at the prevailing sins ofthe day—in particular, Sabbath-breaking, blasphemy,usury, adultery, and the non-observance of the appointed fasts. Having implored the forgiveness ofJesus Christ through the Holy Virgin and the angels,they were directed to live exiled from their country forthirty-four days, in order to obtain mercy, discipliningthemselves during that time. The inhabitants of Spiratreated the sect with great hospitality; but they wouldonly accept donations for the purpose of supplyingthemselves with candles and banners. These latterwere of purple silk, and were carried during the procession. They were joined by about a hundred personsat Spira, and at Strasburg nearly a thousand swelledtheir ranks. These agreed to the rules; each wasrequired to be able to spend at least fourpence a-day,and to declare that he had confessed his sins, forgivenhis enemies, and obtained the consent of his wife.The Brothers of the Cross were not permitted to seekfor free quarters, or even to enter a house, withouthaving been invited; they were forbidden to conversewith females; and if they transgressed these rules, or acted without discretion, they were obliged to confessto the Superior, who sentenced them to several lashejof the scourge by way of penance.Hecker, who does not seem to be awave that the sec*TttE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.had previously existed, gives the following account ofthis their second appearance, in his "Epidemics ofthe Middle Ages." He says, " While all countrieswere filled with lamentations and woe, there firstarose in Hungary, and afterwards in Germany, theBrotherhood of the Flagellants, called also the Brotherhood of the Cross, or Cross Bearers, who took uponthemselves the repentance of the people for the sinsthey had committed, and offered prayers and supphcations for the averting of this plague. Thisorder consisted chiefly of the lowest class, who weree'ther actuated by sincere contrition, or who joyfullyavailed themselves of this pretext for idleness, andwere hurried along with the tide of distracting frenzy.But as these brotherhoods gained in repute, and werewelcomed by thepeople withveneration and enthusiasm,many nobles and ecclesiastics ranged themselves undertheir standard, and their bands were not unfrcquentlyaugmented by children, honourable women, and nuns,so powerfully were minds of the most opposite temperaments enslaved by this infatuation. They marchedthrough the cities in well-organised processions, withleaders and singers; their heads covered as far astheir eyes, their looks fixed on the ground, accompanied by every token of the deepest contrition andmourning. They were robed in sombre garmentswith red crosses on the breast, back, and cap, andbore triple scourges tied in three or foui knots, inwhich points of iron were fixed. Tapers and magnificent banners of velvet and cloth of gold were carriedbefore them; wherever they made their appearancethey were welcomed by the ringing of bells, andcrowds of people came from great distances to listento their hymns and to witness their penance wit]lO^ THE SECt OF tHE FLAGELLANTS.Cevotion and tears. In the year 1349, 200 Flagellantsfii entered Strasburg, where they were received withgreat joy and hospitality, and lodged by the citizens.Above a thousand joined the brotherhood, which nowassumed the appearance of a wandering tribe, andseparated into two bodies for the purpose of journeying to the north and to the south.So great was the enthusiasm in their favour, thatthe Church seemed in danger, for the two partieswere so much opposed that they excommunicatedeach other. The Flagellants took possession of thechurches; and their new songs, which soon became well known, operated strongly on the mindsof the people. Their chief psalm, sung at that timein different dialects all over Germany, is full of pioussentiment, and well calculated to promote the prevailing fanaticism. They sometimes undertook tomake trial of their power of working miracles—as inStrasburg, where they attempted, in their own circle,to resuscitate a dead child. They, however, failed; and their unskilfulness did them much harm, thoughthey succeeded here and there in maintaining someconfidence in their holy calling by pretending to havethe power of casting out evil spirits. The more en- lightened party in the Church opposed these publiciagellations. Pope Clement VI. (elected to the papalhrone in 1332, deceased in 1352) issued a bull againstlem; and the bishops of Germany confirmed tluipostolic brief, and forbade the Flagellants to fornssociations in their sees. About this time the sermoiVenturinus, a Uominican friar of Bergamo, inducccibove 10,000 per:5ons to undertake a new pilgriniagtrhey scourged themselves in the churches, and wereentertamed in the market-place at the public expenseTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.At Rome, Venturinus was derided, and banished bythe Pope to tlie mountains of Ricondona. Thus opposed, the sect died out for a time; but it w3= revivedin 1414, under the leadcri>hip of a man nai- f d Co --Td,who, as the former leaders had done, claiii > d a div nerevehition and mission for the practice of ^ uolicfliocllatioii. Conrad pretended that the prophetEaoch and himself were one and the same person; that the Flagellants being established, God had beenpleased to abrogate the Papacy; and that there wasno salvation except by means of the new baptismof blood, through the instrumentality of scourging. On this occasion the Inquisition took actionagainst the sect, and after a grand inquiry into thecharges brought against them, caused ninety-one to beburned at Sangerhusen, and a great number in otherplaces. How deeply this mania had taken root is proved by the deposition of a citizen of Nordhausen(1446): that his wife, in the belief of performing a Christian act, wanted to scourge her children as soon as they were baptised. Persecutions weakenedbut did not destroy the sect of the Flagellants, andalthough disappearing in Germany, we find thempractising their rites, but no longer claiming a specialmission, in France, Spain, and Portugal.In the i6th century there arose in France a greatnumber of penance and flagellating companies, distinguished by the names of White, Black, and Grey Penitents. They were most numerous in the southernparts of the kingdom; but even the capital was notexempt from the mania. At Avignon, in the year1574, the queen-mother placed herself at the headof the Black Penitents, and took part in the usualceremonies at Lyons and Toulouse. Paris was nottlO THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.behind the age in the use of the Rod; in thatcity King Henry III. took the matter under hispatronage, and not only inscribed himself as anhonorary member, but afterwards took a very activeI part in the processions. The first assemblage was atthe great jubilee of 1575, when the whole court wasinvited; but no women were allowed to appear—theKing loved them not. Catharine de Medici accordingly whipped her court dames with closed doorsThe Parisians thought the whole affair very amusing,and made many jokes about it; the King did not, ofcourse, escape their satire, but got the jesting title of a" Ph e conscrit des Blanes baitus." Early in 1585, heestablished a new White penance brotherliood of theAnnunciation Day, which numbered among its ranksmany distinguished courtiers and citizens. The order\^as inaugurated by an exceedingly gorgeous procession, which took place on the 25th of March, the festivalday of the protecting saint of the brotherhood. Therules of the order were in conformity with those ofother sects of the Flagellants, and were ratified bythe Pope. The procession marched from the conventof the Augustines to the church of Notre Dame; theKing, without any marks of his dignity, the Keeperof the Great Seal, and other illustrious persons,being present. The Cardinal of Guise carried thecross; the Duke of Mayenne performed the duties ofmaster of the ceremonies; and Auger and Du Peynatwere lieutenants. The weather was far from propitious, as the rain fell in torrents during the ceremony.The procession was repeated more than once, and onone occasion the devotees went to the church bytorch-light, when the favourites, we are told, whippedthemselves so violently that one of them died, butTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS. Illwhether from the effect of the wliipping or the exposure is not known—probably from the effects of both.The Parisians continued to jest; while the strictestof the clergy preached from the pulpit against theshameless profanation of what was noble and holy, andhinted that the White Penitents deserved to be whippedin another way. The Jesuits, however, encouragedthe sect, and made themselves active in framing rulesfor the brotherhoods; and they likewise, as was theirwont, encouraged women to follow the example of theother sex, so that at one time there were numerouswhipping companies in the provinces of France. Thatthe women might be spared some shame, they wereallowed to wear masks when taking part in theprocessions. After solemn evening service, a^,after supper, the fair sex chastised themselves in anexemplary way; the women appeared barefootedin the procession, which often lasted for six hours.Ladies who could not be induced to appear in publicwere encouraged by the Jesuits to flagellate themselves in the dark: according to them, the mere carrying of a whip was highly meritorious. Henry III. afterwards resumed this penance practice with increasedvigour; but his enemies made political capital of theaffair, and he therefore lost much of his faith in thesupreme virtue of the whipping institution. Crillon,the commander of the guards, caused the favourite oithe King, Joyeuse, to be whipped in the most violentmanner, while engaged in the procession; and theKing was obliged to soothe his minion as he bestcould, without venturing to punish the pseudo-fiagellant. After the death of the Guises, this fanatical maniafor fleshly mortification revived. The penance processions were renewed, and this time women and maidens,112 THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.naked to the shift, ran about with whips. Noble ladiei.shewed themselves to the populace in a semi-nudestate, and gave themselves the discipline, in order toencourage others by their example.The evil at one time became so rampant, and thecause of religion and morality seemed so much indanger, that many divines preached against it, andGerson, a famous theologian of that day, and Chancellor of the University of Paris, wrote a severe treatiseagainst the Flagellants. He denounced their practices as contrary to the gospel, and offensive alike todecency and morality. Speaking of the cruelty ofthese practices, Gerson says, " It is equally unlawful for a man to draw so much blood from his ownbody, unless it be for medical reasons, as it would befor him to castrate or otherwise mutilate himself.Else it might upon the same principle be advancedthat a man may brand himself with red-hot irons; a thing which nobody hath as yet either pretended tosay or granted, unless it be false Christians and idolaters, such as are to be found in India, who think it a matter of duty for one to be baptised through fire."At length, in the year 1601, the Parliament of Parispassed an act to abolish a fraternity of Flagellants,called the Blue Penitents, in the town of Bourgesindeed, the Parliament soon proceeded against all whipping brotherhoods without distinction, deciaiint^the members not only to be heretics, traitois^ aiidregicides, but unchaste. After that time the bi otherhood declined, and finally disappeared from France,In the 17th century occasional processions on certainfestivals are stated to have taken place in Italy andSpain and Portugal. Father Mabillion relates that in1689 he saw a scourging procession of the FlagellantsTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS. tt^at Turin on a Good Friday; and in the year 17 lo processions of the crossbearers were still seen in Italy,Colmenar, in his " Annales d'Espagne et de Portugal,"mentions a similar procession taking place at Madrid;and from his narrative we find new elements introducedinto the ceremony, which rendered it as much an exercise of gallantry as an act of devotion. Colmenar says," At this procession are seen all the penitents or disciplinists of the city, who flock to it from every quarter.They wear a high cap, covered with linen cloth, of theheight of three feet, and of a sugar-loaf form, fromwhich hangs a stripe of cloth which falls in front andcovers their faces. There are some who take this exercise (of the discipline) from a true motive of piety,but there are others who practise it only to pleasemistresses, and the gallantry of it is of a new kind,one unknown to other nations. These good disciplinarians wear gloves and white shoes, a shirt of whichthe sleeves are tied with ribbons, and they have a ribbon attached to their cap or to their scourge, of thecolour which most pleases their mistresses. Theyscourge themselves by rule, and on a fixed and settledplan, with a whip of cords, to which are attached atthe end little balls of wax with pieces of pointed glassstuck in it. He who flogs himself with most vigour,and address is considered the most courageou.s."Processions of Flagellants took place at Lisbon, andcontinued down to a period so late as 1820. Dr. Mad'den mentions that he saw processions—without thescourging, however—at Lisbon as recent as 1847.CHAPTER XIII.THE FLAGELLANTS {cout'nmcd).THEflagellaling practices andceremoniesof whichwe have given a historical sketch in the precedingchapter were certainly very astonishing. Althoughsomewritershave assumed the origin of public flagellation to be the moral result of a great plague that brokeout in Germany, we think that it was rather the resultof a lono course of slow innovations on former modesof public worship, introduced by different persons, atdifferent times, andinplacesremotefrom one another.There seems to be an innate inclination among mankind towards severe modes of worship of all kinds.In morality, men, whatever may be their private conduct, appear most pleased with the strictest maxims,and in religious matters they seem also to adhere tosuch as are most laborious and painful. Among allthe nations of antiquity, whether worshipping oneGod or many, physical pain or discomfort, inflictedwith religious intentions, has been common; andthis is especially true of self-scourging, which, thereader will have observed, existed in one form or another almost universally from a very early period.With Christians i: was still further recommended bythe circumstance that it formed part of the sufferingto which Christ was subjected while on earth; andthe thoughts of pious persons were naturally directedtHE StCT OK THE FLAGELLANTS.towards a Style of mortification so frequently mentionedin religious books, h/mns, sermons, and conversation.In the practice of fla;jellatioii there was, however,a considerable difference between eastern and westernChristians. In the east, Christians were always a minority in numbers and influence, and never went tosuch extravagance, either in theory oi practice, as theirbrethren in the west For instance, they considered acertain deep sense of past offences —a state of unbounded contrition for the same—as the competentmeans of atonement for sin, holding tears to be the laststage of such contrition, and a necessary token of it. Weeping was therefore what they aimed at in thei-rdevotional acts: and as self-scourging was thought bythem to be an excellent expedient for obtaining tears,they had frequent recourse to it for the purpose ofbringing them into this saving state. Western Christians, on the other hand, went a great deal farther thanthis point: self-flagellation with them atoned for pastsins, and was resorted to as a direct and immediatemethod of compensation.We find manyproofs that eastern Christians regardedflagellation in the light just mentioned: the followingare a few instances related in their books. Gabriel,Archbishop of Philadelphia, gives this story in hiswork, entitled " A Collection of the Actions of Fathersor Saints:"—A certain saint had resolved to renouncethe world, and fixed his abode on the celebratedmountain of Nitria in Thebaid; and next to thecell to which he had retired was that of anothersaint, whom he heard bitterly weeping for his sins.Finding himself unable to weep in the same manner, and heartily envying the happiness of the othersaint, he one day addressed himself in the following8—2tl6 tl-It: SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.terms: —" You do not cry, you wretch: you do notweep for your sins. I will make you cry; I willmake you weep by force, since you will not do it ofyour own accord: I will make you grieve for your

ins as you ought," saying which, he in his passion

seized a large scourge that lay by him, and lashedhimself so vigorously that he soon brought himselfto that happy state which was the object of his ambition. Another author, Saint John Climax, in a passage which has given rise to much controversy, refersto the manner of the devotions of the eastern Christians. He says, " Some among the monks wateredhe pavement with their tears, while others v/hojould not shed any beat themselves." Although^ome writers hold that this means religious disciplinesperformed in the same manner, and having the sameend in view, as they now are in monasteries, theobvious meaning of the passage is, that the selfiagellation mentioned was similar to that of the saintjf the mountain of Nitria, and was inflicted to enablechose who could not weep to weep plenteously. Butwestern Christians, enjoying a wider field and greateropportunity for innovations, went much farther in theirideas of the usefulness of flagellation. They did indeed employ mortifications of this kind from the sameidea as the eastern Christians—namely, with a view tosanctify themselves by their repentance, and assisttheir compunction—but they were also actuated by a sense of love for Jesus Christ and a desire of unitingthemselves to him in his sufferii-^s. This motive is urged in the statutes of different religious orders, wherethey are recommended, " when they inflict disciplineupon themselves, to call to mind Jesus Christ, theiipiost estimable Lord, fastened to the column, and toTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.endeavour to experience a few of those excessive pain^he was made to endure."The main idea, however, of the Flagellants was toatone for past sins. It is no wonder that so convenient a practice, which enabled every one—by meansof an operation of the duration and severity of whichhe was the sole judge—to pay an adequate price for,even/ offence he might have committed, and silence a troublesome conscience, gained ground and favour,not only with the vulgar but also with the more en- lightened part of the community. These notions oithe expediency of self-flagellation were carried to a most extravagant pitch by the sect of the Flagellants.They looked upon the cruel disciplines inflicted ontheir bodies as being of far greater merit than thepractice of any Christian virtue. Besides giving outthat their whippings were specially commanded byHeaven, that one of their leaders was Elias, and anotherEnoch, they held such heretical doctrines as the following: —That the blood they shed during the flagellations was mixed with that of Jesus Christ; that selfflagellation made confession useless; that they weremore meritorious than martyrdom, for they werevoluntary, which martyrdom was not; that baptism bywater was of no use, as every true Christian must bebaplised in his own .blood; that flagellation couldatone for all past and future offences, and supplied theVvan^" of all other good works. Against heretical tenetslijs.e 'these the true Church launched her anathemas,and on several occasions the Flagellants were forcedto seal their testimonies at the stake."The modern brotherhoods of Flagellants (some ofthose alluded to) do not hold these extreme views,tlut dutifully subscribe to all tlie orthodox principlesn8 THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.of the Church, and make it their chief business todiscipline themselves in times of great solemnities

such as the Sundays in the Advent, the Sundaysbefore Palm Sunday, Maunday Thursday, and cer- tain days during the Carnival. They have theirarticles of association, like a freemason's lodge, possessing such property as banners, crucifixes, ornamentsfor altars, &c., and make a small annual paymentto defray expenses. They march through the townson high days, clothed in a peculiar dress, and wearing masks, and visit various churches. In thechurch from which they start, and in the others thatthey visit, they hear a short sermon from a prieston the passion of our Saviour; and as soon as tiiepriest has said the words, ' Let us mend and growbetter ' (emf/ir^cm us in melhis), the disciplines beginwith the singing of the Miserere, and are continued as Ihey walk along the streets. The fraternity is underthe jurisdiction of the bishop, who examines andcertifies the rules of the order."When public opinion would no longer tolerate theappearance of the Flagellants on the streets and inthe churches, the mania took the form of private whipping companies, and in cells and rooms with lockeddoors they belaboured the sinful flesh with infinitesatisfaction. This was especially the case in Bavaria,which may be termed the classic land of the scourge.Scenes of the most outrageous and scandalous naturetook place. We shall mention only one instance, andeven here it is impossible to give more t'lan themerest outline of the story, which made an extraordinary sensation, and terminated in a lawsuit.A Capuchin in the convent of Duren, Father Acha2;ius by name^ through his sermons and confessiona-THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS. I IQtalk, exercised a great influence on the minds of thepeople. Forbidding in appearance, but gifted witheloquence of the most persuasive kind, his powerover the female portion of his flock was unboundedWidows and women of mature years were in particular devoted to him. Beginning with these, he sooninoculated others of younger years, for it was part o{his instructions that they were to try and win overthe young ladies of their acquaintance to elect himtheir spiritual adviser. His creed was: " Man, con- sidered in and for himself, is incapable fully to tamethe desires of the heart; but the spirit can continuevirtuous, whilst the body, according to its usual desires,sins. The spirit belongs to God, the body to theworld, yet the last itself represents both in its twoparts: God speaks from the body to the superior part,the world to the inferior part: that which belongs toeach must fall to it; therefore, to keep the soul pure,one must allow the body to continue to sin." It iseasy to see where such a doctrine leads to. Thefather organised a regular Adamite Whipping Club,wherein many strange things were enacted: it is saidthat he performed the discipline himself, with rodssteeped in vinegar and salt. After some years theproceedings of this society came to light, in consequence of the confession which a young nun—carriedout of the convent—felt herself compelled to make,upon her marriage to a French officer. An examination was instituted, which continued for a long time,when it was found that the members of many re- spectable families were involved. One woman whowas examined told an acquaintance, who expressedastonishment at her strange taste for such a hatefulman as Achazius, that he had so entirely bewitched120 THE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS.her that she was bound to him with infinite inclination,and submitted to everything Hke a child without will.With the consecrated rods he had beaten her so muchthat she was sometimes compelled, under one pretextor another, to keep her bed for three weeks. Therewere so many of these details, and others of anunmentionable nature, that the procurator-general wasordered to quash the whole proceedings. The onlypunishment that was inflicted on Father Achaziugwas close confinement in a convent. Afterwards theacts came before a court of justice at Liege, but therecords have been destroyed or mutilated, through theinfluence of some families who wished to extirpatesuch memorials of their shame.In Spain, as we noted in the preceding chapter,the ceremonies of the Flagellants were distinguished as being scenes of gallantry, as well, as acts ofdevotion. An old writer thus describes the mania:" Lovers will often go at the head of a procession offriends, and discipline themselves under the windowsof their mistresses; or, when passing the windowsin a procession to which they belong, they redoublethe smartness of their flagellation. All disciplinistsshew attentions of the same kind to such ladies as they meet, especially if they are good-looking,and they try if possible to sprinkle them with a littleblood in passing. The lady is expected lo reward thedevotee for this delicate and agreeable courtesy byraising her veil. It is somewhat difficult to imaginehow the Spanish ladies can be pleased with ihis feat,unless it may be with ladies that the bare intention ofshowing them courtesy is enough to procure theirgood will; or we may suppose that the extreme gracefulness with which the disciplines we mention 9,rfTHE SECT OF THE FLAGELLANTS, I2Tperformed has the power of rendering them pleasingto the ladies. There ouijht to be no doubt of thegracefulness of the performance, since in most townsthe teaching of the art forms a separate branch ofthe fine arts, and the whole art and science of theoperation may be acquired under a professionalmaster, much the same as we have professors of thenoble science of self-defence. Persons of all ranksand conditions in life became members of thesebrotherhoods."CHAPTER XIV.CORNELIUS HADRIEN AND THE DISCIPLINAGYNOPYGTCA. —^HE story of Hadrien and his whipping institution-L forms a remarkable episode in the history offlagellation, and sheds a flood of light over its mysteries, as an abuse of the original doctrine of penance.The main facts of his history and heresies, which are scattered through the records of the NetherlandsChurch, are well authenticated, and we give them, forthe most part, according to the original.Cornelius Hadrien was born at Dortrecht, in SouthHolland, about the year 1520, and, after the usualnoviciate, was admitted into the Franciscan order. Hewas settled as professor of theology in a convent ofthat order at Bruges towards the year 1 548. He waspossessed of great eloquence, and soon became famous,especially among the fair and pious ladies of that city.Cornelius being no stranger to the sense of beauty,had cast his eyes with pleasure upon the many devoutvisitors of his confessional. As a writer, who was hiscontemporary, expresses, " he determined, in orderto enjoy them and himself, to estab;ish an entirelyunique devotional order among them." T:v o::jectsandcharacter of this peculiar institution wiil appear fromthe sequel. In his sermons. Brother Cornelius touchedfreely on the sin of worldly lusts and their qonseq^uences,CORNF.MUS HAURIEN. 1 23and by his insinuations awakened fears and scruples inthe breasts of his fair hearers, till they naturally resortedto the confessional for counsel and instruction. BrotherCornelius was prepared with the necessary medicine.To those who were neither young nor particularly handsome, he prescribed that they should diligently confesstheir temptations to their former clergymen, in order toobtain from them absolution; but to those whom hewished to admit into his order he said, "In considerationthat you cannot withstand such inwa'-d sins and desires, these must be chastened with an outward punishment and penance." They vowed to do all that heshould impose upon them. After binding them by anoath to keep secret the penance to be suffered, becausemere men of the world could not understand or appreciate such matters, and would assuredly try to bringdisgrace and contempt upon the order, he appointedthem a rule, in conformity with which they were re- quired to appear before him in the confessional everymonth. Here they were to be particular in confessing tohim all their unchaste thoughts, words, and actions,and these, he explained, could only be expiated by acourse of private discipline and secret penance, applied and superintended by himself.Hadrien cunningly arranged that these disciplinesshould take place in a house adjoining the convent,kept by a seamstress who possessed his confidence.When the devotees came for the first time to thishouse, the mistress gave them a rod, with the injunction to carry it into the discipline room; but at thesame time to remember to bring one for themselveson the next occasion. When his penitents wereassembled, Cornelius made his appearance, and, withserious countenance, announced that in order to re-124 CORNELIUS I-IADRIEN.ceive the discipline properly, it was necessary for themto divest themselves of a portion of their clothes. Thisdone, they humbly handed to him the rod, with whichto chastise their sinful bodies. He accordingly did so,very slowly and very gently, enlarging at the same timeon the efficacy of whipping, and the great benefitof receiving it in a primitive condition. The orderembraced maidens, married women, and widows, andthis secret £jno/)yg-ic sect, as the Dutch writers namedit, lasted for ten years without any of the devoteesever entertaining the least suspicion of its impropriety.They remained quite tranquil and happ)^, firmly believing in the piety of Cornelius, until a circumstancebrought his peculiar style of discipline before the public, and led to the dissolution of the order.Towards the year 1553, among the many hearers ofBrother Cornelius was a virtuous and much esteemedwidow, who took with her from time to time herhandsome and amiable daughter, Calekcn Peters, wnowas not more than sixteen years of age. Caleken soonbecame intimate with a number of young women whowere under the authority of Brother Cornelius, andnaturally enough, she heard much from them aboutobedience, submission, and private discipline. Curiosity led her to ask her companions what these thingsmeant. They replied that Brother Cornelius was theonly one who could give her the necessa / information, and he would certainly be willing to inform her,whenever she went to confess to him. In due time shelwent to confession, and at the first interview jjrotherCornelius impressed upon her the necessity of beingobedient to him, and teachable, if she desired to pre- serve her maiden purity, and desired her, if she obtained the consent of her mother, to visit him weekly,CORNELIUS HADRIEN. 125in order to receive the necessary instruction in holyobedience. Her mother gladly consented, and at thenext interview Caleken promised, at his request, toconfess faithfully even her most secret thoughts andwishes. After six or seven weeks' instruction. BrotherCornelius said that she must take an oath not to confessto any other priest, and that then she would be fit to come into the discipline chamber and undergopenance like the other maidens. The first visit tothis sanctum was very unsatisfactory to Brother Cornelius. She either could not, or would not, make thoserevelations which the confessor desired, and he therefore dismissed her, with an admonition to be betteiprepared next timeAt a subsequent interview, in exhorting her to imitatethe example of his other penitents, he asked her ifit was in perfect seriousness that she confided to himher soul's health. She affirmed strongly that it was."Well, then," he continued, "if you trust yoursoul's welfare to me, you can with still less dangerentrust your earthly perishable body to me; for ifI am able to make your soul holy, I must, beforeeverything else, make your body pure and capable ofall virtue, devotedness, and penance. Is it not so, mychild?" " It is so, worthy father," she answered."Well, now," he replied, " it is necessary that you beSubmissive to me in holy obedience in the way I shall tell you."He then commanded her, in order to conquer thatmodesty which was a hindrance to holy discipline andpenance to undress herself completely, and explainedthat it was impossible for her ever to become aperfect devotee without such self-humiliation, and126 CORNiLtllJS HADRtEN.it was tlic first means to accommodate herself to thatholy and private discipline, Calckcn proceeded to doso, but before her task was accomplished she fainted.The worthy father was prepared, hovvever, for thiscontretemps, and quickly recovered her with smellingessences. He then dismissed her, with the observation that it was enough for this time, and promisedthat on her next visit he would have some other youngladies there to shew her a good example. Accordingly, when she came again, two young women werewith him, and they without hesitation complied withthe father's requisition as to dress, and, kneeling overa cushion, very humbly received their discipline.So matters went on for some months, during whichperiod the initiated members of the order sedulouslycultivated the friendship of Caleken, and exhorted herto entire obedience to Cornelius. Thus was her mindgradually corrupted until she had really something toconfess, and the priest, delighted at the change, informed her that she was now in a fit and proper stateto receive private discipline, and requested her to bringa rod with her when she came again, which she accordingly did, and with which she wast^ogged in the sameretrousse fashion as the other young ladies.In 1558 an incident occurred which awakened somedoubt in Caleken's mind as to the worthy father'smotives in this discipline. The older members of thechastising order held an anniversary meeting, at whichBrother Cornelius was present. There was no lack olgood cheer, of which Cornelius partook very freely,afterwards insisting on dancing with one of the youngladies, and otherwise conducting himself in a mannerhardly becoming his profession. Caleken heard of it, and talked to some of her companions on the subjectsCornelius iiadrieN. 12^She put the case to one: " Suppose that the fathersh.ould give way to any human weakness while in thediscipline-room, how am I to conduct myself?" Theother replied that she herself would submit with all humility. Caleken said, " As to myself, I am not so surethat my oath of obedience reaches so far." This cameto the ears of the monk, who was very indignant. WhenCaleken appeared before him, he demanded what shethought of him. The maiden replied that she had nobad opinion of him, and, completely disconcerted byhis firmness, expressed herself thoroughly convincedof the utility and necessity of the holy discipline. Atlast she begged pardon for thinking evil of him, andbefore being absolved, had to submit to the disciplineand protest her confidence in him. In order to guardagainst anything that she might say of him in future,Cornelius induced her to sign a declaration statingthat she knew nothing of a private discipline. Calekenremained two years after that observing her vow olobedience to Hadrien, and conducting herself as a modest and virtuous maiden. Then her scruples re- turned, and she asked the father one day for whatparticular reason this private discipline was so essential to salvation, and why, since so many other menalso upon earth sought salvation, they were not alsodisciplined in this way? Cornelius—" One cannot publish the holy disciplinebefore the world on account of the scandal and indignation which would arise from it. The want of understanding of carnally minded men would never comprehend the virtuous and the holy in it^ but would ratherridicule and make sport of it, like fools. It is thesame with all the holy mysteries that me sees daily.It is not wise to cast pearls before swir e."128 CORMELIUS HADRIEN.Calrken—" I see that well; but all scandal, anger,misunderstanding, abuse, jesting, and ridiculeof worldlymen should not be taken into account in oppositionto the importance of the duty of making holy so manyhuman beings who sought salvation. One oughtdirectly to endeavour that these might be of noaccount also with these children of the flesh."Conic/ius—' God is almighty. He often predestinesmanymen to salvation through other means. In anycase, however, private discipline cannot become knownto the world."Calckcn—" Worthy father, I pray you, from thebottom of my heart, do not tike it ill, or scold me, ifI trouble you further with questions."Cornelius—" Continue to ask, my child, that I mayset your mind at rest regarding everything."Caleken—" If it be then possible that men can cometo heaven also through other means than private discipline, then the latter ir- not so absolutely necessaryto salvation as I, till this hour, have believed it to be."Upon this the Franciscan became uncommonly perplexed; he looked strangely at the maiden, uncertainwhether to become indignant or not. At last heagain found words—" Ah! that is a question! I callthat wonderfully asked. It appears to me that ) ourather seek to begin strife with me than to receivecounsel. However, I see, I must come to your l;elpwith similitudes. Suppose the city of Rome is thekingdom of heaven. A great multitude of peoplewould like to journey to it, a considerable portion ofwhom take their way through a frightful wilderness,where a thousand dangers from wild beasts threatenthem: another part take a peculiar path, dangerousin its turn from highwa)-nica and bandits. A thirdCORNELIUS HADRIEN. 129part, to escape these dangers, choose a passage over avery high mountain, where they run the risk of falh'ngdown precipices or sinking in the snow, A fourthcompany take their way by the sea, and have tocontend with its storms and dangers. At last theyall alike come to Rome, not without great mutualsurprise at the many calamities they have undergone.But now there is a little company who have discovereda secret path, and who have come to Rome withoutundergoing any toil or danger. Which way of allthese would you, my daughter, now have rather trod.'"Caleken—"Certainly the last mentioned —the onewithout danger and without trouble."Cornelius—"Aha! do you now discover the application of my parable ." Caleken—Y^s, father."Cortielms—" I thought that I could put your headright in this matter."With this conversation the visit ended.Caleken was far from satisfied with the explanationsof the monk. She searched the scriptures for someaccount of this concealed pathway to heaven. On hernext visit to Cornelius .she demanded his authority forthe private discipline. He at first accused her ofbeing a follower of Erasmus, and warned her againstapostasy. He asked if it was not written in the 31stPsalm, Many whips or rods are for sinners; and doesit not stand in the Holy Gospel, A servant who knowsthe Lord's will and does it not, shall receive manystripen .? Caleken asked why he never mentioned theholy discipline in his public discourses. Corneliusreplied, " Oh, when I stand in my pulpit I preach not(or you, but for the men of the world, who merelytollow the promptings of nature, and submit to the9130 CORNELIUS HADRIEN.flesh, which, therefore, will be punished in purgatorywith a multitude of blows, torments, and penalties,and so be cleansed and purified. But you, even inthis life, by means of the holy private discipline,become so cleansed from your natural desires, thatyour purity remains internally preserved even whilstthe external body sins. I therefore advise you, mychild, to let all the sermons which I preach to theworld in at one ear and out at the other. Tormentnot, therefore, yourself with cares, but fasten them tothe ring of the church door when you leave the temple."Caleken's doubts were by no means cleared away; andthe monk then produced a number of Latin bookson the subject of discipline, and read extracts fromthem. These only shocked and disgusted the maiden.Cornelius, almost at his wit's end, and resolved inthis instance to chastise her in good earnest for herobstinacy, commanded her by her oath to prepareto receive the discipline in the usual manner. Sherefused, and the father was at length obh"ged todismiss her, giving her three weeks to consider thematter.At the end of that time Caleken visited the Franciscan convent, and, not finding Cornelius there, re- solved to ask counsel from the Governor himself TheGovernor at first refused to have anything to do withCaleken, because he knew that Cornelius was herconfessor; but after much hesitation he entered uponthe subject, and the result of the interview was, thatCaleken determined not to go near Father Corneliusagain. Cornelius, finding that she did not come tohim at the end of the three weeks, sent for her. Shereturned him her thanks, and said she would in future•'chastise, punish, and impose penance" on herselfCORNELIUS HADRIEN.without his assistance. He continued his importunities, so that Caleken was forced to pay him a final visit.After upbraiding her for her apostasy, he excommunicated her. Caleken, no ways alarmed, denouncedhim as a deceiver and a hypocrite, and in fact gavehim such a sermon, that in a transport of fury h'iseized her by the arm and pushed her to the door,crying out at the same time, "Away, away from this

I give you over to the devil!" Caleken went quietlyhome, lived a peaceful God-fearing life, and some timeafter was married. She did not publish the secret ofHadrien's manner of penance, as much out of consideration for the Franciscan convent as for her ownhonour and peace.The secret was, however, made public in 1563through another victim, and Caleken was broughtbefore the magistrate to bear testimony in favourof her penance sister. In the society of BrotherCornelius was a woman named Betken Maes, whodevoted herself to the care of the sick, and was famedfor her virtue and piety. She made the acquaintanceof an Augustine monk, who warned her against Cornelius, which warning coming to the ears of the latter, heimmediately denounced Betken as a follower of Pauland Erasmus, and warned his flock to have no intercourse with her. Betken suffered in silence; buthappening to attend a lady who was thought to bedyin£:, this lady caused her attendant Betken to fetcha monk's hood, which she kept concealed, that shemight breathe her last sigh in it. Betken inquiringthe grounds of this strange request, discovered thatthe hood was a valuable present of Brother Cornelius,who informed the woman that, if she put on the samein the hour of death, she would have absolution of all9—2132 CORNELIUS HADRTEN.her sins, and be spared the pains of purgatory. Bctkensought to reason her out of this folly, but in vain

indeed, she rather irritated the sick one, who recoveredinstead of dying, and took the earliest opportunityof going to the Franciscan convent to see Cornelius.The father was very indignant at Betken's interference,and denounced her everywhere—in the confessional,in the pulpit, and in private—as a heretic. In theconvent of the Carmelites, where Cornelius had a niece whom he visited, as well as the other nuns, heslandered her; and her friends refused to see her,and would no longer accept her service as a nurse. In this extremity she went to the provincial of theAugustines, and revealed the true cause of Hadrien'shatred to her, and also the secrets of the private discipline. The Augustine sent for Cornelius, and setbefore him the dangers to which he exposed himself if he did not make peace with Betken. He demandeda formal recantation of what had been said by him inthe pulpit, the convent, and in private houses. Inthe pulpit Cornelius put the matter so obscurely thatno one understood him, and in private houses thingsremained as before. After this he continued hisopposition to Betken, who, as a last resource, tookthe following course: she related in several dwellings the deceptions of the monk, and the peculiaritietof his penance plan. This soon spread, and the nia,-gistrates at length took up the matter, and summoned Betken Maes to give a full deposition of thesecrets. The public were highly entertamed witii theprivate discipline, but even at this time was possiblefor Cornelius to have saved himself ii he had gone properly to work, as the examination wouid have been suppressed—so many noble families being involved in itCORNELIUS HADRIEN.Cornelius, however, continued to tliunder against hisaccusers, and the examination went on. All women whowere pointed out as members of the discipline companywere obliged to appear in person for examination, andmany distinguished ladies, young and old, were foundconcerned in it. Great was the shame in many fa nilies at the discovery of the disgrace of long j^ears.Every one acknowledged their innocence, and thegross deceit of the monk, but that did not removethe blot of ridicule from those concerned, and theholy discipline was the subject of many squibs andpasquinades. Brother Cornelius was removed to another convent at Ypres, where he remained a fewyears, and then returned again to Bruges. He explained to the simple Flemish that the story of hisdiscipline was a slander of his enemies; he preachedvigorously against the doctrines of the Reformation

and at last, in 1581, he breathed his last, in all theodour of sanctity.CHAPTER XV.rilE CELEBRATED CASE OF FATHER GIRARD ANDMISS CADIERE.THIS case, in addition to being one of the mostfamous in the annals of flagellation, affords atthe same tim.e an admirable expose of that wonderfullylax morality and persevering cunning which was atone time held to be characteristic of the Jesuit order.The details of the case have been most minutelychronicled in more than one European language, butthe particulars of the disciplines and other spiritualtransactions that occurred between Father Girard andhis pupil are much too gross for publication; we dareonly venture, therefore, to lay one or two of the chiefpoints of the case before our readers.The biography of Miss Cadiere during her earlieryears presents nothing eventful, and may be summedup in a few words. Catherine Cadiere, daughter olJoseph Cadiere and Elizabeth Pomet, was born atToulon on the I2th November, 1702. Her fatherdied while she was a minor, leaving, besides Catherine,three sons. The widow was left in comfortable circumstances, and brought up her children in the fear ofGod. The eldest son married, the second entered theorder of the Dominicans, and the third became a laypriest. The daughter was reared with great care, andas she advanced in years fully repaid the pains thatRELIGIOUS DISCIPLINE. Plate IX.HENRY II SCOURGED AT THE ALTAR OF THOMAS A BECKETT.St. tDsinND, Bishop of Cantorbury, while studying at Paris, was tormeiitod bv a vpry beautiful young woman: summoning her to his study, he administeredsuch a flagellation that her body was cohered with weals.

FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIBRE. 1 35had been taken with her education. Catherine becamedistinguished among her companions for her affectionate disposition, the purity and innocence of her spirit,and the beauty of her person. Several offers of marriage were made to her, which she refused, becauseher mind was wholly taken up with heavenly things.She was twenty- five years of age when, in April 1728,the Father Jesuit, John Baptist Girard, received anappointment at Toulon, He had previously residedat Aix-la-Chapelle, from whence the fame of hiseloquent preaching and his stern moral life had preceded him.Girard at once became highly popular in Toulon,and crowds went to hear him preach, and to confessto him. Ladies of all ages unanimously adopted himas their confessor and spiritual adviser, a confidencewhich was in the highest degree pleasing to the holyfather; but the young ladies of Toulon formed tliemselv^es into a kind of order for devotional exercises, ofwhich Father Girard was appointed superintendent,and held forth the system of Molini to his pupils witha subtlety and impudence that did credit to his training. He set to work with great caution, and for a longtime employed only ambiguous and mystical discourse,but gradually and imperceptibly, although surely, heled his fair penitents from the ordinary penance whichhe was accustomed to impose to the use of the discipline in the old established form. Before his persuasiveeloquence, all doubts as to its propriety and usefulnesssoon gave way. A number of young ladies are mentioned as having entered fully into Father Girard'sideas on the matter of discipline; but the leader of theband appears to have been Miss Guiol, who, naturallyclever and artful, seemed from the first to have had136 FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADlERE.an intuitive perception of the holy father's designs.Father Girard found in her a kindred spirit; andthorough confidence being soon established betweentliem, she was of great assistance in leading the youngerand more inexperienced women into the trap. Girardadministered the Rod personally to several of his ladydisciples, holding a kind of whipping soiree at whichmany of them attended. The disciplines were atfirst administered in a most refined and modestway, but by-and-by the desires of Father Girard ledhim to impose the greatest chastisement for the mostfrivolous acts, while so infatuated were the fair penitents that the process of correction only increasedtheir love and veneration for their confessor. MissCadi^re was among his pupils, and being beautiful,interesting, and spiritiielle, she very soon attracted thefather's notice. He became completely fascinatedwith her mental and bodily qualities, and resolved, if possible, to make her a proselyte to his system ofpenance. Communicating his design to Guiol, thatlady, moved by his passionate pleadings, promised himher support. His plan of operations was to manifestan extraordinary interest in the welfare of his novice: after inquiring in the most anxious manner for herparents, and the health and well-being of her soul,Girard then expatiated on the wonderful dispositionshe possessed, and the great purposes which Goddesigned to fulfil through her instrumentality, anddemanded that, in order to accomplish these ends, sheshould resign herself entirely to his will. Miss Cadiereaccepted the flattery, but still would not absolutelyresign herself to him.This system of " polite seduction," as it has beencalled, was carried on for a year, when one day FatherFATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIeRE. 1 37Girard reproached her because she had not sent for himduring her illness. A tender kiss from the holy fatherconcluded the gentle chiding, and during the confession which followed he inquired minutely into herinclinations, disposition, and ideas. He recommendedher to visit the different churches in the town, to takethe communion daily, and predicted that she wouldsoon see visions, of which he entreated to have fullreports. This had the desired effect: Catherine fellinto a hysterical and mystical condition, the image ofFather Girard being ever in her mind. She evendeclared her passion for him, bemoaning at the sametime her weakness. Father Girard calmed her bythe following words: " Prayer is only a means forGod to accomplish. If man has once attained thatend, and is united to him, he no longer needs thesame. The love which so draws you to me shouldcause you no grief By love, God wills that we bothshould be united with each other. I carry you in mybosom and in my heart. Henceforth you are nothingmore than a soul in me—yea, the soul of my soul.So let us therefore love each other right ardently inthe holy heart of Jesus." From this time all Girard'sletters to Miss Cadiere closed with the words: —" 1 am united with you in the holy heart of Jesus." MissCadiere at length accepted the formula of submissionwhich the holy father proposed: " I surrender myself,I deliver myself up, I am prepared to say, to do, andto suffer, all that you may desire of me."Father Girard not only ministered to the spuitualwants of his penitents, but provided for their bodilywants as well. He kept good servants and a well supphed table, besides contriving pleasure parties and otherdevices, in order to please his disciples. He amused138' FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIERE.himself with his older companion Guiol while awaitingthe effects of his operations on Miss Cadik'e, who, in themeantime, suffered much in spirit. She was troubledwith peculiar dreams, of which Father Girard was thechief hero, and at times she appeared to be possessedwith an evil spirit, and uttered curses against the religion of Christ and the saints. Towards the end of 1730these attacks became more frequent. Her brotherswitnessed them, but on praying that she might recover,were continually cursed by her. It seemed to be suggested in her dreams that a peculiar spiritual unionhad been made between Father Girard and herself.The friends of Miss Cadi^re, becoming alarmedabout her health, consulted Girard, and the priestthen obtained his long wished for opportunity: beingallowed the entrde to the house of Cadiere, he hadfrequent opportunities of being alone with the maiden.In order to avert any suspicion that might arise, hewas accompanied to and from the door by the youngerbrother of Miss Cadiere, who was then a student atthe College of the Jesuits. The father improved hisinterviews by administering Cornelian disciplines onthe naked person of his patient whenever she fell intoone of these convulsions. Miss Cadiere complainedto Guiol, and even to the other sisters, that FatherGirard had used such liberties with her, but theyonly laughed, and related how he conducted himselfin a similar manner with them. He gave his pupilthe discipline frequently. Miss Cadiere had one ofher remarkable visions during Lent of 1729: it wasfollowed by a severe illness which confined her to a bedroom. Girard was of course frequent in his visits, andwas particularly careful in examining certain stains ofblood which, after this manifestation, appeared on herFATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADlERE. I39eft side, as also on her hands and feet. One biographerremarks, that he was never tired of looking at thesemarks, especially those on the left side. The visionscontinued, and crucifixes were found as if they haddropped from heaven.One day, Girard prophesied to his penitent that shewould have a new and remarkable vision, and wouldbe drawn up into the air. He alone was to witnessthis spiritual performance. At the appointed time MissCadiere was in a refractory mood, and, in spite of thefather's entreaties and commands, refused to quit holdof the chair on which she sat, and allow herself to bedrawn up. The hoi}- man threatened her with thefearful consequences of resisting spiritual influences,and finally left the room in a rage. Guiol was thensent to rebuke the penitent, and under her management she came into a calmer mood, asked pardon, andpromised implicit obedience in future. This highhanded behaviour was of course to be expiated onlyby a heavy penance. The next morning Father Girardcame into her room, and pulling out a discipline, said,"The justice of God demands that, because you haverefused to allow yourself to be invested with his gifts,you should now undress yourself and be chastised; certainly you have deserved that the whole earth shouldbe witnesses thereof, yet the gracious God has permitted that only I and this wall, which cannot speak,remain as witnesses. However, beforehand, swear tome the oath of fidelity, that you will not betray thesecret, for the discovery would plunge both me andyou in ruin." Miss Cadiere, as has been stated bymore than one writer, submitted to the discipline as desired, and what followed must be left to the imagination of the reader. " Concipe aiiiiiw"I40 FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIERE.All this time the mother was without the least sus- picion of the holiness of Father Girard, and was evenangry with her son when he hinted that there mightbe something wrong. It is impossible to give all thedetails of the intercourse that took place betweenFather Girard and Miss Cadiere; the continual examination of the wounds, the bestowal of frequentkisses, and the infliction of the discipline, with or without ostensible cause, were only a part of the priest'ssystem, and his other acts were, if possible, still morecoarse and revolting. In order to provide against theconsequences of this spiritual mystical union, Girard,under various pretexts, induced Miss Cadiere to drinka potion which he had prepared, and although shebecame very weak, dissuaded her from submitting toa medical examination. He now determined thatchange was necessary, both for security and comfort,and with consummate address he arranged that MissCadiere should become a nun in the convent at Ollioules, with acceptance to the abbess, and full consent ofher own relatives. She was, under these circumstances,favourably received at the convent, and for a fortnightafter Father Girard did not visit her. At the end ofthat time he had an interview with the abbess, whomhe persuaded to allow him to see, and to correspondwith, Miss Cadiere. Most of the letters written byhim were afterwards destroyed, but those that havebeen preserved disclose the whole system of the mostrefined Molinism which this Jesuit had turned to the se- duction of the unhappy creature. He also wrote duringthis period other letters of quite a different stamp, andthese fell into the hands of the abbess, and, as theywere intended to do, convinced her of the purity ofthe worthy father's intentions. Suspicions were, how-FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIkRE. I4Iever, awakened by his behaviour. He had the assurance to inquire in the presence of the other nuns as tothe physical condition of Miss Cadiere, asking if shehad lost much blood lately. One of his letters, threatening his pupil with the rod, administered by himself,"her dear father," fell into the hands of another man,and his visits were for a time prohibited, but throughthe mediation of a Capuchin father his privilege ofvisiting was restored. His infatuation increased. Heagain resorted to the examination of the wounds, administered the discipline after the old style, and wouldremain for hours at a time with his penitent. MissCadiere herself sometimes boasted to the other nuns ofher superior spiritual enjoyments. At one time she wasconfined in a cell, and the father only allowed to converse with her through an opening in the wall; butthe priest's ingenuity overcame this difficulty: he persuaded his devotee to stretch her body out of theopening, and so receive the discipline! He wouldcause his food to be brought there, and the lay sistersfrequently surprised the pair lovingly sharing the same.The father in time becoming tired of his spiritualdaughter, determined to consign her to the Carthusian nunnery at Premole. The Bishop of Toulon, however, would not suffer this, and forbidding any furtherintercourse between the pair, he caused Miss Cadiereto be conveyed to the country house of M. Pauque,near Toulon. Convinced that affairs were coming to acrisis, Girard sought, and through the intervention ofSister Gravier, an old pupil, obtained possession ofall the letters written by him to Cadiere, with theexception of one, which was not kept in the same box.The bishop having appointed the new prior of theconvent of the Carmelites at Toulon to be confessor142 FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIkRE.to Miss Cadi^re, the secret of the coarse treacheryand wickedness of Father Girard was disclosed gradually, by means of the confessional, to the prior, andhe immediately informed the bishop, who, after hearingthe whole series of abominable events, swore he wouldrid the country of the devouring wolf Miss Cadiere,I on her knees, and with tears, entreated him not tomake the matter public, and the bishop at last promised to conceal the scandal. As he considered MissCadiere to be still at times "possessed," he undertookto exorcise the evil spirit, and the maiden slowly re- covered.The bishop soon repented of his resolution to hushup the scandal, and, acting on the advice of theJesuit Father Sabatier, he suspended Father Girard,and appointed an ecclesiastical commission to investigate the whole matter. This commission was from thefirst prejudiced against Miss Cadiere, and the inquirywas prosecuted with the design of exonerating Girard.The lady, conscious of her innocence, confessed everything, but, as was natural under the circumstances,in a very confused manner, and her adversary tookevery advantage of inaccuracies as to dates and otherminute points. The spiritual court made out a strongcase against Miss Cadiere. The only letters producedwere three to the abbess at Ollioules, and two to MissCadiere, and these did not in any way implicate Girard.Eight Jesuits were examined, and gave evidence favourable to their brother, and the nuns also shewed theirdevotion to the persecuted father. Miss Cadiere wasset down as a liar, a slanderer, and a traitor, and as onewho had been bribed to injure the Jesuits. The matternext came before the High Court of Justiciary at Aix,and the Jesuits spared neither pains nor money toFATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADIeRE. H3gain the case. More than one million of francs werespent by them for the defence. Girard now gave upcertain letters which involved the Carmelite prior andMiss Cadi^re's brother, and rendered them suspectedof conspiracy. Miss Cadiere at this time was treatedas a condemned criminal, and confined in a noisomefilthy room which had shortly before been tenantedby a madwoman. She was threatened, tortured, andannoyed in every possible way, till she at last re- tracted the accusation which she had made againstGirard. -Soldiers were placed in her room, and shewas watched day and night. The court gave judgment against her, and she was consigned to a convent in the town. Appealing to a higher court, shepleaded that her original confession was true, and thatthe recantation she had signed was extorted from herthrough fear. The court could not agree as to theirdecision. Twelve voted that Father Girard had beenguilty of great spiritual weakness, which had made himan object of scorn to the order, and that the complaintbe dismissed. The other twelve voted that he shouldbe condemned to death for incest, and an attempt toprocure abortion, and for dishonouring his spiritualfunctions through shameful passions and crimes. Thepresident declined to give a casting vote, ruling thatboth parties should be dismissed. One memberhaving suggested that at least Cadiere should undergosome slight chastisement, another cried out, " We havebut now acquitted probably one of the greatest criminc*is, and must we inflict even the slightest punishmenton this maiden } Sooner ought we to set this palacein flames."The trial had been productive of great excitement,and the popular feeling was strong in favour of Miss144 FATHER GIRARD AND MISS CADlERE.Cadi^;re. Those who voted against Girard were rc> ceived by the crowd with cheers and blessings, andGirard himself was assaulted with stones, and was witl.great difficulty rescued from the fury of the mob. Hrdied about a year after, and many regarded his prematare death as a special judgment for his crimes. ThtJesuits proposed to canonise him, but we do not knowthat the proposal was carried out. Miss Cadiere wastreated with great kindness by numerous sympathisingfriends. She, however, soon after vanished from thescene of her suffering, and it remains unknown whethershe went into exile, or ended her days in a convent.The popular opinion was that the Jesuits quietly andsecretly removed her out of the way. Her beauty hasbeen highly extolled by her contemporaries, and thereis no reason to doubt that she possessed extraordinarypersonal attractions. Voltaire, in his usual profanemanner, says

" Celte belle voit Dieu; Girard voit cette belle

Ah! Girard est plus heureux qu'elle."Another tragic story of this nature occurred shortlybefore the downfall of the Jesuits in France. A maidenof high rank was entrusted to the care of a Jesuit, afriend of her family, and she was shamefully abusedafter Father Girard's style. In this case the superiorsof the holy father bribed a surgeon by costly presentsto mutilate him, in order to shew that it was impossiblefor him to have committed the alleged acts. The exposure, however, hastened the ruin of the orderA third affair, of a nature similar to the infamousCadiere case, full of shocking and disgraceful detailsis recorded in Gavin's " Passe-partout " as havingoccurred at Salamanca.RELIGIOUS DISCIPLINE. Plate X.ATION OF A TRNITENT. 2. DTSCTPIilNr. rUACTlSKl) I!Y THK JR\V9.

CHAPTER XVI.PENAL FLAGELLATION.LAGELLATION, under the various names ofJL whipping, scourging, and flogging, was, as hasbeen shewn, a common punishment in ancient times,and it can easily be traced down through the annalsof the Middle Ages till a comparatively recent period.In our day the tide of public opinion has turnedagainst the use of the Rod, and many hold that thismode of punishment ought not to be practised evenin the interests of justice, as its tendency, they affirm,is to harden and debase the criminal. Besides itsinjurious moral effect, there are also psychologicalreasons why it should not be applied to women; thetissues of the body of the female are more vascular thanthose of the male, and consequently more liable to bepermanently injured by the lash or rod. On the otherhand, the supporters of flogging assert that the lash isthe most appropriate and only efficient punishment forcertain crimes; and with some natures, undoubtedly,the fear of the lash is likely to have a more powerfulinfluence than any other punishment. Although indiscriminate and injudicious flogging is bad, either inschools or prisons, the lessons of past ages and allexperience shew that a judicious administration of theRod is calculated to further the interests of virtue andgood behaviour. For example, the birch might with146 PENAL FLAGELLATION.propriety be introduced into many public establishments, and some aggravated offences in our workhouses might be punished and checked by whipping.We would net, however, advocate a return to theprocess of whipping the criminal through the streetsat the cart tail; yet the sentences for robbery withviolence and similar crimes are, as we know, usefullystrengthened by the addition of a flogging to theusual imprisonment with hard labour. At present,however, there is a tendency to sacrifice justice tomercy, and to deal very gently with criminals, and itis a question whether this excessive tenderness towardsthat class may not in the course of time be followedby disastrous results. But, leaving argument, let usfollow the course of flogging.The Egyptians have immortalised the custom ontheir monuments and in their hieroglyphics. TheJews, as has been already mentioned, dealt out theirconstitutional number of stripes with a liberal hand,as appears from many passages of the Old Testament,such as Rehoboam's well-known answer to the deputation of the people, " My father hath chastised youwith rods, but I will chastise you with scorpions."Without mentioning at present the whipping practices of Oriental nations, we proceed at orxe tc observe that the system of flogging and whipplVig asjudicial punishment, so far as European nations are concerned, has been derived from the Roman J"v:.Although the scourge was at times slightly in. aD:;yance, it held a prominent place in the Roman co\..3

and later nations have signified approvr.i h-r introducing it in their legislative enactmenti^. "vVHle themania for flagellation flourished in the n'Oncj^teries(with what vigour our readers have already seen), run-PENAL FLAGELLATION. 147ning the gauntlet, and whipping with rods and ropc3in prisons, or sous la custode, were everywhere of dailyoccurrence. The better classes Avere at times exemptedfrom this punishment, but there are passages in theordinances of Henry IV. and Louis XIV. where evennoblemen were condemned to be publicly whipped.As an example, we may mention that Boniface, Marquis of Tuscany, father of the Countess Matilda, andby far the greatest prince in Italy, was flogged beforethe altar by an abbot for selling benefices, about themiddle of the nth century. Hallam says the offencewas much more common than the punishment, but thetwo combined furnish a good specimen of the custom.of the period. Other nations differ little in this respect.Throughout Europe soldiers ran the gauntlet, immoralwomen were whipped at the corners of streets, womenand girls of less bad character were whipped in housesof correction or prisons, mostly on the lower part of thebody; while in the galleys the culprits, naked to theloins, were frightfully flagellated with rods. In Holland culprits were put in the pillory, and scourgedin the open market place with rods made of longbroom, receiving thirty or sixty, and sometimes seventy,stripes on the bare back. It is only recently thatthe Dutch aboHshed the public whipping of women.In Italy each district, province, and town, hadat one time its own peculiar method of bodily chastisement. The Tuscan criminal code, published bythe Duke of Tuscany in 1786, shews that, even atthat date, whipping was much resorted to for themaintenance of law and order. The preamble of theedict sets forth that the legislator does not publishwithout due experience; but that, having by his sovereign authority mitigated all punishments for thePENAL FLAGELLATION.twenty years he has reigned, he has found that crimes,instead of increasing, have remarkably diminished—theless very rarely happening, and the greater being totallyunheard of The edict then proceeds to abolish all capital punishments, branding, strappado, and all chastisements that mutilate; torture; confiscation of goods andforfeiture of estates; and finally, treasons of every kind,equalling them to crimes against individuals. It thenproportions the following punishments to the nature ofthe crimes: —Trifling fines, in no case exceeding 300crowns; private whipping; imprisonment, never to exceed a twelvemonth; banishment to a less or greaterdistance; pillory, without banishment; pillory, withbanishment: public whipping; public whipping on anass; for the women, confinement in the house of cor- rection for one year and upwards; if for life, thesubstitute for death, the criminal to have a differentdress, on which are to be sewed the words idtinio siipplizio; for the men, condemnation to the public worksof the mines of the Isle of Elba, the scoop boats ofLeghorn, &c., from three years upwards; if for life, a different dress, like that for women, and, besides aring to the leg, a double chain, naked feet, and employment of the most fatiguing kind.The scourge, beating with sticks, and whipping withI brooms, are the varieties of flagellation which thestudent finds in the older law books and the archives'^ of judicial proceedings in Germany. Many abuses of' the power of whipping took place in the houses of correcnon. In Germany and Switzerland the magistrates and judges had almost unlimited power in thismatter; and, for the smallest offence, ordered unfortunate persons to be whipped or punished with acane. There were towns in which they placed femalePENAL FLAGELLATION. 149offenders in an ingenious kind of machine, where theycould not make the sHghtest movement, in order thatthe blows might fall all the more conveniently. One ofthese instruments may still be seen in the old prison atthe Hague. In some instances female culprits wereallowed to retain one garment, and the flagellation wasperformed by a woman; but in general the idea of making any such sacrifice to decency was scouted. Womepwere flogged by the dozen in the police courts of Holland, and the sight was considered so interesting thafpersons paid the officials to be allowed to witness it. InEngland whipping prevailed to a great extent. Whenservants were all serfs or slaves, as during the AngloSaxon period, flagellation was the common punishmentfor every offence; indeed, it was no unusual thing, as we can read in history, for servants to be scourged todeath by order of their masters or mistresses.The ecclesiastical canons, and the collections of localmiracles, relate numerous instances of the cruel treatment to which female slaves were subjected, andearly illuminated manuscripts give illustrations of theSaxon method of administering the Rod. In one wesee the culprit being vigorously thrashed by two executioners. The patient, entirely naked, is tied by thefeet, and each executioner is using a very small bundleof twigs or rods, apparently not more than three. Ina picture in Alfric's version of Genesis, the manscourged, instead of being tied by the feet, is fixedby the body in a cloven post in a very singular manner. The Saxon ladies had no hesitation in occasionally applying the Rod to their women with theirown hands. This aptness is well illustrated in a storvwhich was told by William of Malmesbury. Hesays, when King Ethelred was a child he ouce soPENAL FLAGELLATION.irritated his mother, that, not having a whip at hand,she beat him with some candles, which were the firstthing that came to her hand, until he was almostinsensible. In the " spacious times of great Elizabeth,"the whipping-post was an established institution inevery town and village. Taylor says

" In London, and within a mile, I ween,There are of gaols or prisons full eighteen; And sixty whipping-posts, and stocks and cages."An old writer thus sums up the benefits of thewhipping-post: —" If to put in execution the laws ofthe land be any service to the nation, which few I think will deny, the benefit of the whipping-post mustbe very apparent, as being a necessary instrument ofsuch an execution. Indeed, the service it does to acountry is inconceivable. I myself know a man, whohad proceeded so far as to lay his hand upon a silverspoon with a design to make it his own, but uponlooking round and seeing a whipping-post in his wayhe desisted from the theft. Whether he suspectedthat the post would impeach him or not, I will notpretend to determine; some folks were of opinion thathe was afraid of a habeas corpus. It is likewise aninfallible remedy for all lewd and disorderly behaviour,which the chairman at sessions generally employs it to restrain; nor is it less beneficial to the honest partof mankind than the dishonest, for though it lies immediately in the high road to the gallows, it hasstopped many an adventurous young man in his progress thither."The municipal records of the time inform us thatthe executioner's remuneration for inflicting a whippingwas fourpence a-head. In the corporation records of atown in Huntingdonshire there is an entry of eight shil-PENAL FLAGELLATION.lings and six pence, being the charge for taking up adistracted woman, watching, and whipping her nextday; and there is a further charge of two shillings topay a nurse for her. The authorities of this townthought the lash a sort of universal specific, for theypaid eightpence " to Thomas Hawkins for whippingtwo people yt had the smallpox." We find one villagepaying fourpence " to a woman for whipping ye saidEllen Shaw," and then, to prevent any disastrous consequences, expending threepence " for beare for herafter she was whipped." By statute 39 Elizabetli,chap. 4., it was enacted that every vagabond, &c.,should be publicly whipped, and sent from parish toparish, by the officers thereof, to the parish where heor she was born; or if that was not known, then theparish where he or she dwelt by the space of onewhole year before the punishment; and if that wasnot known, then to the parish through which he or shepassed last without punishment. After which whipping, the same person was granted a testimonial,subscribed with the hand, and sealed with the seal ofthe said justice, &c., testifying that the said personhad been punished according to the act. The actwas confirmed and enlarged in the first year of JamesI.'s reign, but repealed in the reign of Queen Anne.In the time of Charles I., flogging was a commonsentence for such offences as came under the cognisance of the Star Chamber. A few extracts from thereports contained in Rushworth's " Historical Collection" may be of interest to the reader. In the thirdyear of Charles' reign (commenced in 1625), SusanBoyes and Grace Tubby brought a complaint againstthe justices of the peace, because they had sent themto the House of Correction for light behaviour, to be152 .'SNAL FLAGELLATION.whipped there: by reason of which whipping they fell dangerously sick, and one of them was near death.Witnesses were offered to prove the too great severityof the whipping. One of the justices replied, that sofar from appearing to suffer from the whipping, theydrank a health to him, and craved a bell to be tolledin derision of the justices, and afterwards continued iniheir bold courses. Joan Faulk, at the instigation of Tolwyn, brought afalse accusation against Taylor, was convicted, and thesentence of the Star Chamber was that Tolwyn be fined£200, and be disqualified from sitting on a jury; thatboth parties be bound to good behaviour for life, andapologise to the plaintiff at the assizes; and that Joanbe whipped.Dorothy Blackburn, out of malice against Monk, whohad arrested her husband for debt, intercepted twoletters from Monk's attorney, and inserted some treasonable words in them, for which Monk was imprisonedand tortured in the Tower. She was convicted, and sen- tenced to be imprisoned during his Majesty's pleasure; to be disabled from being a witness; to be well whippedin the Palace-yard at Westminster, standing on a highplace, with a paper on her head, declaring her offence; to be branded on the face with the letters F. A. (falseaccuser) , and to stand in like sort and be whipped atLeicesterRichard Beck and Eleanor Beck were convicted offalse accusation against Dalton, and were sent to theMouse of Correction for three months, with hard labour,to be well whipped, and fined £40 each.Travers, Frost, and Katherine Bampton, accused Dr.Peterson, Deacon of Exeter, of misconduct; and theStar Chamber found the charge false and malicious,PENAL FLAGET.LV^TION. t53and fined Travers £1000, and ordered him to ask forgiveness. Frost was fined ^500, and set in the pilloryat Exeter, with a paper on his head, declaring hisoffence. Katherine Bampton was committed to theFleet: she was thence to be conveyed to the countryto be well whipped at Colampton, and through thecity of Exeter, and then to be committed to the Houseof Correction for a year, and to find security for goodbehaviour.We could multiply these examples by numerousother quotations, but as Ihey have all a family likeness, it is quite unnecessary to extend this chapter togreater leneth.CHAPTER XVII.THE FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS AND POLITICA;PERSOiXS.I ^ITE punishment of flogging was not only award jd1- to vagrants and rogues, male and female, as themunicipal accounts shew, but in the time of the persecutions directed agamst heretics it was sometimesapplied to convert, or at any rate to punish, the obstinate. Owen Hopton, a lieutenant of the Tower ofLondon, caused one of his prisoners, a young lady ofrespectable family, to be severely scourged, becausehe could not prevail on her to attend the public serviceof a church which she deemed heretical.The tenets of the Quakers, when they first made theirappearance, were particularly obnoxious to the churchparty, and " the Friends " in consequence sufferedmuch in body. Sewell, in his history of the Quakers,relates many examples of the violent whippings towhich the leaders and preachers of that sect wereBubjected. In 1654, one Barbara Blangdon was anadvocate of the principles of the Society. She wastaken before the mayor at Great Torrington, and thepriest was very anxious that she should be whippedfor a vagabond; the mayor, yielding to his entreaties,sent her to prison at Exeter, twenty miles distant,where she remained tiU H\e assizes were held. Thereshe was tried, and sentfeviced to a whipping, whichTHE WHIPPING OF CRIMINALS. Plate Xll.THE SCOURGING OY TITIS GATES FKOM NEWGATE TO TYBURN. —From a Butch Print, 1685.A PUBLIC WHIPPING IN THE LONDON SESSIONS HOUSE YARD.—From the Malefactor's Berjister, 1745..

FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. 155sentence was carried into efifect immediately in thepresence of the sheriff, the executioner being a beadle,who performed his duty so faithfully that the bloodran down the poor victim's back in perfect streams.She suffered the punishment very cheerfully, the spectators being much more affected than herself; andBarbara afterwards declared that she would not havebeen either terrified or dismayed although she hadbeen whipt to death.The same year two male preachers, named W. Catonand J. Stubs, were made to suffer in the flesh. In thecourse of their itinerant preaching they arrived atMaidstone, where they were both arrested, and sentto the House of Correction, in which their money, inkhorns. Bibles, fee, were taken from them. Afterwardsthey were stripped, and being made fast in the stocks,were desperately , whipped. The historian adds, "Ahard encounter, indeed, especially for such a youngman as Caton was, but they were supported by aninvisible Hand." In 1656 the mayor of Southampton,Peter Seal, took summary vengeance on a Quaker,named Rigg, who came to visit some of his friends inthe prison at Southampton. The mayor dispensedwith the formality of either examination or trial, hadRigg fastened to the whipping-post in the marketplace, and severely lashed by the executioner; thenhe was placed in a cart, and sent out of the town, beingforbid to return under the penalty of being whiptagain and branded on the shoulder with the letter Ras a rogue. He did return, and the mayor wouldhave punished him, but his brother magistrates wouldnot consent; " and," says Sewell, " not long after themayor died of a bloody flux." The Quakers likewiseejidured much persecution in New England, but their156 FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.sufferings will be noticed when we come to describewhipping in America.Whipping for political offences was very rife duringthe end of the 17th century. Judge Jeffreys flourishedabout this time, and was notorious for awarding cruelsentences. King Charles 11. said of him, "Thatman has no learning, no sense, no manners, andmore impudence than ten carted street-walkers." Jeffreys was educated at St. Paul's school, where he wasoccasionally flogged for idleness and insolence, andafterwards at Westminster school, under the celebratedBusby, who would no doubt make him well acquaintedwith the Rod. He took extreme delimit in outra^inpthe feelings of all who came before him, and gloated)ver the sufferings which they were forced to endure.Thus, when he had a chance of sentencing a woman tobe whipped at the cart's tail, he would say, " Hangman,I charge you to pay particular attention to this lady!Scourge her soundly, man. Scourge her till herMood runs down! It is Christmas, a cold time fornadam to strip in! See that you warm her shouldersthoroughly." When passing judgment on LodowickMuggleton, the drunken tailor who fancied himselfa prophet, " Impudent rogue," roared Jeffreys, " thoushall have an easy, easy, easy punishment." Onepart of this "easy punishment" was the pillory, inwhich the wretched fanatic was almost killed withbrickbats.In the year 1685, when Jeffreys was Lord ChiefJustice, Titus Oates underwent a whipping almostunprecedcntedly severe. Titus Oates was the son of anAnabaptist teacher; and, as.suming holy orders, became chaplain on board a man of war, whence hewas dismissed on complaint of his having committedFLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. 1 5/some horribly unnatural practices. His after career was simply a course of villainy and perjuiy. It wasproved beyond all possibility of doubt that he had, byfalse testimony, deliberately murdered several guiltless persons; but his time at length came, and he wastried for perjury. The pictures of the period shew himas a bull-necked, bandy-legged figure, with " foreheadvillainous low," and purple bloated face. He stood histrial with great effrontery, although bullied and reviledby the judges and witnesses. He was found guilty onboth indictments, and here is the sentence:—"To payon each indictment a fine of looo marks; to be striptof all his canonical habits; to be imprisoned for life

. to stand in the pillory on the following Monday witha paper on his head, declaring his crime; next day tostand in the pillory at the Royal Exchange with thesame inscription; on the Wednesday to be whippedfrom Aldgate to Newgate; on the Friday to be whippedfrom Newgate to Tyburn; upon the 24th of April inevery year during life to stand in the pillory at Tyburnopposite the gallows; on the 9th of August in everyyear to stand in the pillory opposite Westminster Hallgate; on the loth of August in every year to stand inthe pillory at Charing Cross; and the like on thefollowing day at Temple Bar; to be continued on the2d of September every year at the Royal Exchange; "the court expressing deep regret that they could notdo more, as they would " not have been unwilling tohave given judgment of death upon him."There was no thought whatever of sparing thesmallest detail of this frightful sentence. King James,when appealed to, said, " He shall go through withit if he has breath in his body," and the Queen wouldnot say a word in the crimmal's favour. While standincrFLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.in the pillory at Westminster, Oates was mercilesslypelted, and nearly pulled to pieces. On the morning of his first flogging, an immense crowd almostblocked up the line of march from Aldgate to theOld Bailey; and the hangman—according, no doubt, toinstructions—laid on the lash with such special vigourthat the blood streamed down his body. The poorwretch bore the infliction for a time without a murmur,but at last the pain became too much for his endurance, and his cries became frightful. Swooning severaltimes, and apparently half dead, the end of the jour^ney was at length reached. Forty-eight hours afterhe was again brought out, but in a stupefied condition,and quite unable either to stand or walk. He wasdi'agged on a sledge the whole way from Newgate toTyburn, and, it is said, received seventeen hundredstripes in the course of the journey. In Partridge'sAlmanack for 1692 it is stated that Oates was whiptwith a whip of six thongs, and received 2256 lashes,amounting to 13,536 stripes.Contrary to all expectation, Oates survived thesevere punishment, and being set at liberty early inthe next reign, he crept again into some degree offavour.Another "miscreant," as he was called, suffered a severe punishment about this time, which terminatedfatally, for being, like Oates, concerned in a poc'chplot. Dangerfield, we are told by Burnet, had gcii?through all " shapes and practices of rogx.ery, aiid L^iparticular, that he was a false coiner, who had undertaken to coin a plot to serve the ends of the PapistsWhile in prison for debt, his mistress, one Cellier, a Catholic midwife, procured his release, and introducedhim to the Countess of Powis, in concert with whomFLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. 150he tried to organise a plot which came afterwards tobe called the Meal-tub Plot. Causing rumours of a revolution to be circulated, he fabricated, at the sametime, a number of seditious letters, in order to implicate Colonel Mansel. The letters were discovered,but there being suspicions of their genuineness, Dangerfield's own papers were searched, and so the fraudwas brought to light. Dangerfield, who was imprisoned,afterwards confessed his guilt, mixing up, however,much of his own invention with the truth. Five yearsafterwards, upon being tried for libel against the king,he was convicted and sentenced to be whipped fromAfdgate to Newgate, and from Newgate to Tyburn.The wretched m.an, convinced that this whippingwould be his death, made his last arrangements

among the rest, choosing a text for his funeral sermon.The first whipping having been inflicted, he was conveyed in a hackney coach back to the prison. On their^^ay to Newgate, the officials stopped at Gray's InnCoffee-house to give him a drink, at which place aTory gentleman of the Inn, named Francis, said tohim, "Well, friend, have you had your heat this morning?" Dangerfield's answer was a shower of curses,both loud and deep, at which Francis raised his cane,and struck him in the face, knocking out one of hiseyes. This blow, and the whipping which he had endurid, speedily put a period to Dangerfield's life; andMr. Fraricis, who was so ready with his cane, being ap«prehended, was tried for murder, convicted, and shortlyafter hanged.Whipping went on busily during Jeffreys'memorableand bloody campaign in the west. When he couldnot convict prisoners of high treason, he sentencedthem to be scourged for misdemeanours and indiscreetl6o F1.AGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.words. One woman was sentenced by him to bewhipped through all the market towns in the cour.-Lyof Dorset, and suffered part of the punishment beforeJeffreys returned to London. After Jeffreys had departed, the magistrates, being moved to mercy, re- mitted the remainder of the poor woman's sentence.A mere lad, named Sutchin, was happily rescueafrom suffering still more severely for seditious word.«vThe judge, as usual, interrupted the accused in hisdefence with much abuse, and finally sentenced him tabe imprisoned for seven years, and during that timeto be annually flogged through every market town igDorsetshire. The audience were horrified at the se- verity of the sentence. The clerk of the court ven- tured to remark to his lordship that the prisoner wasvery young, and that as there were many market town?in the county, the sentence was equal to a whippingonce a fortnight for seven years. Jeffreys emphatically declared that the punishment was not half enough?and that he would not alter it; whereupon the prisonerbegged with great earnestness that he might rather behanged. However, the boy fortunately became ill ofsmallpox in the prison, and as he was not expected torecover, the Chief Justice was induced by a heavybribe to remit the sentence. Sutchin recovered, however, and lived to be a most bitter enemy of the houseof Stuart.Samuel Johnson, or, as he was sometimes called froma tract which he wrote, " Julian " Johnson, becameanother victim to the merciless flogging which wasthen an ordinary punishment for all political misdemeanours. Johnson was a priest of the Church ofEngland, and had been chaplain to Lord Russell. Hewas of a strictly moral and religiow.-? character, butFLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. l6lheld, at the same time, extreme republican opinions,and during the previous reign had published a bookcalled "Julian the Apostate,"controverting the doctrineof non-resistance. This work provoked a controversy,and Johnson replied to his opponents by drawing aparallel between Julian and James, then Duke ofYork. For doing this he was prosecuted for libel, butnot being able to pay the fine imposed, was throwninto prison, and while there came in contact witha man named Hugh Speke, who was also confinedfor a similar offence. Speke being of a. base anddepraved nature, whose very pastime was plottingand intrigue, soon perceived that Johnson would be acapital tool for his machinations; and Johnson fallinginto the snare, at Speke's instigation wrote a succession of violent treatises, which Speke readily contrivedto get printed and circulated. Finally, when the campwas formed at Hounslow, Johnson wrote an addressexciting the troops to mutiny, which was widely disseminated among the soldiers. A subordinate agent,in order to protect himself, criminated Johnson, who,very honourably, did not" think of betraying Speke.A conviction being easily obtained, Johnson was sen- tenced to stand in the pillory, and to be whippedfrom Newgate to Tyburn. When told that he oughtto thank the Attorney-General for this leniency,Johnson replied, " I owe him no thanks: am I, whoseonly crime is that I have defended the Church andthe laws, to be grateful for being scourged like a dog,while popish scribblers are suffered daily to insultand to violate the laws with impunity?" To provewhat he said he produced some Roman Catholic booksand trinkets, which were at that time for sale underthe royal patronage, and challenged the Court to doII1 62 FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.its duty by them. In addition to putting Johnson inthe pillory, it was also resolved to degrade him fromthe priesthood, and the ceremony was duly performedbefore the Ecclesiastical Commission in the chapterhouse of St. Paul's Cathedral; at this Johnson, we aretold, was much affected, especially when the Bible wastaken out of his hands. An endeavour being vainlymade to obtain a remission of the sentence of flogging,James is reported to have said, " Mr. Johnson has thespirit of a martyr; and it is fit that he should be one."Johnson endured the flogging with great fortitude, noless than three hundred and seventeen stripes beinglaid on with a whip of nine lashes. That he had indeed the spirit of a martyr was manifested in remarkswhich he afterwards made. He said the pain was cruel,but that, as he was dragged at the tail of the cart, heremembered how patiently the cross had been borneup Mount Calvary, and was so much supported by thethought that, but for the fear of incurring the suspicionof vain-glory, he would have sung psalms with as firmand cheerful a voice as if he had been worshippingGod in a congregation.A curious scene which occurred in the House ofCommons in 1621, may be mentioned before goingfarther. Floyd, a Roman Catholic barrister, thenlying in the Fleet prison by order of the Council, wasaccused of having rejoiced at the news of the battleof Prague. He denied the charge, but witnesses werecalled who proved to the House that the charge wascorrect. So heinous was this offence in. the' eyes c(members of the House of Commons, that there wasgreat difference of opinion as to what punishmentought to be awarded, each member proposing a morebarbarous expedient than another. It was objectedFLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. 163that the Lords might resent any interference withtheir prisoner, but that objection was laughed atOne proposed that Floyd should ride with his face toa horse's tail from Westminster to the Tower, bearingon his hat a paper with the inscription, " A popishwretch, that hath maliciously scandalized his Majesty'schildren," and that then he should be lodged in thecell called, appropriately enough, " Little Ease," as long as he was able to stand it. The majority, however, were in favour of making whipping an essentialpart of the punishment. "Let him be flogged to theplace from whence he came, and then let him be leftto the Lords/' said one. " Let his beads be hungabout his neck, and let him have as many lashes as he has beads," said another. A whipping in thepillory at Westminster was a third suggestion. Butthese proposals were not severe enough for some.Let him be twice pilloried, and twice whipped; cutout his tongue, chop off his ears, and slit his nose; make him then swallow his beads, and afterwardsbrand him in the forehead; whip him twice as far as those who offended against the ambassador. Thesewere among the chief proposals. Only one or twomembers were on the side of mercy. The futurekeeper of Charles I. held that the evidence was notsufficient, and another member said the real cause ofFloyd's offence was the difference of religion. If hisreligion was touched he would be regarded as a martyr,and, besides, it was not proper to whip a gentleman.They finally sentenced Floyd to be pilloried threetimes, to ride from station to station on a bare-backedhorse, with his face to the tail, and an inscription on hishat explaining the nature of his offence. Lastly, hewas to pay a fine of;^ 1000. The King was asked to11 —2164 FL\GELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.confirm the sentence, but he declined to interfere, andleft the matter to the Lords. This did not mend theunfortunate gentleman's position, for they, after discussing the question of jurisdiction, whether the Houseof Commons had a right to proceed, shewed their goodwill to the Papists by raising Floyd's fine from;^ioooto i^5ooo. They further declared him an infamous person, whose testimony was never to be received in anycourt of justice, ordered him to be imprisoned for life,and to be whipped at the cart's tail from London Bridgeto Westminster Hall; but the King, at the urgent re- quest of the Prince of Wales, remitted the whipping.Cowper, in a letter to his friend, John Newton, relates a droii incident which he witnessed at Olney. A youngtellow having been caught thieving, was ordered to beflogged through the town. As he performed this penalpilgrimage at the cart's tail, the ruddy stripes upon hisback stirred the compassion, while the fortitude withwhich he bore them excited the admiration, of the spectators. But it turned out that it was all an impositionon the public. The beadle, who was the executioner,wielded his whip with the utmost tenderness, andbefore every stroke drew the lash through his lefthand, which was filled with red ochre, so that when heapplied it to the culprit's skin it left an imprint like a, bleeding gash. A constable detecting the deceit,applied his cane in an earnest manner to the shoulders. of the beadle, by way of exhorting him to do his duty.A country lass pitying the pitiful beadle, assailed thepitiless constable. "Thus the beadle thrashed thethief, the constable the beadle, and the lady the constable, and the thief was the only person concernedwho suffered nothing."Another very curious fact in connection with flog-FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC. 1 65ging at the cart's tail is related in an old magazine.A. young man sentenced, for some slight misdemeanour, to be whipped through the streets of Glasgow,proved on being stripped to be a female! She wayidentified at the time, by a mark on her shoulder, tobe the daughter of a highly respectable merchant,who had ran away from her home at an early age,and been lost sight of for a great many years. Afterleaving home, she made her way to Port Glasgow,and became cabin boy in a West Indian sugar vessel.As her uncle was a towm councillor at the time, shewas pardoned the public exposure by the Lord Provostof the period, on condition of submitting to be whiptby the matxon of the gaol.The last whipping through the streets of Glasgowby the hangman took place on the 8th of May, 1822.On that day, at twelve o'clock, a strong detachment ofthe 4th Dragoon Guards paraded in front of the gaol,and at the same time a large party of police and civilofficers attended under the direction of the superintendent of police. Soon afterwards the culprit, a mansentenced to be flogged at the cart's tail for assistingand encouraging a riot, was brought out of the gaol bythe north door, and bound to the cart which was inwaiting. Parties of the dragoons were placed in frontand rear to keep off the crowd; and when all wasready, the cavalcade moved round to the area on thesouth side of the gaol, where the culprit's back was laidbare by the hangman, who then gave him his first twentylashes with a formidable cat-o-'nine-tails. The likepunishment was repeated at the foot of the Stockwell,and also at the head of the Stockwell; but the lasttwenty lashes—making eighty in all—were given byThomas Young, the hangman, at the crov\ded Cross

66 FLAGELLATION OF QUAKERS, ETC.

of Glasgow: the prisoner all the time groaning andlamenting his fate. "This example," says a commentator, "had the most salutary effect: it taughtthe mob that there was a power over them after all

and there was an end of rioting."RELIGIOUS FLAGELLATION. Plale XI.CHASTISING A QUAKKK AT TAUL's CROSS, CHEAPSIDE, IN THETIME OV C150MWELL.

CHAPTER XVIII.THE WHIPPING OF THIEVES AND GARROTTERS.T /"HIPPING was at one time the penalty for thicvV V ing as well as "vagabondism and sedition."We gather from a calendar of prisoners tried at theOld Bailey in December 16S9, that Mary Lamb, indicted for stealing a silver spoon, value 9s., from WilliamStory of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, with whom she wasa servant, was found guilty of theft to the value ollod.; and that Jane Peel, servant, indicted for stealingmoney and jewellery to the value of between ^^"30 and£40, was also found guilty to the value of lod., alongwith Hannah Basset, who was indicted for stealingsome cloth of the value of £4., and likewise found guiltyto the value of lod., were all sentenced to be flogged.The first mentioned was ordered to be whipped fromNewgate to Holborn Bars, and the other two fron\Newgate to Aldgate. In the calendar for the nextyear, 1690, at the same court, we find one Jane Symson,a/ias Bibbey, sentenced to be whipped from Newgateto Holborn Bars for stealing various articles from thehouse of Mr. Todd, her master. Part of the goodswere found upon her, and she was at once found guiltyto the value of lod. This restriction of value to thesmall sum of lod. saved thieves from being convictedof a capital offence.Here is a curious whipping, or rather no whippingWHIPPING OF THIEVES.anecdote, extracted from vol. 86 of the Gcntlemayi'iMagazine

—The Lord Mayor having lately committedto the House of Correction a working sugar baker, forleaving his employment, in consequence of a disputerespecting wages, and the man not having during hisconfinement received any personal correction, conformably to the statute, in consequence of no order to thateffect being specified in the warrant of committal,he actually brought an action against the Lord Mayorin the Court of Common Pleas for nonconformity tothe law, as he had received no whipping during hisconfinement. The jury were obliged to give a fartkuigdamages, but the point of law was reserved.The law for the whipping of women continued inforce till the present century. The public infliction ofthe punishment was abolished by statute 57 Geo.III., c. 75, in 1817; and three years afterwards theyw-ere exempted from private whipping by the statuteI Geo. IV., c. 57. The recent acts under which thepunishment of whipping is to be inflicted are theGarrotters' Act and the Juvenile Offenders' Act.A few years ago, in order to try and put a check oncrimes of violence, an act was passed whereby thejudge might at discretion add flogging to a sentence ofimprisonment or penal servitude, but, so far as weare aware, this discretionary power has been verysparingly used. The first instance of such punishmentoccurred at Leeds, where two garrotters, named ThomasBeaumont, 47 years of age, and Michael Ginty, 26years of age, before entering on their five and tenyears' term of penal servitude, were compelled to re- ceive each twenty-five lashes with a cat-o'-nine-tails.Modern flogging is not an ambulant performance atthe cart's tail from street to street, but takes placeWHIPPING OF THIEVES.within the walls of the gaol, and before a very limitedaudience. In this case, the spectators were the gaolofficials, the visiting justices, the reporters of thepublic press, and the refractory prisoners, on whomit was hoped the spectacle would have a beneficialinfluence. The performers were two strong warders,and the instrument was a new " cat," direct fromthe Home Office, specially made for the castigation of garrotters. It consisted of a long handlewith nine cords about a yard long, decorated withknots, and twisted hard as wire at the ends—an instrument, in fact, which was sure to make the stoutestruffian quail. Beaumont was first fastened up to asort of triangle erected in the middle of the prison.He was firmly bound by the arms and legs, and hisneck was protected from the blows of the " cat" by aleathern strap, the whole of his back being of coursebare. Each warder administered a dozen stripes, andwe were told in the newspapers that the culprit,after the first blow, groaned and writhed as if in greatagony, and was taken down very much exhausted.His skin was of a bright purple colour, and coveredover with long weals, although no blood was drawn,at the end of the first dozen. His companion wasthen fixed up in a similar manner. After the firststroke he yelled fearfully and struggled so violentlythat he required to be held. The first flogginglasted one minute and a half, and the second twominutes.In due time several other sentences of flogging werecarried out at the same gaol. John Edwards, aged 36,Solomon Robinson, 19, and Joseph Robinson, wereconvicted of garrotting; and, in addition to the sentenceof penal servitude which was passed upon them, thevI/O WHIPPING OF TII/EVES.were each ordered to receive twenty-five lashes. Theexhibition came off under similar circumstances tothose already mentioned. Edwards was first broughtto the post. He howled and struggled fearfully, trying to pull down the triangle to which he was fastened.Joseph Robinson also cried out and appealed for mercyin a piteous manner, but he was made to endure thefull number of stripes. Samuel Robinson took hispunishment " hke a man," almost without a murmur.The cries of the flagellated convicts continued afterthey had been conveyed to their cells, and seemed toindicate that they experienced but little relief from thesurgical applications which the doctor applied to theirwounded backs.Newcastle Gaol was the scene of a flogging inflictedon three miners who had been convicted of robberyand violence. The details of this performance are not so complete, because the gentlemen of the presswere not allowed to " assist," the governor of thegaol informing them that the visiting justices, havingconsidered the Act of Parliament, were of opinionthat the only persons entitled to witness the execution were the prison officials and the medical menappointed as judges. We learn, however, that thecriminals were in succession fastened to a pillar, andreceived eighteen lashes on the naked back with anordinary " cat" borrowed for the occasion, and werethen handed over to the doctor. Two men, namedHart and Cooke, tried at Chester assizes for robbery,were sentenced to penal servitude and flogging—fifteenlashes for Hart, and twenty for Cooke, Hart was insuch terror that he cried while being fastened up, andcontinued to yell and shout until the due numberof stripes had been laid on. His companion in crime,VVIlIPriNG OF THIEVES. 171After witnessing the flogging in a very uneasy way,had tlicn to take his own twenty. He cried out atthe first stroke of the cat. Both were taken to theircells pale and exhausted, more, perhaps, from fearthan actual pain.By powers contained in an act known as "TheJuvenile Male Offenders' Act," passed in 1S62, magistrates are empowered to inflict a summary whippingon boys under the age of fourteen. Little can be saidas yet concerning the working of this Act, but we cangive at least one instance where it appears to havebeen somewhat harshly put in force. From a returnpresented to the House of Commons, we learn that achild, only six years of age, received twelve lashes froma birch rod, with seven days' hard labour, for taking a pocket-knife. The Act is exceedingly precise: it givesfull instructions concerning the instrument to be used,and prescribes the number of strokes to be given. Foroffenders under fourteen years of age the stripes areto be applied on the breech, to the number of twelve,with a birch rod: above fourteen, the instrumentmay be either a leather taws or a birch rod, and thenumber of stripes must not exceed three dozen, appliedto the aforesaid very fleshy and exceedingly sensitivepart of the body. The rods and taws must be madesubject to the approval of the sheriff of the county,and that functionary must also approve of the personwho inflicts the punishment. The whipping, which is required to be sufficiently severe to cause a repetitionof it to be greatly dreaded, is to be witnessed by thegovernor of the prison and the surgeon. It is theduty of the surgeon to examine the prisoner beforethe punishment, and if he considers that the criminalis unfit to suffer the prescribed number of stripes.172 WTITPPTNG OF THIEVES.without detriment to his health, he may restrict thenumber, and if he thinks the prisoner cannot standhalf the punishment, then the whole must be remitted.During punishment the surgeon has a discretionarypower to stop it whenever he sees fit. When the.offender is sentenced to a whipping without imprisonment, the same must be inflicted not later than theday after the prisoner is taken to the prison, unless thesurgeon thinks it necessary to delay it. If the whiping is not inflicted within ten ckiys, the offender is entitled to his discharge without being flogged. Whenthe criminal has to undergo imprisonment, he can gethis whipping at any convenient time during his incarceration in the prison. It is further recommendedthat, in order to provide against the contingency ofthe offender being deemed unfit for corporal punishment, the sentence should contain an alternative ofsonie other punishment, depending on that contingency.THE WHIPPING OF CRIMINALS. Plate XULSTROUD, THE NOTORIOUS CHEAT, WHIPPED AT THE CART's-TAIL FROMCHARING-CROSS TO WIIITEHALL. —Vrom a Bare Print of the Beign of Queen Anne.

CHAPTER XIX.PENAL AND CHURCH FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.SCOTLAND—although the historical records ofO that country cannot boast of such distinguishedpolitical offenders as Oates and Dangerfield—was byno means behind England in the use of whipping as a punishment during the 17th and i8th centuries. Atone time, indeed, the scourge was not only employedto punish offenders, but was also used for the far morequestionable purpose of extracting evidence againstpersons who were accused of offences.We have discovered more than one instance ofwhipping witnesses, as the following notable case oflegal procedure will shew:—In 1596, John, Masterof Orkney, was tried for the alleged crime of attempting to destroy the life of his brother, the Earl ofOrkney, first by witchcraft, and secondly by moredirect means. The witchcraft was established bya confession drawn from a woman named AlisonBalfour, who had been executed for that supposedcrime in 1594. The counsel for the Master detailedthe process of extorting this confession. When thepoor woman confessed, she had been already fortyeight hours in the cushielaivs, an instrument of torture,consisting of an iron case for the leg, to which fir«was gradually applied till it became insupportable.Her husband, an old man of ninety-one, her eldest174 FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.son and daughter, were kept in torture in the meantime, that the sight of their sufferings might aggravate lier own. Tlie old man was in the lang irons,the son in tlie boots, and the daughter in the pilniewinks, all instruments designed to give the most excruciating torture. Another confession was extortedfrom Thomas Palpla. This unfortunate person, after" being kept in the ctishielaivs eleven days and elevennights, twice in the day, by the space of fourteendays callit (driven) in the boots, he being naked inthe meantime, and scourgit with tows (ropes) in sicsort that they left neither hide nor flesh upon him,"confessed that he had conspired with the Master topoison his brother.Traces of this mode of refreshing the memory are tobe found in various annals of a much later date. Atthe trial of Archibald Stewart and Charles Gordonfor housebreaking, at the High Court of Justiciary inEdinburgh in 1785, some sheriff-officers were exa- mined as witnesses with reference to the depositionsof the accused. One man, named Middleton, said"some admonition had been given to Stewart to extort the t.ut]\." Being pressed to explain what this"admonition" was, he said that, when persons ac- cused of crimes not capital were brought before hiscourt to be examined, in case they refused to confesstheir guilt, the practice was to order the culprits to becarried into a separate apartment, where they werescourged by the common hangman at the sight of anofficer of court till they became willing to confess thetruth; that Eraser, an accomplice in this robbery,was flogged in the presence of Stewart till he confessed; and the witness and the hangman were proceeding to admonish Stewart for the same purpose,FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND. I75when he saved them the trouble by making confession, just as the whip was going to be applied.The Solicitor-General declared that he never sus- pected the existence of such a practice, and pledgedhimself that it should not exist a day longer. SheriffCockburn, who was absent from Edinburgh at thetime of the trial, denied that it was a generalpractice in the investigation of crimes for all personsunder accusations, not capital, to be flogged intoconfession, and afterwards condemned upon such confession. The real circumstances of the case, accordingto the Sheriff, were these: —From the great number ofboys in the city who committed crimes, but who fromtheir youth were not amenable to public trial andpunishment, it was the practice, after repeated transgressions, sometimes to order them a private chastisement, and dismiss them. Stewart and Fraser had beenrepeatedly taken up as thieves and pickpockets, andwere both banished in 1784. They were again takenup for housebreaking, and Fraser was on that occasionordered a private chastisement, and then dismissed.Stewart was let off without a whipping; he did notsee Fraser get his beating; and there was no deposition taken from them at the time.The criminal annals of Scotland during the 17thand 1 8th centuries present some exceedingly curiousexamples of whipping. In 1630 the Town Council ofEdinburgh issued an order forbidding the wearing ofplaids by women on the streets, under pain of corporalpunishment. The Scottish plaid being used to coverthe face, it was supposed by the magistrates to affordprotection to immodest conduct. The order seemsto have been ineffectual, for in 1636 the use of thisdisguise was found to have increased rather thanFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.diminished, and it was then resolved to try the effectof heavy fines. About that period the influence ofthe clergy was very great. The minister of a parishand his kirk session formed a legislative body, actedas public censors of morality, and passed laws, towhich the people were bound to submit with humilityand repentance. Whoever fell under their ban wasliable to be imprisoned, to be fined or to be whipped,to be branded with a hot iron, or to do penance beforethe whole congregation, humbling themselves barefooted, and with their hair cut on one side, while theminister stood by and lectured severely on the unfortunate individual's offence.We have culled from various authors examples ofthese punishments. Wodrow, date 1635, makes mention of a correction-house, to which the session ordainspersons to be taken, both men and women, andappoints them to be whipped every day during thesession's will. On the 22d of October 1648, the kirksession of Dunfermline ordered that a certain JanetRobertson " shall be cartit and scourged through thetown, and markit with a hot iron." In " PresbyteryDisplayed " occurs the following: —" As they punishby pecuniary fines, so corporally too, by imprisoningthe persons of the delinquents; using them disgracefully; carting them through cities; making themstand in jogges, as they call them, pillories (which inthe country churches are fixed to the two sides of themain door of the parish church); cutting the halfe oftheir hair; shaving their beards, &c.; and it is morethan ordinary by their original and proper power tobanish them out of the bounds and limits of the parishor presbytery, as they list to order it."For scandal-exciting persons there was likewise theFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAN][». ^77" cutty stool " or the ^tool of repentance, where theculprit had to sit in full view of the congregation, forthree successive Sundays, during the time of publicworship. The Rev. Mr. Dysart, parish minister ofColdingham, was a stern upholder of church discipline.One of his first acts on being placed was to set upa seat for scandalous persons to sit on when theyappeared before the congregation; and where everylapse of virtue had to be duly expiated by exposureand rebuke. In the course of sixteen years, he andhis session held 1169 meetings, being at the rate ofabout one and a-half every week, at which the private affairs of members of the congregation were re- viewed and investigated by the session, which madeperiodical visitations among the people. As a sampleof their vigilance, here is one report:—"In WiUiamSpur's house there were Gavin Dale, in this parish,and John Dale, in the parish of Ayton, his brother,in time of divine service, at drink: and being reprovedby the elders for misspending the Lord's day, Gavinanswered that their kirk (meaning the meeting-houseset up and kept up in contempt of the Government)was but just 'scaled' (dismissed), and that they werebut refreshing themselves. Elizabeth Cockburn, wifeto William Spur, expressed her concernedness to theelders that such a thing had fallen out in her house,and promised to the elders never again to do the likeThe session, considering the wickedness of the persons,and the disadvantage they (the session) are under bythe said meeting-house, by which they fortify themselves against censure, concluded to pass this, and toaccept of the promise aforesaid from the woman, whoseemed to be grieved for the offence." Sitting on thestool of repentance was no joke, and the operation12178 FLAGFJ.LATION IN SCOTLAND.was seldom relieved by any display of humour; buton one occasion a preacher is said to have ventureda pun. A woman named Ann Cantly being made todo penance, "Here," said the minister, "here is oneupon the stool of repentance. They call her Cantly

she saith herself she is an honest woman, but I trowscantlyyIn the time of James VI. there was an act passedagainst perturbers of the kirk; and by it, tumultsin kirkyards were punished by confiscation of theoffenders' movables. In the case of children andminors, the offenders were "only" to be scourged. Theattempt to establish Episcopacy in Scotland became a signal for many acts of cruelty and oppression. Afterthe appointment of Sharpe to the archbishopric of St.Andrews, a Court of Ecclesiastical Commission wasestablished, which filled the prisons, and when theywould hold no more, the victims were transported tothe West Indies. A case in point is narrated byCrookshanks in his "History of the Church of Scotland." He says: " The treatment of some of the parishioners of Ancrum is not to be omitted. When theirexcellent minister, Mr. Livingstone, was taken fromthem, one Mr, James Scot, who was under a sentenceof excommunication, was presented to that charge.On the day fixed for his settlement, several peopledid meet to oppose it; and particularly, a countrywoman, desiring to speak with him, in order to dissuade him from intruding himself upon a reclaimingpeople, pulled him by the cloak, entreating him to heaiher a little: whereupon he turned and beat her withhis staff. This provoked two or three boys to throwa few stones, which neither touched him nor any of hiscompany. However, it was presently looked upon asFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND. 179a treasonable tumult; and therefore the sheriff andjustices of the peace in that bounds fined and imprisoned some of these people, which, one would think,might atone for a crime of this nature. But the HighCommission, not thinking that sufficient, ordered thosecriminals to be brought before them. Accordingly,four boys and this woman, with two brothers of hers,of the name of Turnbull, were brought prisoners toEdinburgh. The four boys confessed that upon Scot'sbeating the woman, they had each thrown a stone.The Commissioner told them that hanging was toogood for them. However, the sentence of this merciless court was, that they should be scourged throughthe ci*"y of Edinburgh, burnt in the face with a hotiron, and then be sold as slaves to Barbadoes. Theboys endured their punishment like men and Christians, to the admiration of multitudes. The twobrothers were banished to Virginia; and the womanwas ordered to be whipped through the town of Jedburgh. Burnet, Bishop of Glasgow, when applied tothat she might be spared, lest she should be withchild, mildly answered, ' That he would make themclaw the itch out of her shoulders.'" The two following notes are from the kirk sessionrecords of Dunfermline:

" 22d October 1648.—Thatday compeirit Jonet robertson; she wellovving in herformer filthiness and prophanitie;~ -it is ordanit thatshe shall be cartii and scoiirgit throw the toun, andmarkit with ane hote yron, and so banished furth of theParoch." "27th December, 1653.—This day compeirit(before the session) Margaret Robertson, spous toWilliam Scotland, and Catherine Westwood, spous toJames , who being fund guiltie of cursing andscolding and oftymes before censured by the Kirl<12—2i8o FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.are now recomendit to the magistrates tohtcorporaliepnnisJied as they shall think fitt and as their faultesdeserve."Crimes arising from irregularities of the afifectionswere severely dealt with. Mackenzie states that thepunishment of adultery was arbitrary: it might becither banishment, whipping, fine, or imprisonmentand discusses the question whether, by the same laws,the magistrate might not inflict the punishment ofdeath. In 1642 one Redpath, a tinker, was scourged; in 1666 there was a case where the punishment was afine; and in 1668 an Englishwoman was banished forthis crime. We are told that in the case of Redpath,the tinker, he was only scourged, banished, and burntupon the cheek, although the case was an aggravatedone, because tinkers, as a class, are rather loose intheir habits, and are seldom lawfully married, andeven when they are married, have an absurd customof living promiscuously, and considering wives to be"a sort of common property." At a later date, atailor in Currie was condemned to be beheaded forwedding his first wifes half-brotJiers daiigJiter. About1692 a woman of bad fame, named Margaret Paterson,was found guilty of debauching two very young men,'.he sons of a minister of Trinity College Church, andwas" sentenced to stand an hour in the jougs, then tobe scourged from the Castle Hill to the Nether Bow,and thereafter to be sent to the plantations for life. The two men, however, forfeited their bail of fivethousand merks, rather than stand trial with theirassociate in guilt. Their uncle petitioned for a modification of the penalty, as it was a veryhard case, their entire patrimony being involved, andthe Court of Justiciary recommended the LordsFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND, l8lof the Treasury to mitigate the penalty if tiiey sawfit.The laws of Scotland were equally severe in otherrespects. Blasphemy was punishable by death. Thepunishment for perjury was banishment, and fustigatioor scourging. Vagabonds, and those who fled fromtheir master's service, were appointed to be burnt inthe ear and scourged for the first fault, and to sufferdeath for the second: a thief might of course behanged. If a thief was taken with bread worth a farthing upon him—from one farthing to four, hemight be scourged; for four farthings, he might beput in the jougs and banished; from four to eightfarthings, he might lose an ear, and if the same thiefwas afterwards taken with eight pennies he should behanged; and a thief taken with thirty-two penniesand a farthing, as a first offence, might be hanged.The punishment for " fire raising" by the civil law wasvarious, and suitable to the several degrees of thatcrime: raisers of fire within a town were burnt alive; those who set fire to corn, as well as houses, were

)Ound and beaten, and -then burnt "but not burnt

quick.'CHAPTER XX.FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND {continued).A F£W additional examples of flagellation willL \. bring us down to the time when whipping atthe cart's tail was abolished, and will place before themind more clearly the nature of the ofTences for whichwhipping was deemed a suitable and sufficient punishment.In 1692 a great number of recruits were collectedto be sent out to Flanders; but a considerable delaytook place in finding transport vessels for them. Somany deserted during this time, that a proclamationwas issued on the subject in 1694, setting forth certain pains and penalties for the crime of desertion,and those who aided and abetted it. A Glasgowschoolmaster, John M'Lachlan, who was charged before the Privy Council with having induced a number of the soldiers to desert, was tried, found guilty,and sentenced to be whipped through the city ofEdinburgh, and banished to the American plantations. The sentence was subsequently commuted toan hour in the pillories of Glasgow and Edinburgh,under the care of the hangman, wich a paper on hisbrow setting forth, " John M'Lachlan, schoolmaster atGlasgow, appointed to be set on the pillory at Edinburgh and Glasgow, and sent lo tUe plantations, forreducing: and debauching soldiers to run away fromFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND. 183their colours and desert their majesties' service." Afurther prosecution was recommended on account of"disloyal and impertinent speeches uttered by himwhen he stood in the pillory at Edinburgh." Thiswas not carried out, however, in consequence of hisbeine liberated because of bad health and the destitution of his family.A singular case came before the Court of Justiciaryin the beginning of the year 1700. Some monthspreviously a boy named John Douglas, son of Douglasof Dornock, attending the school of Moffat, was beatento death by the master, Mr. Robert Carmichael, whothereupon fled, and kept out of the way for someweeks, " but," as the narrative piously puts it, " by theprovidence of God, Carmichael was discovered andseized." The indictment charged him with beatingand dragging the boy, and giving him three lashingswithout intermission, so that he never spoke afterwardsand was carried dying, if not dead, out of the school.The punisliment awarded to the schoolmaster was,appropriately enough, a severe scourging. The judgesdecreed that Mr. Robert Carmichael " be taken fromthe Tolbooth of Edinburgh by the hangman, under a sure guard, to the middle of the Lawnmarket, andthere lashed by seven severe stripes; then to be carrieddown to the cross, and there severely lashed by sixsharp stripes; and then to be carried to the FountainWell to be severely lashed by five stripes; and thento be carried back by the hangman to the Tolbooth: Likeas the Lords banish the said Mr. Robert furth ofthis kingdom, never to return thereto under all thehighest pains."The penalty for returning from banishment wasusually a whipping. In 1747 the Lords of SessionFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.sentenced William Stevenson, younger of Dykes, a forger, to stand in the pillory and then to be transported to America for hfe. He duly did penance in thepillory, and was sent to the plantations, but taking theliberty of revisiting his native land a few years after,he was discovered, and condemned to twelve months'imprisonment, during which he got fresh air and a whipping at the cart's tail through the streets of Edinburgh on the first Wednesday of every month, and atthe end of the year was sent back to America. Atthe spring circuit in 1752 David Goodwillie was triedfor theft and forgery, and sentenced to be whippedthrough Cupar of Fife, and thereafter to be sent toAmerica for life. The circuit court held at Aberdeenin 1749 sentenced the servant of a travelling showmanto a whipping through the streets of that city, for thecrime of rape. At Stirling, in the summer of 1746,occurred a whipping not exactly in terms of thestatutes. Lieutenant Stoyt of the Regiment of OldBuffs, then stationed in the garrison, employed WilliamPollock, a barber in Stirling, to make a wig for him,The lieutenant refusing to take the wig because it did not suit, the man who brought it muttered someinsolent words as he went away. The lieutenant,rushing after the barber, and catching him at hismaster's shop, gave him a good beating, and otherofficers coming to assist, treated Pollock himself inthe same way. Not satisfied with this, they carriedoff the man and informed Lieutenant-Colonel Howardof the matter, who sans ctrimoiiie ordered the unfortunate barbers man to be stripped, tied to thehalberts, and whipped by a drummer of the regiment. The magistrates being informed of the affair,desired thai the man slioul 1 be handed over to them,FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.and they would see justice done; but the lieutenantcolonel said he had taken the matter into his ownhands, and would have his own way, and ultimately theman gained his hberty, but not till his back was severelycut by the stripes. Information was then given to theCourt of Justiciary at the instance of Mr. Pollock, hisman Maiben, and the magistrates of Stirling, chargingLieutenant Stoyt as guilty of hame-sucken againstPollock and Maiben, and Lieutenant-Colonel Howardand Lieutenant Neilson of a barbarous and cruelabuse of Maiben's person, in a most ignominious mannerj and of a manifest invasion of the office of themagistracy, and of the rights and liberties of thesubject: and therefore craving a warrant for apprehending their persons and imprisoning them till theyshould underlie the law. The Lords remitted to theSheriff of Stirling to investigate the matter; but, as the regiment left Stirling shortly after, nothing morewas heard of the affair.James Forbes^ chaplain and schoolmaster to thecharity workhouse of Dalkeith, was committed toprison in Edinburgh, and put on trial at the HighCourt, in 1758, for debauching some of the young girlsunder his care. The libel detailed the most wickedlewdness, and the prisoner on his apprehension partlyadmitted his guilt. The court sentenced him to bewhipped through Dalkeith, and then through Edinburgh, and afterwards to be transported to the plantations for life. William Brown, at one time a servant,and afterwards a soldier in the 49th Regiment, wastried at Aberdeen, in 177 1, for fraud and imposition,in obtaining money by means of forged letters. Thejury unanimously found him guilty, and he was sen- tenced to be whipped to the number of fifty lashes, atFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.the cross of Aberdeen, and then to be banished forHfe. Next year at Ayr, James Cassie, a soldier, andtwo women were tried for theft and receipt of theft,and found guilty. The sentence was that Cassieshould be whipped through the streets of Ayr, andthe two women should attend at the ceremony withtheir heads bare and their hair tied behind; and thatthey all be banished for life, with the addition of threeyears' servitude in the plantations.A very imposing whipping took place the sameyear at Edinburgh. On the 23rd of August, at theHigh Court of Justiciary, William Anderson, JamesPaul, and William Welsh, were tried for encouragingmd calling together the mob which, on the 7th ofJune, attacked the Canonmills Distillery. The firsttwo were found guilty: and they M^ere sentenced tobe publicly whipped through the streets of Edinburgh by the common hangman, on the 8th of September, and thereafter to be banished to one or otherof his majesty's plantations for fourteen years, andtheir service adjudged for seven years, with certification if they shall be found in Scotland during thatperiod they should be whipped, imprisoned, and againbanished. The whipping accordingly came off interms of the sentence on the 8th of September, whenmore ceremony was used than is generally observedon such occasions. Fifty of the military of the Castlered the way, followed by the Lord Provost andmagistrates, with white rods in their hands. Thencame the officers of the trained bands, constables, firemasters, &c. The prisoners, attended by the cityguard and town officers, followed; and fifty soldiersclosed the procession. In 1807 Archibald Begg,joiner—who was tried in 1803, and sentenced to beFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.banished from Scotland for fourteen years, for liftingdead bodies from churchyards—was whipped throughthe streets of Edinburgh for returning from banishment. Begg was very roughly handled by the populace on returning to prison. On Friday, 2ist October1808, a woman was placed in the pillory at Haddington in pursuance of a sentence of the sheriff-depute, forstealing money from her master: and the next week,three carters belonging to Edinburgh were publiclywhipped through the streets of Haddington for a crueland unprovoked assault on the toll-keeper at Drem,and a further attack on a millmaster. Haddingtonhas been the scene of many floggings. We witnessedthe flogging of a man at the cart's tail there in theyear 1832. In the ancient records of the burgh suchentries as the following are quite common: —" 23 Jan.1536. —The Asy, hes fild Jok Greg and Howme ofPikre, and ordains thaim to be banist the towne andscourgit, and evir thai cum in it to be hangit; of thequhilk the bailzes tuk an act." " 10 Dec. 1538.—TheAssyss ordains Howm to be bundyn at the erss of anecart, and to gang trow all the streittis of the town, andthe lockman to stryik him with ane vand, and thatthe servands se that he execut his office on him, andto haif ane freshe vand at ylk streit end, and to forsweir the towne, and obliss him to be hangit by thesheriff and ever he cum in the towne aeain."Many curious instances of flagellation might bejielected from the public records of Edinburgh andother large towns in Scotland; but some of these wehave already given. Sentences of flagellation by theScottish magistrates have all a family likeness, as a fewinstances will shew. In Edinburgh, on the 30th ofApril 1736, Elizabeth Hodge, found guilty of theft, was183 FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.sentenced " to be carried to the House of Correction,there to remain till the i6th day of June next; thenceto be carried to the Weigh-house, and from that placeto be whipt through the town by the common hangman, and to receive at each of the usual places threestripes upon her naked shoulders." Henry Henderson, a vagrant, was sentenced to be whipped on the iSthof May 1737, for rambling the streets at untimeoushours; he was ordained to be taken out of the Tolbooth, between the hours of ten and twelve, and carriedto the Weigh-house, and there to be stripped naked,and, by the hands of the common hangman, to receiveon his naked shoulders five stripes at each of the ordinary places. The flogging of "common whores" wasan almost every-day occurrence; and we also find thatsome of them were drummed through the town at thesight of the common hangman. Common prostitutesand thieves were at one time marked in Edinburghby a piece being taken out of their nose. Colin Rhind,mason, was found guilty by the magistrates of Edinburgh, and whipt on the 20th of April 1739, foropening a grave in the West Kirkyard, and taking outMary Stewart's corpse; he was sentenced " to becarried to the Cross, there and at the Cowhead Well,West Port, and at the end of Portburgh, to receive onhis naked shoulders three stripes." Besides thesepublic flagellations, there was a great deal of privatewhipping in Edinburgh. On a demand being made bysome of the city ofiicials for a perquisite of five shillings for each private whipping, it was resolved by themagistrates to inquire into that matter, as the demandamounted to " a pretty considerable sum."In Edinburgh the whipping course lay down theHigh Street, stopping at various points according toFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND. 189the circumstances of the crime. The last whippingthat took place in the streets of Edinburgh is worthyof being detailed at some length, Edinburgh was atthat time infested with a gang of housebreakers, whohad with impunity carried on their depredations for aconsiderable time. One night a most daring burglarywas committed in the house of a member of the towncouncil. The master and mistress were awakened bythe noise, but the robbers gagged and bound them,and carried off all the money and valuables they couldfind. The lady of the house had, however, recognisedone of the band as a young man who was engaged tobe married to her daughter in a few days; and as soon as the morning dawned, she hastened to theauthorities and denounced him, notwithstanding hisintended relation to her family. The officers ofjusticeproceeded to his mother's house in the Lawnmarket,and apprehended the young man, who was immediatelythereafter brought to trial for housebreaking. The lady,of course, swore that he was one of the robbers, andher testimony was strengthened by the evidence of anold servant, who stated that she had often to rise and lethim into his mother's house at all hours of the morning.The young man was sentenced to be flogged at thecart's tail by the common hangman, and the very daythat had been appointed for his marriage witnessedhis whipping. At an early hour the crowd beganto block up the street; twelve o'clock was the hourappointed for the culprit to endure his flogging, butlong before that time, from the city weigh-house toJohn Knox's corner, there was not an inch of standingroom to be had, so great was the crowd which turnedout to witness the spectacle. Jock Heich, the hangman, who officiated on the occasion, had got a newigo FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.whip, which the cripple wretch cracked in the Tolboothwith savage joy, as he stood impatiently waiting forthe coming of his victim. Jock Heich was the verystuff that hangmen are made of: he seemed to havebeen born for the trade, and to glory in being on thegallows or in officiating at the cart tail, and a fiendishsmile of satisfaction, it is said, lurked about his mouthas he operated, in the name of the law, upon his fellowmortals.The criminal alluded to was a tall young man,apparently about twenty years of age, with fair hair,and no appearance of a beard upon his smooth face.The cart to which he was tied was a common one,hired by order of the authorities for the nonce, fromamong a number that were standing in the Lawnmarket. The moment the young man was placed inthe hands of Jock Heich, the active functionary lostno time in making him strip and fastening him to theback of the cart, and when the pure white skin of hisnaked back was exhibited to the gaze of the crowd, onwhich a brilliant sun was shining, many were the expressions of sympathy that were heard in the vastmultitude. The magistrates took their places, and a number of the town guard, armed with their long Lochaber axes, closed around. The rat-tat of the towndrum was soon heard. It was beat to drown the yellsof the sufferer, as Jock Heich with hearty will andstrong arm began his work. Blood followed at thesecond stroke, and the offender, uttering a piercingshriek, cast a long and wistful glance away downtowards the Nether Bow, where he was to receivethe last instalment of his punishment, while groansand screams from women and children testified to theemotion of the crowd. The Lord Provost and magis-FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.trates were apprehensive of a riot, for opinion was verymuch divided as to the justice of the sentence. Suchseemed iikely to be the case when the slow ploddingprocession reached the cross. Here a lighted squib,that was thrown from a window, fell at the horse's feet,and hissed and cracked as the fiery sparks flew from it. The frightened animal started and reared, and then in' its terror fell on the street on its side with the shaftsof the cart above it. When the shafts thus fell forwardand downward, the criminal, from the manner in whichhe was fastened to the cart, was lifted off his feet, andsuspended in the air by the cords that bound him, thered blood all the time streaming down his back, Aman, who was apparently a leader among the people,called on the hangman to loose the prisoner, and whenthe executioner shewed no signs of doing so, he cutthe ropes himself, and set the criminal on his feetThe mob cheered the act, but the huzzahs were soonchanged into groans and hisses, when they saw thehangman seize the prisoner, lest the crowd shouldcarry him off before the full complement of lasheshad been laid on his lacerated back. They indeedseemed quite in the mood for doing so, and a disturbance was imminent. A few words from the captain,however, allayed the tumult; and the cart being putto rights, the criminal was again tied up to endurethe remainder of his punishment, the last stroke ofwhich was given at the Nether Bow,The story has a still more tragic side. The prisoner'shome was, as we have said, in the Lawnmarket, andthe yells of his frantic mother were heard by the peoplein- the street, as her neighbours fought with her tokeep her back from the window when the cart waspassnig; but ere it had reached the end of the weary192 FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.journey, the poor woman's senses had fled: the soundof that whip made her a hopeless maniac for the reslof her days.In the life of Colonel Jack, Defoe has a most uniquedescription of a flogging in Edinburgh. Premising thaithe colonel and his friend the captain have come to thatcity to follow their profession of thieving, we shall allowthe colonel to tell his own story: —" We went out for a walk, and coming through a gate that they call theNether Bow, into the great High Street, which went upto the Cross, we were surprised to see it thronged withan infinite number of people. Then we came to theMarket Cross, and there, besides the great number ofpeople who passed and re-passed, we saw a greatparade or kind of meeting, like an exchange of gentlemen, of all ranks and qualities. It was while we werelooking and wondering at what we saw there that wewere surprised with a sight which we little expected

we observed the people running on a sudden as to see some strange thing just coming along, and strange it was indeed: for we saw two men, naked from the waistupwards, run by us as swift as the wind, and weimagined nothing but that it was two men runninga race for some mighty wager; on a sudden we foundtwo long small ropes or lines, which hung down atfirst, pulled straight, and the two racers stopped, andstood still one close by the other; we could notimagine what this meant, but the reader may judgeat our surprise when we found a man follow after, whohad the ends of both those lines in his hands, andwho, when he came up to them, gave each of themtwo frightful lashes with a wire whip or lash which beheld in the other hand; and then the two poor rakedwretches ran oa again t-^ the length of their line orFLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND. I93tether, where they waited for the like salutation; andin this manner they danced the length of the wholestreet, which is about half-a-mile. This was a darkprospect to my captain, and put him in mind, not onlyof what he was to expect if he made a slip in the wayof his profession in this place, but also of what he hadsuffered when he was but a boy, at the famous placecalled Bridewell. But this was not all, for, as we sawthe execution, so we were curious to examine into thecrime too; and we asked a young fellow who stoodnear us what the two men had done for which theysuffered that punishment. The fellow, an unhappyill-natured Scotchman, perceiving by our speech thatwe were Englishmen, and by our question that wewere strangers, told us, with a malicious wit, that theywere two Englishmen, and that they were whipped sofor picking pockets and other petty thieveries, andthat they were afterwards to be sent away over theborder into England. Now, this was every word of itfalse, and was only formed by his nimble inventioni to insult us as Englishmen; for when we inquiredfurther they were both Scotchmen, and were thusscourged for the usual offences for which we give thelike punishment in England; and the man who heldthe line and scourged them was the city hangman,who (by the way) is there an officer of note, has aconstant salary, and is a man of substance; and notonly so, but a most dexterous fellow in his office, andmakes a great deal of money by his employment."One of the last public whippmgs of a female offendertook place at Inverness in 1817—the year that publicwhipping was abolished. The Scots Magazine cf theperiod gave the following notice of it: —" A womanof the name of Grant was flogged through the streets13194 FLAGELLATION IN SCOTLAND.of Inverness, we understand, for the third time (oncethe previous week), for intoxication and bad behaviourin the streets. No doubt example is necessary, andwas here made with the best intention: yet publicflagellation on the naked body of a woman is revoltingto all our ideas of decency and humanity; and wedoubt whether such a disgraceful exhibition is calculated to amend our morals; on the unfortunate objectin question (a young and handsome woman), thehardened indifference and audacity with which shebore and ridiculed the punishment shewed that itfailed oi that effect"CHAPTER XXI.WHIPPING IN BRIHEWELL AND OTHEKPRISONS.'^AYLOR says—" I think a gaol a school of virtue is,A house of study and of contemplation:A place of discipline and reformation."But this was scarcely Smollett's opinion of the ancientBridewell. He makes one of his female characterssay that it, of all the scenes on earth, approachednearest to her notion of the infernal regions. In themidst of scenes of rage, anguish, and impiety, andsounds of groans and curses, the prisoner was set toperform impossible tasks, and was whipped for incapacity. She was often whipped into a swoon, andthen lashed out of it, to find that her fellow- prisonershad robbed her of her clothing. Rendered desperateby the misery of her condition, the poor wretch delineated by Smollett attempted one night to commitsuicide, and being detected, the attempt was punishednext morning with thirty stripes.The City Bridewell, London, from which houses ofcorrection acquired the name of "Bridewells," wasoriginally a palace, and was chartered to the city byEdward VI. as a place of penal confinement for unruly apprentices, sturdy beggars, and other disorderly196 WIIirPING IN BRIDEWELL.persons. It formerly contained a portrait of the donoiwith these lines

"This Edward of fair memory the Sixt,In whom with greatness goodness was commixt,Gave this Bi-idezvcll, a palace in olden times.For a chastening house of vagrant crimes."The gift was made in the year 1553, at the request ofBishop Ridley, who begged it as a workhouse for thepoor, and a house of correction " for the strumpet andidle person, for the rioter that consumeth all, and forthe vagabond that will abide in no place."The regular whippings in Bridewell were for offencescommitted without the prison, although the prisonerswere also caned or scourged by the warders if theirappointed task of beating hemp was not duly performed to the satisfaction of the overseer. Unchastewomen (at least those of that class who had madethemselves conspicuous by rioting and brawling, or were found in the company of thieves and highwaymen) and dishonest knaves of either sex were takenbefore the magistrates and committed to Bridewellfor so many days or weeks. They were kept till noonon board day, when the court of governors held theirusual sitting. On the appointed day the culprit wasbrought by the blue-coated beadles into the largeroom where sat the governors. The accusation beingstated, the board at once gave decision, which wasgenerally to the effect that the prisoner should becorrected on the spot, in presence of the governors.The beadles seized the unfortunate one, and preparedher at once for flagellation by stripping the clothesoff her back. The whip was wielded by the youngestbeadle, and the stripes were laid on until the presidentthought proper to give a signal to stop, by strikingWHIPPING IN BRIDEWELL. 197with his hammer on the table before him. When a woman was under the hish in Bridewell the cry, " Ogood Sir Robert, knock! Pray good Sir Robert,knock!" was loud and frequent; and outside the prisonsuch a cry was quite common among the lower orders,as a reproach to women who had been whipped inBridewell. After her flogging the criminal was handedover to the officials of the prison, to pass her term otimprisonment in beating hemp. The fourth plate ofHogarth's series of pictures, illustrating the Harlot'sProgress, as is well known, is a view of the interior ofBridewell. Men and women are beating hemp underthe eye of a savage taskmaster, and a lad, too idle towork, is seen standing on tip-toe to reach the stocks.In which his hands are fixed, while over his head iswritten, " Better to work than stand thus."A good story, apropos of Bridewell, is related ofMadam Creswell, a noted procuress of the time ofKing Charles H. She had been often whipped, andultimately died a prisoner in Bridewell, and left a willin which she desired to have a sermon preached at herfuneral, for which the preacher was to have ^10; butupon this express condition, that he was to say nothingbut what was welloi her. After a sermon on the generalsubject of mortality, the preacher concluded by saying," By the will of the deceased it is expected that I shouldmention her, and say nothing but what is ivell of her.All that I shall say of her therefore is this: She wasborn %vell, she lived well, and she died ivell; for she wasborn with the name of Creswell, she lived in Clerkenwell, and she died in Bride^e/^//."The whipping of pro.stitutes in Bridewell was at onetime considered an interesting sight. It was quite thefashion, indeed, to make up parties to go and see (he^VIIIPPING IN BRIDEWELL.flagellating spectacle on the Wednesdays, the daywhen the inmates of that abode were "had up " beforethe court of governors. A " tip " in the proper quarterwould no doubt admit distinguished visitors to theinstructive scene. But many such shows, althoughthe culprits were not so often of the softer sex, wereto be witnessed on the streets without fee or favour

now a pickpocket yelling under a pump, and now a half-naked wretch dancing along at the tail of a slowplodding cart, and howling dolorously under the hangman's lash.Defoe, in his " Life of Colonel Jack," gives a minuteand circumstantial account of correction in Bridewell.One of the personages of his story, when a mere lad,belonged to a horrid gang who kidnapped childrenand sent them to America. The gang being capturedand imprisoned in Newgate, the hero of the storysays: "What punishment was inflicted upon the roguesof that gang I cannot tell now, but the captain, beingbut a lad, was ordered to be three times soundly whiptat Bridewell, my lord mayor or the recorder tellinghim it was done in pity to him to keep him from thegallows, not forgetting to tell him that he had a hanging look, and bid him have a care on that very ac- count: so remarkable was the captain's countenanceeven so young, and which he heard of afterwards onmany occasions. When he was in Bridewell I heardof his misfortune, and the major and I went to see him, for this was the first news we heard of whatbecame of him. The very day that we went he wascalled out to be corrected, as they call it, according tohis sentence; and as it was ordered to be done soundly,so, indeed, they were true to the sentence: for thealderman, who was the president of Bridewell, andWllIPI'lxMG IN BRIDEWELL. 199who, I think, they called Sir William Turner, heldpreaching to him about how young he was, and whata pity it was such a youth should come to be hanged,and a great deal more, how he should take warningby it, and how wicked a thing it was that they shouldsteal away innocent children, and the like; and all thiswhile the man with a blue badge on lashed him mostunmercifully, for he was not to leave off till SirWilliam knocked with a little hammer on the table.The poor captain stamped and danced, and roared outlike a mad boy; and I must confess I was frightedalmost to death: for though I could not come nearenough, being but a poor boy, to see how he washandled, yet I saw him afterwards with his back allwealed with the lashes, and in several places bloody,and I thought I should have died with the sight of it

but I grew better acquainted with those things afterwards. I did what I could to comfort the poor captainwhen I got leave to come to him. But the worst wasnot over with him, for he was to have two more suchwhippings before they had done with him; and, indeedthey scourged him so severely that they made himsick of the kidnapping trade for a great while."While such flagellation went on within the walls ofBridewell, public whipping was also being constantlyperformed at the cart's tail. The common and mildestpilgrimages in London were from Newgate to Ludgateand from Charing Cross to Westminster; but extraordinary criminals bent beneath the lash all the wayfrom Newgate to Charing Cross. There were plentyof posts and kennels on the sides of the street alongthe route, and the hangman gave the poor wretch alash at every kennel the rear wheel of the cart gratedagainst.200 WHIPPING IN BRIDEWELL.Flo^s^ging with the birch and cane are among thepunishments meted out to delinquents in modernreformatories—the cane for minor offences, and thebirch for runaways, or such boys as are caught makingpreparations for running away. Mr. Blanchard Jerroldhas described one or two punishments which he witnessed at the Feltham Reformatory for Boys. Hesays: " The corporal punishments are administeredby a tall muscular drill-master, who has, I believe, beenin the army. The punishment book shews that hismuscle is not seldom brought into requisition. Strokeson the hand, or a dozen with the birch, meet manyoffences, as 'very gross insubordination,' and alteringblouses with a view to absconding. I witnessed threecanings and two birchings. For the birching the boyw'as stripped, stretched upon a table, and forcibly helddown by two or three men, while the drill-master gavehim the allotted number with a long birch, and withgreat severity. When a delinquent was getting a caning, the big drill-master made the cane whistlethrough the air as it descended on the boy's hand, andthe boy in his agony ' writhed like a cut worm.' " From the want of statistics we have not the meansof knowing how far these public and private prisonscourgings proved effective in diminishing crime, butwe are in possession of a well authenticated instance ol a person who was publicly flogged rising to eminence.James Macrae entered on public life by being whij-tthrough the streets of Ayr. Macrae was a lad of spirit,and was always in some scrape or another, but whyhe was flogged is not now known; probably it was fororchard breaking or some such boyish offence. He wasso ashamed of his punishment, however, that he disappeared from his native land, and was not heard of forWHIPPING IN BRIDEWELL. 201many a long year, when he came back to his nativeland as governor of Madras! Having enlisted as aprivate soldier, he had risen by his own bravery to bea field officer, and returned home to Scotland with avery large fortune.Flogging went on about the dates mentioned in allthe prisons of the United Kingdom, and so did whipping at the cart's tail Magistrates of burghs and countyjustices took a good deal upon them when sitting injudgment. A worthy Scottish magistrate of whom wehave read prescribed the taws for all juvenile offences,and without any very formal trial or leading of evidence,ordered disorderly lads and lasses to be summarilycorrected after the domestic fashion of the time. Thisgentleman was not particular as to the age of theculprits. On one occasion a young woman whom hehad ordered to be flogged tried to get off on the pleaof being married. " Married! are ye married }" exclaimed the bailie. " Yes, sir," said the woman. " Thenit's the mair a shame that ye're here this day: skelpher weel, skelp her weel," added his honour to thegaoler.On the continent of Europe whipping was commonat the same periods, both sexes being whipped in theprisons of Germany and Italy. Indeed, it is only ofrecent date that whipping in prison was abolishedthroughout Fatherland. At one time every personwas flogged both on entering and leaving prison! Insome of the gaols the whipping instruments, and otheiparaphernalia of punishment, are exhibited to visitors.An anecdote of the flogging of a servant in Hollandderives some point from the innocence of the victim.She had been accused and found guilty of robbing hermistress, proofs of the theft, placed there by her202 WHIPPING IN BRIDEWELL.mistress, being found in her trunk. She was flogged,brand marked, and confined to hard labour in the rasphouse. Whilst she was suffering her sentence, the guiltof her mistress was discovered. The mistress was prosecuted, condemned to the severest scourging, a doublebrand, and hard labour for life. A heavy fine wasinflicted on the tribunal, and given to the innocentsufferer as an indemnification. So lately as 1807 tenyoung ladies, of very respectable, and some of them ofvery high families, were confined in the workhouse atAmsterdam, sent there by their parents or friends forundutiful deportment. They were made to wear a particular dress as a mark of degradation, and occasionally had to suffer a domestic whipping. Drunkenwives were also sent to the same place, and had tosubmit, for a period of years, to the discipline of theworkhouse.In the prisons of Rome there might have beenseen quite recently an instrument of punishment of a severity worthy of the Middle Ages. It was calledthe " Cavaletto," and was in use for those accused ofcommon crimes, and particularly of a refusal to receiveproper discipline. It consisted of a large piece ofmarble or other stone, before which the patient or prisoner was obliged to kneel, putting his stomachover the stone; he was then fastened by the anklesto the rings in the ground, and his hands or wristswere in like manner fastened in front. Thus it wasimpossible to move. After he was tied down his proper torture began. On his naked back or shouldershe was beaten with a thong, about two feet long,twenty-five times or more, according to the gravityof his crime.In the prisons of Hungary there is a similar plan ofWHIPPING IN BRIDEWELL. 203flogging, for in that country flagellation is still a legalpunishment. Formerly the law allowed the seigneur,on his own authority or that of his bailif, to ordertwenty-five blows as a summary punishment to thepeasant; and, indeed, the peasant held it a point ofhonour to bear a flogging without flinching, andnothing was more likely to render him irresistibleto his mistress than a heroic endurance of the five-andtwenty. Flogging is now employed only in a strictlyjudicial sense, and the flogging-board is a necessaryadjunct of the prison. This board is simply a lowtable, upon which the sufferer is stretched and fastened.When the prisoner is laid down and secured, the haidukstands over him with a long hazel stick about thethickness of a finger, with which he gives a forcibleblow, waiting a minute between each stroke. Considerable skill is required to flog well, the object being to inflict the maximum of pain, and, at the sametime, the minimum of bodily injury; and therefore noone is allowed to perform who has not perfected himself in the art by practising on a stuffed sack. ]\Ianyof the old castles of Hungary are used for prisons, andthe gateways are usually adorned with handcuffs, legirons, whips, and other instruments of punishment andtorture.CHAPTER XXII.THE REPUTED CURATIVE AND MEDICINAL POWERSOF THE ROD.ANY curious anecdotes have been from time toIVJL time related of the medicinal powers of theRod. Flagellation as a remedy was supposed by somephysicians to re-animate the torpid condition of thecapillary or cutaneous vessels, to increase muscularenergy, promote absorption, and favour the necessarysecretions of our nature. But an eccentric writer goesmuch further than this, and regards the Rod much inthe same light as Dr. Sangrado looked upon cold waterand blood letting: according to him there is nothinglike the Rod; it is a universal specific—it stirs up thestagnating juices, it dissolves the precipitating salts, it purifies the coagulating humours of the body, it clearsthe brain, purges the belly, circulates the blood, bracesthe nerves; in short, there is nothing which the Rodwill not accomplish when judiciously applied! The medicinal use of flogging was well known andappreciated by the ancients. Asclepiades, CoeliusAurelianu.s, and others, strongly reccmmended it inthe treatment of madness. Coelius speaks of ordering" them to be disciplined with rods, that their understanding, being, as it were, quite banished, they maycome again to their senses." In the case of mania,however, it is more a moral influence that is exercisedCURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD. 205on the patient—he is supposed to be forced by thefear of pain to keep within the bounds of reason. Even up to a recent day, such treatment prevailedto a considerable extent in the management of thrinsane, and enlightened and humane physicians foundit exceedingly difficult to convince keepers of thecruelty or inutility of the practice. Dr. Millingen, amodern authority on this point, says, " I had chargeof a military lunatic asylum for a considerable time,and, with one exception, never found myself warrantedin causing corporal punishment to be inflicted, notwithstanding the association of ideas of discipline whichsuch a chastisement must have produced amongstmen, then exposed to the capricious infliction of thelash. The case I allude to was one of Sergeant N ^ who had twice attempted my life, and who fully re- membered every circumstance in the remissions of hismalady; so much so, indeed, that doubts were entertained in the minds of casual visitors as to the realcondition of his mental faculties."Cases may and do occur where bodily punishmentbecomes indispensable, in order that the body mayfeel what the judgment cannot comprehend. Forinstance, take the case of the hypochondriac whoswore that his legs were made of straw; and it wasnot till an officious servant-maid, who was sweepingthe room, struck him across the shins with her broomstick, that he was brought to a sense of his erroneousimpression.The Rod, properly applied, is an infallible cure, wehave been told, for those who feign diseases, and it hasoften happened v4iat persons shamming an epilepticfit have grown well and been thoroughly cured by thesharp and wholesome remedy of a birch. The Rod is206 CURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD.highly valuable in cases of constitutional laziness, andservants afflicted with this malady, and pretending tobe ill with some strange distemper, have been knownto be able to go about their work after an applicationof the discipline. In Iceland a native doctor employedcorporal punishment in a somewhat modified form insuch a case; an artisan suffering from indolence,the Icelandic Galen gave him the following prescription: —" Let the patient allow himself to be sewn upin a sack stuffed with wool, and then be dragged about,rolled down hill, thumped, kicked, and jumped uponbyhis friends and acquaintances: when he has emergedfrom the sack, let him take a draught to open his pores,and then go to bed." The remedy was tried and suc- ceeded. A nobleman cured his fool both of a dulnessof wit and a propensity for stealing fowls in a similarmanner. He ordered him to be sewn up in a hop-bag,and well thrashed, then rolled down hill, and thrashedagain. The cure was quite effectual—the fool neverstole again, and from that day he became as muchfamed for his wit and humour as he had formerly beennotorious for deficiency in these qualities.Ubi stimulus, ibi affliixtis, has been a physiologicaxiom since the days of Hippocrates; and flagellationthus used is only a modification of blistering or exciting the skin by any other irritating method; it has theeffect of drawing the circulation from the centre of our system to its periphery. It has been known to dispelthe cold stage in a fit of ague. We are recommended,on high authority, to use the Rod for the purpose ofgiving embonpoint to the lean: so Galen prescribes,and he founded his opinion from observing that norsedealers were in the habit of bringing their horses intohigh condition by giving them an occasional moderateCURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD. 207flaf^ellation. It is said that a dealer in slaves by thismothod, in a short time, fattened a boy who was almostconsumed with hunger, giving him daily, or at leastevery other day, a moderate flagellation on that partof his person which is said to have been made tobe kicked. Antonius Musa successfully treated asciatica, or rheumatism of the hip, of Octavius Augustus by this process. Elidoeus Paduanus recommendswhipping with nettles, or urtication, as it is called inmedical parlance, as being good for assisting the development of the eruption in exanthematic diseases.In a medical point of view, urtication, or stingingwith nettles, is a practice not sufficiently appreciated.In many instances, especially in cases of paralysis,it is more efficacious than blistering or stimulatingfrictions. Its effects, although perhaps less permanent, are, it is said, more general and better diffusedover the limb. This process has also been foundeffectual in restoring heat to the lower extremities; and a case of obstinate lethargy was cured by Corvisart by repeated urtication of the whole body. Duringthe action of the stimulus, the patient, who was ayoung man, would open his eyes and laugh, but sinkagain into profound sleep. However, in three weeks,a perfect cure was obtained. Thomas Campanellamentions the employment of flagellation as a remedyfor the obstruction of the bowels, in the case of aprince of Italy who could not be relieved unlesswhen beaten by a servant whom he kept for thatpurpose.Flogging was in ancient times frequently prescribedfor the cure of love. Ccelius Aurelianus remarks thatis was no uncommon thing to order persons grownmelancholy or mad for love to be beaten and corrected208 CURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD.and that the method very often succeeded and broughtthe patients to a right use of their reason. Rhases,another medicalauthor. advocates the sametreatment,and Valescus de Taranta says: *' If the patient beyoung let him be flogged vi^ith rods like a child, andthe madness (that is of love) is not so cured, let himbe put into a dark hole and dieted with bread andwater, till he returns to his senses, and let this discipline be continued."Lockjaw and choking are also to be cured by blows! When the passage of the throat is obstructed by a bone or any other substance, we slap the patient vigorously on the back to force up the obstructing matter.If the lower jaw becomes dislocated by immoderatelaughter or yawning, it may be reduced by a smartslap on the face. A story illustrative of this cure maybe here quoted: —Nicolas Vorburg, an oriental traveller, in the course of his wanderings, visited Agra, thecapital of the Great Cham—to which illustrious personage he was introduced at dinner. The GreatCham, in filling his mouth with rice, unfortunatelyover-estimated the capabilities of his mouth, and dislocated his jaw. Of course the servants and nobleswere paralysed with fear, and their imperial mastersat on his throne, purple in the face, his eyes protruding,his mouth gaping and full of rice, Suffocation wasimminent, when Nicolas Vorburg, regardless of courtlyetiquette, ran up the steps of the throne, and hit theGreat Cham a violent slap with the palm of his handon the cheek. The rice at once fell out of the royalmouth, while another slap set the royal jaws in working order. The servants and courtiers, horrified at theflagrant breach of the proprieties committed by Vorburg, would have taken summary vengeance on tlieCURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD. 20goffender, if the emperor had not fortunately recoveredhis breath in time to reprove them for their over-zeal.It is satisfactory to know that he rewarded the readywitted Vorburg by a present of a thousand rupees.Seneca tells us that some quartan fevers have beencured by blows, and a learned commentator conjecturesthat this arises from the viscid bilious humour beingwarmed by the strokes, and dissipated by motion!Another author holds that the Rod is a capital specificfor tertian fever. A lawyer once suffered from thiscomplaint, which left him at times unable to pursue hisavocation. In the course of one of his pleadings he ridiculed a certain gentleman, who determined to have hisrevenge at some convenient opportunity. The lawyerwas one day riding home past the house of the gentleman, when the latter sent him a message, requesting afew minutes' conversation. Dreaming only of fees, thelawyer unwittingly complied, and soon found himself aprisoner within the gates. The gentleman soon explained his business, and offered him the choice oftwo modes of suffering. " You shall either sit on anant hill in the clothing provided you by nature, till you have learned by heart the seven penitentialpsalms; or you shall run the gauntlet in the samed^gage costume round my court-yard, where will beranged all my servants armed with rods wherewith tobelabour you." The lawyer pleaded for mercy tohimself as he had never yet done for a client, andbegged his tormentor to think of his wife and family,his illness, his fever; but the gentleman was inexorablydeaf to the cry of pity, and his bowels of compassionwould not be moved. The unfortunate lawyer re- luctantly chose the gauntlet, as he could not bear tothink of the ants, coupled with the penitential psalms.14210 CURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD.So he ran the course, and was dismissed black andblue, bruised and bleeding, to return to his family,a sadder and a wiser man; but he was so fortunate asto derive one advantage from the flagellation bestowedon him— he was cured for ever of his tertian fever!In old times flogging was supposed to have theeffect of subduing the passions; and the saints adoptedit for the purpose of restraining carnal desires bothin themselves and their followers. There were notwanting, however, those who held quite an oppositeopinion, and it is well known that during the festivalof the Lupercal the Roman ladies threw themselvesin the way of the Luperci, that they might receivestripes from them, in order to ensure a happy delivery. Instances might be quoted of persons who hadrecourse to whipping their bodies in order to stimulatethem—" an effect of flagellation which may easily bereferred to the pow^erful sympathy that exists betweenthe nerves of the lower part of the spinal marrow andother parts of the body."A medical journal,^ while commenting on the flogging of garrotters at Leeds, which we have noticedelsewhere, made some observations on the results offlogging considered from a medical point of view,which we have abridged for the benefit of our readers.There is first, we are told, the direct injury tothe skin—the laceration and bruising of its structure; but that appears to be of no great importance. The reparative process is active, and satisfactorily sets to work (except where the system is thoroughly out of order). There is, in the secondplace, the shock to the system, which is easily recoveredThe LatutUCURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD. 211from when the flogging is moderate in quantity. Inthe third place, there is the feehng of pain, which isreally most acute at the early stage of a flagellation; in fact, the pain is much lessened in severity when thepunishment is heavy, say a hundred or more lashes,because the surface of the body becomes deadened oibenumbed. This fact is well known to schoolboys, and,if it were not so, the criminal would undoubtedly suc- cumb from the tremendous shock produced by thegradual intensification of his sufferings. The reactionis, of course, much more severe in proportion to theduration of the punishment. Fourthly, there is spasmof the whole of the muscles of the back, especially thedeep ones. When a man is about to receive a blow hebraces himself up —puts himself and his muscles onguard, as it were—the foot is firmly planted, the teethset, and the whole muscular system contracted- Inoperations before the blessings of chloroform wereknown, the patient about to be operated on grasped,with a death-like grip, the table on which he wasplaced; and the same condition of the body wasintended to be produced by placing a bullet in themouth of the soldier for him to bite when about to beflogged. In all these cases, the muscles are placed ontheir guard, and owing to their elasticity a great dealof injury might be inflicted without apparent harm.The man under the lash being in this state, the catdescends, and by-and-bye the muscles are irritated a.* the number of lashes increases, and contract spasmodically in the agony of writhing. This involuntarycontraction becomes, in instances of prolonged andexcessive flogging, so violent as to tear asunder thefibres of the muscles. After a time, subsequent to thepunishment, this may be repaired; but inflammatioD312 CURATIVE POWERS OF THE ROD.is likely to follow, and the muscle becomes soft, pulpy,and disorganised. Our authority, however, is of opinionthat serious results are only to be apprehended in th«. abuse of flogging, A couple of dozen lashes produce no ill effects of the kind. More than this, theworking powers of the criminal, which ought to renderhis incarceration remunerative, are only crippled for a few days. When, therefore, a severe flogging appearsabsolutely necessary, it might be well to dole it out insmall batches of lashes, and spread them over a greater or lesser period. With regard to the safest portion ofthe body on which to bestow flagellation, modernopinion endorses the old monastic view of the /oice/discipline—namely, that it is safer to flog the buttocksrather than the back or loins, because the importantorgans that underlie the latter are liable to be injured.For many reasons also, the "rattan" is to be preferredto the "cat" as the instrument ol flageliatioaCHAPTER XXIILCELESTIAL CASTIGATION."^HERE was formerly considerable doubt as to1 the real or practical machinery by which theClwnese Government was enabled to keep togther, inone bond of union, the multitudinous population ofthat extensive empire. It was thought, and the earlyJesuit rwissionaries encouraged the opinion, that "thislearned and virtuous people," as Voltaire called theChinese, had attained the secret of governing men bymeans of certain refined maxims of morality. Theresearches of travellers have, however, settled thatpoint, and it has been ascertained beyond a doubtthat the Chinese are governed entirely by the whipand the bamboo.The bamboo is the great moral panacea of China; and offences of every description are punished in allranks of society by means of flagellation. Corporalpunishment is indeed the most remakable feature ofthe Chinese penal code; and the highest officer ofthe state, is as liable to be whipped as the commonpickpocket. There are at least fifty clauses in thepenal code of China by which, for particular offences,a general officer in the Celestial army may be orderedto receive fifty lashes; and, strange to say, he maystill continue in the command of the army aer receiptof the punishment. It is indeed to us the strangest214 CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.thing about it—that in China there is no feeling ofdegradation attached to castigation. No doubt it is accompanied in a certain sense with that general abasement of character which, according to our notions,must exist in some degree before it can be endured.The fact, however, probably is, that the degradationwhich attaches to a blow in modern Europe is something more than natural, and that we are indebted tothe peculiar institution of "chivalry" for the refinedsystem of manners that makes it worse than deathfor a gentleman to receive a blow, or be convictedof telling a falsehood. In China they have no suchdelicacy: a blow is thought a bad thing in so far as it is painful, but no further; and in a countrywhere there seems to be absolutely no sense of honour,there is no punishment so equal and manageable.In some particular cases the law of China allows thecorporal punishment to be redeemed by a fine, at therate of about thirty shillings for each blow.Another peculiarity of the Chinese penal code is that persons are not only punished for committingcrimes, but that others have to suffer if they do notdetect them. For example, in cases of theft androbbery, the soldiery and magistrates of the district are exposed to repeated floggings if they do not discover and convict the offenders. In the case of trivialbreaches of the Chinese laws, such as drunkenness,cheating, squabbling, fighting, pilfering, insolence, oiinattention to a superior, or the like, any magistrate is empowered to administer punishment in a summarymanner, and the trials for such offences are conductedafter much the same fashion as at our own policecourts. It is the custom for a mandarin of justice tohold a court for the administration of the law daily,JCELESTIAL CASTIGATION. 215morning and evening, in his own house, where he isattended by his secretary or clerk, and by variousother inferior officers, some of them bearing ironshackles, and others pan-trees or bamboos. Upon themandarin's right hand stands the prosecutor or informer, and before him (the judge) is a table coveredwith silk, and the implements of writing, for a secre- tary to take down the depositions and defence, whichhave to be written in black ink, as the magistratesigns them with red ink, and seals them with wax ofthe same colour. On the table a number of smallsticks tipped with red are placed, and these are used inthe following manner: —If a culprit is convicted of apetty offence, the magistrate causes him to be immediately chastised, and released. The usual punishment upon such occasions is the pan-tree or bastinade,and the mandarin signifies the number of blows to beinflicted by casting so many of the above-mentionedsticks on the floor, each stick denoting five blows.The culprit, who during his trial and examination hasawaited the decree of the magistrate on his hands andknees, is then seized by the attendants and punished.The offender is thrown flat on his face, and is held inthat position by one or more, if necessary, of themagistrate's attendants kneeling upon his back, whilstanother applies the pan-tree. This instrument is athick piece of split bamboo cane, the lower end ofwhich is about four inches in width, but the upper endis small and smooth to render the instrument moreconvenient for the hand. Mandarins of power haveusually some persons in their train who attend themwith these pan-trees whenever they travel or go anywhere in public, and who are ready, at the nod of theirmaster, to exercise their office in the manner described.2l6 CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.After being beaten, it is customary for the delinquentto return thanks to the mandarin for the good care hetakes of his education. The position of witnesses is sometimes almost as bad as that of the accused, as, if their depositions do not please the judge (who is alsoin a sense the public prosecutor and the jury), theyare liable to be cuffed or whipped by the executioner,who is always in attendance.Not only does the magistrate see the bastinadeinflicted, but very often the tribunal is used for a prison, the condemned cells being placed in the firstcourt, where may be seen a crowd of unfortunatecriminals crouching in the sunshine, with livid facesand wasted limbs, scarcely covered by a few rags,some having on their shoulders an enormous cangue

others may be observed loaded with chains, as alsosome with fetters on their hands and feet. Wearingthe cangue is a very common punishment—that instrument is, in fact, a moveable pillory, formed of a largeblock of wood, with a hole in the middle, throughwhich the head of the criminal is passed. It presseswith all its weight upon his shoulders, and . gives theappearance of a huge table walking about on two legs.The Chinese code of law, which has been translated into English by Sir George Staunton, and fromwhich the following information has been derived, is called Ta-tsing Lu-li—that is, Laws and Statutes ofthe Grand Dynasty of the Tsing. It is divided intoseven portions on the following subjects: —i. GeneralLaw; 2. Civil Laws; 3. Fiscal Laws; 4. Ritual Laws

5. Military Laws; 6. Criminal Laws; and 7. Laws Concerning Public Works; and the title of Penal Codegiven by the translator, though not literal, is by nomeans inapplicable. Its penal character is a peculi-CELESTIAL CASTIGATION. 217arity of the legislation of the Chinese empire—everyordinance of the law, every regulation, is made underpenal sanction, not only in criminal, but in purelycivil affairs. All irregularities, faults, negligence, anderrors, that in European legislation would entail onlyforfeitures, incapacities, or some slight civil reparation,are punished in China by a certain number of strokesof the bamboo.There is a lavishness and minuteness of punishmentin the code of China which indicate the thoroughviciousness of the social system. Utilitarianism, andnot morality, is the prevailing principle: punishmentsare not graduated according to the moral gravity ofthe crime considered in itself, but merely on theamount of damage that may be occasioned by it. Thepunishment of each theft, for instance, is proportionedto the value of the object stolen, according to a scaledrawn up expressly to that effect. It must be admitted, however, that the system is well adapted to keeptogether the nation in its present state. The immensepopulation of China, depraved by the absence of faithand moral education, and wholly absorbed in materialinterests, would not subsist long as a nation, butwould be speedily dismembered, were a system oflegislation, founded on the principles of absolutejustice and right, to be suddenly substituted for thestrange one that now governs that country. Amonga nation of speculators and sceptics like the Chinese,the social bond is found in the penal, not in the morallaw, while the rattan and the bamboo form the soleguarantees for the fulfilment of duty. Again, there is a vagueness of definition in some of the articles of thecode which seems expressly contrived to favour theoppressive shuffling and dishonest propensities of the2l8 CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.executive mandarins, so that tlie law in their handsbecomes elastic, and their power unlimited. Whattradesrpen could escape if the mandarin chose to putin force the following: —" When a trader, after havingobserved the nature of his neighbour's business, stockshis shop, and puts prices on his goods, in such amanner that his neighbours cannot sell theirs, andthus obtains more than the customary advantage, heshall be punished with forty strokes of the bamboo."Another specimen of obscurity and elasticity may bealso quoted: —" Whoever shall observe a line of con- duct that offends propriety, and that is contrary tothe spirit of the laws, even zvithoiU any special infractionof their enactments, shall be punished by forty blows,or eighty, if the impropriety be very great."The system of responsibility, by which every subject of the emperor becomes in some measure responsible for the good conduct of his neighbour, his relative, his superior, or his inferior, is a notable feature ofthe Chinese code of laws. Public functionaries areprincipally subject to this responsibility, and the lawsrelating to their conduct are very stringent. Whenever a tribunal or body of official persons have incurredguilt by wrong decisions, or such decisions as, beingtitlier too mild or too severe, are contrary to the laws,or have become chargeable with negligence, the registrar must suffer most, as he is considered the principalauthor of the crime, and all the other participators are punished with less severity up to the president, whosepunishment is the slightest. The lower the officer,the higher the responsibility; for it is said no crimewould be committed if he refused his as-istance. Thusthe subordinate is liable to punishment if he concursin an illegal act, and he incurs the resentment of hisCELESTIAL CASTIGATION. 219superior if he refuses. It seems to European ideasvery curious that a judge should be whipped forgivingan erroneous decision; but in China not only is atribunal punishable for a wrong decision on a cause,the facts of which it may be presumed to be wellacquainted with, but even when a superior tribunalconfirms the erroneous sentence of an inferior tribunalor the reverse, as when a cause has been sent from thesuperior to the inferior court. A little carelessnessmay involve great consequences, for there are cases inwhich an inferior officer would be put to death forhaving sealed a letter badly. If the imperial seal isawkwardly placed or turned upside down on anydocument, all the officers responsible for affixing it areto receive eighty strokes; and if the person to whomthe document is sent should on this account feel anydoubts of its authenticity, and hesitate to execute theorders it contains, and any military operation shouldthus have failed, the clerk in the office is to be put todeath.The civil capacity of public functionaries is restrainedwithin certain limits—certainly a very wise arrangement. No government officer in towns of the first,second, or third order may take a wife within thelimits of their jurisdiction, under pain of eighty strokesof the bamboo, or a hundred if her father or motherhave a suit before the courts; and he is to undergo thesame punishment if he marry such a woman to his son,grandson, brother, or nephew. The Chinese system ofresponsibility affects private persons as well as governmcnt officials: thus, in each territorial division, composed of a hundred families, there is a head chosen byhis fellow-citizens, along with six others, to watch ovothe payment of the taxes and the performance of220 CELESTIAL CASTICATTON.other duties, and this head is responsible for a multi«tude of offences that may be committed within hisdistrict. When the lands are badly cultivated, thepunishment he may incur varies from twenty to eightystrokes of the bamboo, according to the extent of theland in question. There are various regulations topromote a perfect knowledge of the laws, both amongthe officials and the general public, all officers and persons in the employment of government being orderedto make them a particular study; and a special enactment of the code ordains that at the end of everyyear, and in all localities, the officers shall be examinedupon their knowledge of the laws, and if their answersare not satisfactory they are fined a month's pay if they hold a high office, or receive forty strokes of thebamboo if they are of inferior rank. All individuals,artisans, and others, who on occasion of their firstoffence (if committed by accident or through the faultof others) shall be able to explain the nature andobject of the law affecting them, shall be pardonedand released.There is a very bitter ingredient in the sweets ofhigh office. The number of officers for each tribunaland for every department is fixed by law; and whoeverihall be appointed unnecessarily over and above thisnumber, or shall cause another to be so appointed, shallreceive a hundred strokes of the bamboo, and an in- crease of punishment for every supernumerary officerwhose nomination he shall have procured! The treatment of culprits in prison, and the mode in whichthey are to undergo thejr punishment, is subject tominute regulation, and when a magistrate commitsprisoners to the gaol and neglects to take with respectto them the measures of rigour prescribed by the lawCELESTIAL CASTIGATION. 221he is punished with a number of strokes of the bamboo,proportioned to the crime which the said offenders havecommitted. This accounts for the severity with whichoffences are usually punished; for it is natural thatthe magistrate should err on the safe side, and notexpose himself to the bamboo by any deficiency inrigour.The organisation of the family in China is a politicalas well as social institution. Very much has beenmade of the filial piety exhibited among the Chinese; but we suspect the fear of the cangue and the rattanhas quite as much to do with it as natural affection.The marriage laws are careful and minute. It is easyto conclude a marriage without at all consulting theparties most interested, but this is only the case withthe first marriage. The father of a family cannotcompel a son who has become a widower to marry asecond time, under a penalty of eighty strokes of thebamboo. If between the betrothal and the marriagethe relations of the bride promise her hand to another,the head of the family receives seventy strokes, or eightyif she had been already presented and approved.Any person who accepts a promise of marriage,knowing that negotiations were begun with another,also receives eighty blows. Marriage is forbiddenander certain circumstances. It is illegal to marryduring the time fixed by law as the time of mourningfor a father, or mother, or husband, and the marriageis declared void, and the parties punished by a hundred strokes of the bamboo. A marriage contracted during the time of mourning for a grandfatheror grandmother, an uncle or aunt, an elder brother orsister, remains valid, but is punished by eighty blows.A widow who has received any distinction of rank222 CELESTIAL CASTlGATlON.from the emperor during her husband's life may notmarry again under penalty of a hundred blows andseparation from her new husband. The penalty foimarriage between parties bearing the same name,with any one concealing himself on account of crime,or with an actor or musician, is so much bamboo, andthe marriage to be declared null and void. Days ofmourning on the death of a member of the family are fixed by law, and any neglect of their observance is punished by sixty blows and a year of banishmentAdulterers of both sexes are punished with the stick.Women who have previously lived honest and virtuouslives are beaten in public, and are further disgracedby having their stockings and drawers removed; butthis ceremony is considered unnecessary with womenof bad fame.The ritual laws of China contain some curiousprovisions. It is the duty of the Astronomical Councilof Pekin to take accurate observations, and any error as to time or appearance is punished by sixty blowsof the bamboo. It is forbidden to musicians, sorcerers,and fortune tellers to frequent the houses of civil andmilitary officers, under pretext of announcingcalamitiesthat menace the nation, or fortunate events that maybe in store for it; they are decreed five hundredstrokes for every one of their predictions. Althoughthe Chinese are supremely indifferent to matters of religion, they have very precise and severe laws relatingto official worship in their temples, and all negligence,imperfection, or irregularity in the observance of therights is repressed by the bamboo, applied equally tothe delinquent and to the master of the ceremonies.Even the sacred pigs, which are fattened in the pagodasfor solemn sacrifices, are under the shelter of the law.CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.If they are not legally and properly fed, or Iromofficial neglect become thin or indisposed, the officialin charge receives fifty strokes of the bamboo, and so many more for every pig that does not thrive. Thewelfare of the pigs is therefore an important matter: any symptom of porcine illness is enough to throw a whole pagoda into consternation.The penal scale is of the simplest. The ordinarypunishments are the cangiie and the bamboo—so many days of the former and so many strokes of thelatter. Punishment of death is effected by strangulation or decapitation. There is also for great crimesthe peine forte et dure, the " slow and painful death,or torture by the knife, which is inflicted in this manner: the executioner puts his hand into a coveredbasket, in which are a number of knives marked withthe names of various limbs and parts of the body, anddrawing out one at random, he cuts off the part indicated from the body of the victim, and so on until thepoor wretch is dead. There is in China a peculiar modeof chastisement for boatmen. If a boatman is convicted of misbehaviour, he is compelled to kneel, andone of the officers of justice prevents him from flinching, whilst another grasps his hair and bestows a certain number of blows upon each side of his face witha sort of double battledore, made of leather. Theseverity with which punishment is frequently inflictedis something fearful. A recent traveller gives an instance which came under his observation. The prisoner was one of a gang of robbers who had beencommitting dreadful atrocities, such as cutting out thetongues and tearing out the eyes of men, women,and children, besides perpetrating other cruelties toohorrible to mention. During his trial he was suspended224 CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.m the middle of the hall like one of the large lanternscommon in pagodas. Ropes attached to the greatbeam in the roof held him tied by the wrists and feet, so as to throw his body into the form of a bow. Beneath him stood five or six executioners, armed withrattan rods and leather lashes, in ferocious attitudes,their clothes and faces spotted with blood—the bloodof the unfortunate creature, who was uttering stifledgroans, while his flesh was torn almost in tatters. Afterhis sentence, which was fifteen blows, but interpretedto mean an indefinite number, the executioners tooktheir places, and soon the body of the criminal wasswinging and turning about under a shower of blows,while he uttered terrible shrieks, and his blood spirtedon all sides, and ran down the rattans, reddening thenaked arms of the executioners.Pictures of Chinese punishments have been morethan once published. A graphic series, illustrative ofthe penal code of China, and designed as a satire onCelestial civilization and refinement, was publishedsome years ago by Mr. Percy Cruickshank. Thedrawings are rough and quaint, but effective. Theprocesses of penal starvation, of flaying alive, of tearing a woman's arms from her body, of flogging with a scourge, dipped in boiling oil, of garrotting, disembowelling, and tearing out the ears, are depicted. The ex- ecutioner is represented cutting a man in two, disjointing him, tearing him asunder; but the most horriblepicture of the series is " sawing a female in two " between boards.The Chinese are remarkable for their firmness ofpurpose. Generally they suffer the bamboo withoutmaking any great noise. But the Chinese characterwhen under suffering is, we are told, best seen at exe-CELESTIAL CASTIGATION.iutions. The victims, as we have frequently read, arecarried, bound hand and foot, in baskets, and tumbledout into the blood of the last sufferers, hustled up ontheir knees in long lines, and in five minutes a hundredheadless bodies lie weltering in their gore, and not a murmur or a groan will be heard, though none aregagged. Meadow's "Notes on China" contains anaccount of the execution of an innocent man, andstates that as he was being carried to the executionground the people heard him proclaiming his innocence, and warning them from interfering with him, asthe mandarin would only ruin them too, "This wasthe only instance of speaking," says a British resident," I have heard of Out of a large number I saw beheaded, more than one-half of whom were stated tobe perfectly innocent, not one uttered a cry. Theymay nave been drugged. A striking case is relatedof a man that was being flayed alive, railing at his tormentors to the last; and one of the rebels at Shanghai, who was being cut to pieces, got his death-blowsooner than was intended, owing to his being saucybefore the executioners. He was a Canton man, andhis countrymen at Shanghai spoke of his behaviourwith pride."It is said that Chinese marriages are seldom happy,and that peace and harmony do not often reign in theinterior of the family. The husband beats the wife,and the wife beats the husband when she can, but the"woman is almost always the sufferer. In some partsof the country it is so much the fashion to fustigate awife, that a man would hardly like not to do so, asto show himself negligent on this point would be toforfeit his marital dignity, and proclaim himself a -iimpleton, who understood notliin'T of his prero^?226 CELESTIAL CASTIGATION,lives. We have heard of such a case. A young husband almost thrashed his wife to death. Being askedwhat crime she had committed to deserve such treatment, he replied, " None: she never deserved anypunishment; we have only been married two years,and you know we have always lived in peace. But forsome days I have had something on my mind. 1 thought people were laughing at me, because I hadnever beaten my wife; and this morning I gave wayto a bad thought." The bad thought ultimately costhis wife her life. Mr. Ellis, in his account of the embassy to China,published in 1817, mentions a rather ludicrous use ofthe whip, that came under his observation. On oneoccasion a crowd of princes and mandarins had impeded the way to the ambassador's carriage, uponwhich Ho, the Duke, seized a large whip, with whichhe laid about him indiscriminate!}^, without regard toyellow vests, red, blue, or white buttons, or peacock'stails; and it is observed by Mr. Ellis, that " howeverindecorous, according to our notions, the employmentmight be for a man of his rank, the whip could nothave been placed in better hands."In Cochin China flogging is quite as frequent andas severe as it is in China proper. An old travellerdescribes the modus operatidi oi Cochin-Chinese flagellation in the Scots Magazine. Those to be floggedare pegged down in a row, men and women indis-\ criminately, their faces, of course, being to the ground.The requisite portion of their dress being removed,the soldier whose duty it is to inflict the punishment,on a signal being given, brings down the tip of hisrattan very sharply on the naked person of each of theprisoners in turn. The prisoners when they are tiedCELESTIAL CASTIGATION. 227down are quite ignorant of the number of blows theywill receive. The judge stops the flagellation whenhe thinks proper. Accused persons are often floggedin order to make them confess, which they seldom do,because the blows received do not count in the afterpunishment which is sure to follow. When the flagellation is completed, the punished one has to perform the kow-tow to the presiding mandarin. Thepunishment of the rattan is exceedingly severe: eachstroke raises a large pustule, and as these are brokenby subsequent blows a mass of bloody wounds speedilyaccrues on the body of the sufferer which is not easilyhealetl. Indeed, some of those who are severelypunished never recccr, but wander about cripplesfor life.CHAPTER XXIV.FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.CHINA is not the only nation that is governed bymeans of the bamboo: there are other peoplesin Asia who have had to bow low before the sticksince the earliest period of their history; but none ofthem, so far as we know, possess such an elaboratepenal code as that by which the Chinese are taughtto revere the sacred majesty of the law.In the neighbouring kingdom of Corea, a divisionof Chinese Tartary, the industrious student may discover many curious circumstances connected with theadministration of justice, a few of which maybe cited; —If a woman kills her husband she is buried alive up to}he shoulders, near a highway or other well frequentedroad, and an axe being laid beside her, every personpassing that way, who is not a nobleman, is obligedto give a stroke on her head until she is dead. It islawful, in the Corea, for a man to kill his wife foradultery or any other heinous offence, on his givingfull proof of the fact; and if the woman so killed wasa slave, the penalty is to pay three times her value toher owner. Masters possess full power over the lifeof their slaves, and it is reckoned no crime whateverto kill one, even for a trifling fault; but slaves whokill their masters, it is ordained, are to be tormentedto death. The Corea mode of capital punishment forFLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS. 229murder is a fearful one: after they have trampled onthe criminal, they pour vinegar (in which the putrefiedcarcass of the person murdered has been washed)through a funnel down his throat, and when his stomachis sufficiently distended they beat him on that part ofthe body with sticks till he bursts. Thieves are trampled to death! In a case of adultery, if the partieshave been caught inflagrante delicto, \\\^ man is stripped,his face daubed with lime, and an arrow run througheach ear; a small drum is then fastened on his back,and he is led through the town, the drum being beatupon at all the cross streets. He is then dischargedafter receiving forty or fifty strokes on his bare body.The offending woman, clothed only with one very finegarment, is then soundly beaten a la mode with thebamboo.The people of Corea have an effectual remedy forbad debts—either taxes due to the government or debts owing to private persons. If the debtor doesnot pay the amount due at the appointed time, he is beaten twice or thrice a month on his shin bones, andthis treatment continues until he can find the meansof discharging his debt: if he die before he has satisfied his creditor, it is the law that his nearest relativemust pay or suffer the same punishment. The bastinade is thechastisementapplicable to all minor offences,and considerable ingenuity is displayed in the differentways of inflicting it. It is applied to the hips, to thecalves of the legs, and to the shin bones, as well as tothe soles of the feet. When the culprit is to undergothe shin plaster, his feet are tied together on a littlebench, and he is bound to another by his hams, whenan oaken lath about three feet long, two inches broad,and an inch thick, flat on one side and rounded on230 FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.ihe other, is employed to strike the shins. The numberof blows is restricted by the law to thirty at one time; and if the culprit has to receive more, then, accordinglo the code, two or three hours must elapse before thedose is repeated, and so on until the sentence befulfilled. When the offender is sentenced to be drubbedon the soles of his feet, he is made to sit down on theground, when the executioner, tying his feet together,by the great toes, takes them between his own legs,and beats them with a stick, as thick as a man'sarm and about three or four feet long, for the nunibeiof times ordered by the judge. For the bastinade d/a mode a long bamboo is employed, and tlie culpritbeing bound to a bench with his face downwards, thestrokes are laid on; if the criminal is a woman, she is compelled to wear a pair of wet drawers while beingpunished. This is the most severe style of bastinade: a hundred strokes are considered equivalent to a sen- tence of death, and many criminals die even beforethey have got fifty.The usual punishment for women and apprenticesis an administration of the bastinade on the calf of thelegi which is accomplished with rods as thick as aman's thumb. Europeans find the bastinade a verysevere punishment, as was related by some DutchTien who were shipwrecked on the peninsula of Corea,and retained as prisoners. A party of them attemptingto make their escape, were seized and brought back,and being carried before the governor, he caused themto be laid flat on the ground, and their hands to bechained to a great log. The other prisoners werethen brought up, and examined as to whether theyknew of the attempt of their companions to escapethey all denied it, and those who had made theFLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS. 231attempt being interrogated as to their design, repliedthat they intended to go to Japan, and that they wouldrather brave the dangers of the passage without provisions than remain prisoners any longer. Upon thisconfession they were immediately subjected to the bastinado d posteriori, receiving each twenty-five strokes,and it was fully a month before they recovered fromtheir punishment.An old traveller, writing of the administration oijustice in Tartary, says that for light theft, such asstealing a ram, the criminal, although not caught inthe act, but convicted on circumstantial evidence, iscruelly beaten; the executioner being in the courtready to put the sentence into execution as soon as it isdelivered. Fraud, sacrilege, heinous theft, or murder,are punished by death. Marco Polo tells us howthey punish malefactors. He says: " If any steal a thing of small value, and is not to be deprived of life,he is seven times beaten with a cudgel, or seventeen,or seven-and-twenty, or thirty-seven, or forty-seven,giving the strokes according to the measure andquality of the offence, and that unto a hundred: somedie through these strokes." In the Imperial city,persons found by the royal guards walking in thestreets at a late hour are taken up and beaten withcudgels, and on the occasion of a court festival thereare placed at all the doors two gigantic fellows withcudgels to see that none touch the threshold, andwhoever is unlucky enough to do so is deprived ofhis garments by the sentinels, and he must eitherredeem them by accepting a certain number of blowsor lose them altogether.It seems strange that the bamboo is so little usedin Japan, a nation having so much resemblance to232 FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.China in its manners and customs, but it is nevertheless true that fla^^ellation is scarcely known among theJapanese. Even in domestic life the Rod is seldomused either to punish children or wives; the former are,indeed, educated and brought up with much tender- ness and indulgence.We have not read, either, of the use of the Rod inJapanese schools. A person who passed some years inthai country says that the schools there are a greatcontrast to our own. The finishing schools of Japanare conducted as follows: —" A Japanese female finisiving establishment has the following amongst oiheipeculiarities—viz., all the masters pay for the privilegeof teaching, instead of (as is the case with us) beingpaid for their lessons. This makes the instruction a labour of love. Then, again, to a certain extent, a Japanese young lady is allowed considerable freedomas to the selection of her instructors: she generallyprefers the best looking. A lady-principal of one ofour English finishing establishments for young ladieswould not be a little surprised if she could be suddenlytransported to Japan, tliere to study the peculiaritiesof Japanese customs. She would find herself, not in a close pent-up room, filled with girls bolt upright,each perched upon an educational stool, but in a delightful garden, fragrant with the odour of tea andflowers. She would see a number of little summerhouses, embowered in the midst of those charming\-egetabIe products for which Japan is so justly celebrated, brought to perfection by the most exquisitehorticulture. She would see bright-eyed damsels,with cheeks pink as the roses, moving about withgraceful step, each bearing a small lacquer tray withtea and cakes. She would see those damsels withFLAGELLATION AMOTfG EASTERN NATIOxN'S. 233joyous smile and modest mien, wending each her wayto a summer-house. In each of the summer-housesshe would see a master or professor, either waitingthe return of one of the refreshment-bearing damselsor else sitting by the side of one who had alreadycome back. It is impossible for a stranger new toJapan not to be struck with the peculiarities of aneducational discipline so different from our own."The Japanese criminal code is, however, a verysanguinary one, death punishments being inflicted forthe slightest crimes, and particularly for theft: whoever has stolen, even to the value of one penny, has nopardon to expect. Gambling is also punishable bydeath. Homicide, and all crimes punished by deathin Great Britain, are also punished by death in Japan.Everyone must suffer the punishment of his own crime;and when an offence is committed against the state,punishment falls upon the whole race of the offender!There are various modes of punishment, all of whichare shockingly cruel: among these are—burning alive,crucifixion with the legs in the air and the head downwards, tearing into four quarters by infuriated bulls,and some criminals are cast alive into boiling wateror oil. The nobles and the military enjoy the privilegeof exercising the happy dispatch upon themselves;they slash open their bodies when they are condemned to death with much sang froid. The privilege is indeed gladly taken advantage of: the doomedgentleman bidding his friends farewell, quietly ripshimself up.Among the Kirghese Tartars, flogging plays aprincipal part in the punishment awarded for horsestealing. Dr. Eversman, in his " Journal of a Tour toBokhara," relates the following instance of which hei34 FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.was an eye-witness: —The criminal was originally con- demned to death, but his punishment was mitigated.First of all, the delinquent, having been stripped almostnaked, with his hands tied behind him, and his faceblackened with coal, was hunted up and down throughthe group of tents forming the encampment, and if his legs did not carry him fast enough he was soundlybelaboured with stripes by those who rode after him.After an interval he was driven a second time throughthe village with a cord in his mouth, being fastened tothe tail of a horse, on which a man rode, whilst anotherrider goaded him onwards from behind: in this manner he was again hunted and flogged between thetents. After this the throat of the culprit's horse wascut instead of his own, and every individual in thecrowd of Kirghese who witnessed the scene cut off a piece of the animal's flesh, while it was yet warmand quivering, as a dainty morsel for his eveningmeal; in fact, there was not a remnant of the animalleft. Among the same nation minor offences, such as wrangling, tumult, assualt and battery, &c., are punished by flogging with whips, instead of bamboo, asis perhaps natural to a nation of horsemen.In India corporal punishment is one of the established institutions of the country. Masters use it as amatter of course to their servants, parents to theirchildren, and all superiors to their inferiors; whileservants of all kinds give each other " the slipper" onthe softest part of their person. Whipping excites nosurprise in that country, and hardly seems to provokethe indignation of the sufferer himself, much less of theonlooker. The late Hyder Ali applied the same " cat"to all transgressors alike—gentlemen and horse-keepers,•ax-gatherers and his own sons. The flogging of col-FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN A^ATIONS. 235lectors was of daily occurrence: any day one or two ofthese men might be seen tied up and being flogged bytwo men with whips, their flesh torn with nails, andthen scourged again.Flogging and torture were and are still, we believe,extensively employed in the collection of the revenue.The system—a very old one—has been handed downthrough the various native governments, and been continued in a covert manner under. British rule. Thenatives imbibed long ago the notion, and tradition hasonly strengthened it, that a certain degree of compulsion is absolutely necessary in the collection of the public revenue. • In the report of the commissioners for theinvestigation of alleged cases of torture in the MadrasPresidency in India, submitted to Parliament in 1855,it was shewn, upon indisputable evidence, that torturesof various kinds and different degrees of severity wereemployed upon the natives in the collection of therevenue. One of the ordinary instruments used toexpedite the collection of revenue was the scourge.In most cases the defaulter was hung up by the armsto a tree or the beam of a house, in which positionhe was made to suffer the lash, the instrument emp'oyed being either a scourge of leather thongs (calledcornecheivar^ and sometimes jerbimd) or the touglifibres of the tamarind tree, and sometimes a whip o\coir rope. The commissioners give a capital illustrationof the popular feeling in the matter by noticing thefact that in the rude dramas of the populace, a favouritescene, and one which never fails to be received withshouts of laughter and applause, is " the exhibition ofrevenue squeezed out of a defaulter coin by coin,through the appliance of familiar ' provocatives' underthe superintendence of a caricatured ta/isi/dar."236 FLAGELLATION AMOxMG EASTERN NATIONS.Besides flogging, the two most common forms oftorture appear to be the kittee and the anundal, bothof which are noticeable for their ingenuity. The kitteecorresponds to the thumbscrewof the European torture.It is a wooden instrument something Hke a lemonsqueezer, between the plates of which the hands, thethighs (in women also the breasts), the ears, and othermore sensitive parts of the body, are squeezed to thelast point of endurance, often to fainting, and frequently to permanent disablement. In many placesthe kittee has been superseded by the more simpleplan of violently compressing the hands under a flatboard, on which a heavy pressure is laid, sometimeseven by the assistants standing on it. The anundalis a purely Eastern torture. It consists in tying thevictim in a stooping or otherwise painful and unnatural position, generally with the head forcibly bentdown to the feet, by a rope or cloth passed roundthe neck and under the toes. Sometimes a poor wretchis made to stand on one leg, the other being forciblytied up to his neck. Sometimes the arms and legs are curiously interlaced, and the frame, thus violently distorted, is kept bound up for hours in a condition littleshort of dislocation. It is not uncommon to apply tuihe most sensitive parts of the body (enclosed in acloth, or cocoa-nut shell, or other similar receptacle)a biting insect or reptile, such as the poolah or car- penter-beetle, and to leave it to gnaw the flesh of themiserable sufferer. It is an ordinary practice to putpepper or powder, also chillies^ into the eyes or the -nostrils, and to apply these, and similar irritatingdrugs, in ways which are too revolting to be evenhinted at.A case which came before the Supreme Court ofFLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS. 237India shews that flogging was sometimes resorted to inother matters besides the collection of the revenue. Itwas an action brought by a native of the Brahmin casteagainst the superintendents of police for assault andimprisonment. Theplaintiffbeing brought before themcharged with assault, was refused a day's time to sendfor witnesses, his offer to find bail was rejected, and hew as at once placed in confinement. An application byletter was then made to the defenders by an attorneyto releasehim, which, however, was unavailing—indeed,on receipt of the letter, the Brahmin was flogged withtwenty stripes, as some of the witnesses said, for havingemplo)'ed an attorney. The defendants endeavoured10 justify their right to apprehend persons chargedwith such crimes, under appointment by the GovernorGeneral and Council. The court took a different viewof the question, and awarded damages to the amountof 2000 rupees with costs. One of the judges observedthat he thought the refusal of bail, and the non-hearingthe plaintiff's witnesses, highly improper, and alsothat the punishment was severe, and the plaintiffentitled to serious damages. He observed that as punishment by beating, after summary examination,had been constantly used in Bengal under the Mogulgovernment, he could not help thinking it was highlyexpedient it should be still used, though he ownedtliat the defendants had not even this power since thebye-law was disallowed. But by beating he did notmean that severity should be used. He thought theplaintiff entitled to a proper compensation, but couldnot imagine that a poor Brahmin, who had consentedto become a servant and to accept of wages, shouldmake his fortune by a beating.The following account of the Buffalo or Flagellating23? FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.Waren of the Hindoos is from the Dublin UniversityMagazine of 1S49: it is a scene which takes placein the worship of the goddess Devee: —A greatcrowd of the Mhars or Purwarees (low castes) having collected round the temple of Kalika-Devee{i.e., Devee in her black or bloody character) withflags, drums, horns, and all the varieties of shrilland stridulous music usually employed in native processions, an immense black female buffalo was broughtto the spot, its horns gilt, its forehead streaked withvermilion, and its neck hung with garlands of flowers.The animal having been there secured by a chain, a man advanced from the crowd naked from the waist,with his head bare, and his long black hair cast looseover his shoulders, back, and breast; in his righthand was a naked sword. On his left stood an olderman, who held a long thick scourge of twisted andknotted hemp, and who appeared to act as a directorof the ceremonies. Coming up to where the buft*alostood, the sword-bearer uttered some words, which weretaken up and repeated by the crowd around him; theneyeing the neck steadily, and waving the weapon gentlythree times over his head, he brought it down suddenly,with the speed of a sunbeam, on the neck of the victim,and at one stroke severed the head from the body.The black quivering mass fell forward: the imageof Kalee was bathed in the spouting blood, in whichthe whole arena soon swam; the multitude shoutedwith savage exultation, and the diabolical native musicset up its infernal din. Stooping down amidst the poolof blood, the sacrificer lost not a moment in skinningthe slaughtered victim, and then, clothing himself inthe yet reeking hide, and seizing in his right handthe c?ain by which the animal had been bound, heFLAGF.T T-ATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS. 2.39rose from the ground and commenced dancing aboutand shaking his head in front of the idol, amidst a deafening din of shouts, drums, horns, and hautboys.As he danced, the man with tlie hempen scourgewound this formidable lash three or four times roundhis waist and legs. It elicited no expression of pain,but merely increased his motion. His excitementsoon rose to a tremendous pitch; his eyes grew bloodshot, his mouth foamed, and at last he began to bellowout and scourge himself with the iron chain, till theblood ran down his back and legs. He was now inWaren. The afflatus of Devee herself had enteredand possessed him. The whole multitude acknowledged and worshipped their bloody divinity presentin his person, and went forward rejoicing towards theriver, with him in the midst, still continuing his convulsive dance and flagellation.After advancing a few paces, he suddenly struck oneof the surrounding crowd with the chain. The manthus smitten staggered and shivered for a moment asif he had received a shock from an electric battery; then, apparently convulsed, he tore the chain from thehands of the man-buffalo, and began dancing, shakinghis head, bellowing, and flogging his own body, precisely as the first had done. The man-buffalo, meanwhile, though deprived of the chain, maintained hishigh excitement and spasmodic dance. The bearer olthe hempen scourge lashed them both from time totime without any perceptible effect, and seemed totriumph in this proof of their genuine possession.After a time, the second demoniac struck a thirdindividual, who seized the chain in his turn, and beganthe same round of convulsive action. From the thirdthe rabies was communicated to a fouith, from him to240 FLAGELLATION AMONG EASTERN NATIONS.a fifth, and so on till the Waren of Devee was propagated through the whole multitude; and beforethe procession had proceeded half-a-mile there v/as a crowd of some fifty or sixty individuals, their longhr>ir dishevelled, their backs streaming with blood—ali bellowing out, all shaking their heads and limbs with a simultaneous convulsive motion, all dancing forwardin a sort of rhythmical movement, amidst the bounding clatter of tom-toms, the mellow booming of drumsand cow's-horns, the blare of the great brazen trumpetssix feet long, and the wild and exciting dissonanceproduced by the intermingled screaming, wailing, andprolonged too-tooing of multitudinous flageolets, hautboys, and bagpipes.Flagellation in the form of the bastinade is in dailyuse among the Turks and Persians. Their mode ofadministering it is considerably different from theChinese method, but there can be no doubt theeffect is very much the same. It is as follows

—Two men support between them a strong pole,which is kept in a horizontal position: about themiddle of the pole are placed some cords with tworunning knots or nooses; through these the naked feetof the sufferer are forced, and then made tight in sucha manner that the soles of the culprit are fairly ex- posed; the sufferer is then thrown on his back, or leftto rest on his neck and shoulders, with his feet invertedwhich are forthwith beaten by a third man with itough heavy stick. When the presiding officer or magistrate gives the word, the heavy blows cease, themaimed feet are cast loose from the cords and pole,and the victim is left to crawl away, and cure himselfas he best can. According to the letter of the penalcode of the Ottoman Empire, this punishment can onlyFlagellation among eastern Nationsbe inflicted on the men of the fourth and last class ofsociety, which comprises the slaves and the rayhas oftributary subjects of the empire, as Je\ s, Armenians,Greeks, &c. The other three classes-—viz., the Emirs,or issue of the race of the prophet Mohammad, andthe Oulemas or men of the law, public functionaries,civil and military, and free citizens, and private individuals who live on their rents or the proceeds of theirindustry—were all exempted by law from this crueland degrading punishment. By the original code thenumber of blows to be given was from three to thirtynine: but a later clause permitted them in certain casesto be carried to seventy-live; and in practice this isoften exceeded, nor are privileges always respected.The bastinade was a punishment used among theancient Greeks and Romans. The latter called it fustigatio, fustmm adinonitio, fustibus cccdi, which differed from the flagellatio in being done with a stick,instead of a rod or scourge. Fustigation was a lighterpunishment, and inflicted only on freemen, flagellationbeing reserved for the slaves. It was also called tympanum, because the sufferer was beat with sticks likea drum.CHAPTER XXV.THE ROD IN RUSSIA.RUSSIA, despotic and semi-barbaric, is par excellence the land of the Whip and the Rod, theRussians from time immemorial having been governedby the lash. Corporal punishment, in various fom^s,by rod and stick or whip, is freely and indiscrimmatelyapplied to offenders of every description. A rod isstill the chief instrument in the hands of the municipaland police authorities, and even the officials themselvesare not exempt from such discipline. Neither age nor sex is a safeguard against being beaten like a dog, andthe poor peasant may be sent to the next police station,although it may be twenty or thirty miles away, witha note to the superintendent requesting that functionary to supply the bearer w ith so many lashes at sight

and such a note is always certain to be duly honoured,the number of stripes being frequently given withliberal interest. The police take full advantage of thearbitrary power vested in tlicir hands, and even subordinate officials, who have no proper legal authorityto beat, kick, and cuff the poorer classes withoutmercy, often do so; and a beating, whether administered by the properly authorised official or not, is,as a Russian proverb says, always a beating.Blows, however, do not count for much in Russia; the highest as well as the lowest personages of the em-THE ROD IN RUSSIA. 24Jpire are liable to suffer them. No lady, at least no Russian lady, considers it infra dig. to box the ears of heimaid; but when the maid happens not to be a Russian,there may be, according to the following anecdote, considerable danger in the practice: —A princess, whosehair was being dressed by a French waiting-maid,having received some accidental scratch, at once turnedround and slapped the face of her attendant. TheFrenchwoman, it seems, had the lady's back hair inher hands at the time, and being indignant at theinsult, she grasped it firmly, and holding her head fast,she administered a sound correction, with the back ofthe hair brush, on the cheeks and ears of her highness.Of course a lady of her highness' blood could notallow it to be said that she had been struck by a ser- vant: thus she was unable to resent the insult publicly, and had therefore to pocket the affront, and bribethe Frenchwoman, by money and kind treatment, tohold her tongue.In Russia the stick is the tdtima ratio of mantowards his fellow: every noble or official has theright to beat any one he pleases—male or female, forbeing of the weaker sex is no defence against thispunishment. The education of serfs and soldiers isaccomplished by the stick. Has a peasant not enoughintelligence or a fine enough ear to learn music } —thestick. Does a soldier not turn on his heels quickenough, is he foolish or stupid?—the stick. For thedisobedience of the slave, for the thousand and onelittle faults that servants daily commit, for the merchan;-that fails to show due respect to his noble customei,everywhere and always—the stick. A tailor of Bordeaux, established at St. Petersburg, having refusedcredit to a nobleman, who already owed him a prettyi6—2244 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.considerable sum, the nobleman, being enraged at therefusal, struck the plebeian who had the audacity toobject to be duped by a lord. The tailor retaliated,and the nobleman then went and denounced him forstriking a superior. The unfortunate Bontoux wasarrested, received the bastinade, and was obliged todispose of his establishment and quit the countryimmediately.The stick is so much in use among Russian noblesthat they cannot conceive any other means for the re- pression or punishment of ordinary faults and offences, or for the indulgence of vengeance. We give a.n instance. Count Panin, an old minister of Paul I., livedat his country house, in company with his physician, hishousekeeper, and a Frenchman who conducted theeducation of two young lads. The attentions of thetutor towards Madame Panin, all innocent as theywere, displeased the count, and filled him with suchjealousy that he resolved to expel the young man, andsend him away with a mark of his disapprobation. Oneday the count called his medical adviser into hiscabinet, and said to him, " Doctor, I wish to consultyou on an important matter: I flatter myself youwill agree with me. Dubois (the tutor) is a roguewhom I wish to dismiss; but dismission is not enough:I wish to punish him effectually. I shall order someof my servants to lie in wait for him on the road, tostop him, and then to give him a sound beating. Hedeserves it, does he not? What do you think VStupefied and indignant, the doctor replied that inFrance such an action would be called criminal andcowardly; and he hurried to M. Dubois, and revealedto him the project of the noble count. The youngman departed, and, thanks to the pistols with vvliichTHE ROD IN RUSSIA. 245the doctor had furnished him, he left the territory ofM. de Panin without opposition. From that momentthe doctor perceived that the count treated him withmarked coldness, and he was not long in quitting aplace that was disagreeable. Count Panin was nevertheless an enlightened, witty, philosophic, liberalminded man; but he was a Russian, and in the opinion of a Russian noble the stick is the most naturaargument that can be used to an inferior.The police are adepts in the use of the sameargument. The celebrated Russian poet Pouchkin, a few days before being killed in a duel, was whippedin the rooms of the prefect of police, by command ofthe Czar, in order, he was told, to soften down theardour of his caustic humour. Not a week, not a da\',passes (says a recent writer) without some officers,some students, or some officials suffering from thesame kind of punishment: with their trousers unbraced, or their shoulders bare, they are whipt for theleast intemperance of language. A poor peasant, inthe employment of a hairdresser at St. Petersburg,being unable longer to endure the bad treatment ofhis master, resolved to put an end to his days by committing suicide, but he succeeded only in woundinghimself, and a short time in the hospital was sufficientto cure him. As soon as he was able to bear punishtfient he was ordered to be whipped, to teach him howto live, and the wounds of the whip were quite as difficult to heal as the hole he had made in his throat.It is satisfactory to know that in the way of whipping the engineer was sometimes hoist with his ownpetard. A certain gentleman, who was rich in " bloodand ore," employed his faculties in the invention ofwhat may be designated a truly "infernal machine-'246 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.for the castigation of his slaves. It was constructeain such a manner that when an unfortunate delinquentwas placed in it so that he could not move, a piece ofmechanism, ingeniously contrived, was put in motion,and inflicted severe blows on his back. Tlie slaves,driven to desperation at being made victims for theamusement of their owner, one day placed him in themachine, in order that he might feel the pain - he hadso often, out of mere wanton cruelty, caused them toendure.A curious instance of the pcncJinnt for the Rod is found in the Russian social circle. The married women,we are told by various writers, take it as a token oflove from their husbands to be well beaten. Theyconsider it as a real contempt, and as evidence of a waning tenderness, if they are not chastised from timeto time; and such a custom is not peculiar to personsof the lower classes, but is common to them withthe higher classes of society. More than one travellermentions this trait. Barclay says of the Russian wives,that they estimate the kindness of their husbands fromthe number of strokes they give them; and are nevermore happy, in their opinion, than when they have metwith a man of a barbarous temper. A capital andapropos story is related of a Frenchman married to a handsome Russian lady, who, after fourteen days ofsupreme enjoyment, became very sad and melancholy,shewing signs of the most profound grief. The younghusband being very anxious to know the cause of hergrief, she explained the matter, after much questioningon his part, by saying, " How can I believe that yovlove me We have already been united four weeks,and you have not yet beaten me once!" The husbandwas delighted to learn that her grief could so easily beTHE ROD IN RUSSIA. 247assuaged, and lost no time in procuring a tender andelegant rod, with which he, on suitable occasions,bestowed on her the necessary tokens of his love!Other travellers relate that the whip is consideredas necessary a part of the lad)s "providing" as anyother domestic article.Whether the same idea has given rise to the use ofthe birch in Russian baths it would be difficult todetermine, but it is well known that this instrument isemployed in the bathing houses. The Russian bath isa th\ng per se. It consists of a room, not lofty, furnished with a large oven, several rows of benches atdifferent stages of elevation, and a large tub of water.When the oven is glowing hot, water is thrown on it from time to time, that a vapour may be produced tofill the room. Among the most essential requisites ofthe bath, we are told, are bunches of birch twigs withthe leaves on. In the spring season, whole roods ofyoung verdant birch twigs are cut and tied together atone end for bathing whisks. Previous to being used,they are dipt in water to make them soft and pliant.With this bunch of twi^js the body of the bather is wellflogged all over. A Russian bath in full operation isa scene almost beyond description. A crowd of bothsexes, old and young, in a state of nudity, enjoy theluxury of the bath at the same time, and laughing, talking, and jostling, pour almost scalding water upon theirbodies, and then rub and flagellate each other with theDirches. This done, they rush out, in the same costume,and complete the operation by rolling themselves inthe snow, or plunging into cold water. One travellersays, " On opening one of the doors to see the interior,I could see nothing for the density of the vapour, andI could hear nothing but the confused murmuring of248 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.human voices, accompanied with the sound of thescourgings with the leafy bundles of birch."Mr. Stephens, in " Inudents of Travel in Greece,Russia, Turkey, and Poland," narrates his own personalexperience of the Russian bath: —" At Moscow, ridingout to the suburbs, the drosky boy stopped at a largewooden building, pouring forth steam at every chinkand crevice. At the entrance stood several half-nakedmen, one of whom led me to an apartment to undress,and then conducted me to another, in one end of whichwere a furnace and an apparatus for generating steam.I was then familiar with the Turkish bath, but theworst I had known was like the breath of the gentlesouth wind compared with the heat of this apartment.The operator placed me in the middle of the floor,opened the upper door of the stove, and dashed intoit a bucketful of water, which sent forth volumes ofsteam, like a thick fog, into every part of the room,and then laid me down on a platform about three feethigh, and rubbed my body with a mop dipped in soapand hot water from my head to my heels, long enough,if the thing were possible, to make a blackamoorwhite, then gave me another sousing with hot water,and another scrubbing with pure water, and then con- ducted me up a flight of steps to a high platform,stretched me out on a bench within a few feet of theceiling, and commenced whipping me with twigs ofbirch with the leaves on them, dipped in hot water.It was as hot as an oven when he laid me down onthe bench; the vapour, which almost suffocated mebelow, ascended to the ceiling, and finding no avenueof escape, gathered round my devoted body, fairlyblistering and scalding me; and when I removed myhands from my face, 1 felt as if I had carried awayTHE ROD IN RUSSIA. 249my whole profile. I tried to hold out to the end, butI was burning, scorching, and consuming. In agonyI cried out to my tormentor to let me up, but he didnot understand me, or was loath to let me go, andkept thrashing me with the bunch of twigs, until, perfectly desperate, I sprang off the bench, tumbled himover and descended to the floor. But my tormentorhad not done with me, and as I was hurrying to thedoor he dashed over me a tub of cold water. I wasso hot that it seemed to hiss as it touched me; hecame at me with another, and at that moment I couldimagine—what had alwa) s seemed a traveller's story

the high satisfaction and perfect safety with which theRussian in mid-winter rushes from his hot bath androlls himself in the snow. The grim features of mytormentor relaxed as he saw the change that cameover me. I withdrew to my dressing-room, dozed ar hour on the settee, and went out a new man."Many of the Russian monarchs were adepts at usingthe whip, and were particularly ingenious in tormenting those around them. It is well known that, duringthe reign of Peter I., it was the custom of that monarchto punish those nobles who offended him by an imperial order that they should become fools. Fromthat moment the unfortunate victim, however endowedwith intellect, instantly became the laughing-stock ofthe whole court: he had the privilege of saying anything he pleased; but it was a questionable advantage,since it was exercised at the peril of the fool beingkicked or horse-whipped without daring to offer anykind of resistance. Everything he did was ridiculed; his complaints treated as jests, and his sarcasmssneered at and commented on as mai-vellous proofsof understanding in a fool. The Empress Anne ex250 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.celled in this practice, and sometimes mingled with it so much oddity, that it wasimpossible notto be amused.One of her most bizarre inventions in this line was anorder for a certain prince to become a hen, to punishhim for some trifling misdemeanour. For this purposethe Empress ordered a large basket stuffed with straw,and hollowed into a nest with a quantity of eggs inside,to be placed conspicuously in one of the principalrooms at court. The prince was condemned, on painof death, to sit upon this nest, and render himself tothe la"'st degree ridiculous by imitating the cackling of a hen.Catherine II. was an adept in the use of the Rod,and once had one of her maids of honour punishedwith the birch for telling a secret. This maid ofhonour had been her mistress* confidante in one ofthose numerous love intricrues with which Catherine o amused her royal fancy. The maid was at the timeengaged to be married, and could not keep a certainsecret from her lover. Accordingly she communicatedto him the particulars of her royal mistress' affaire ducceufi but unfortunately neglected to caution him notto tell it; and, as a matter of course, it was a secret nolonger—indeed, it very soon came to the ears of theEmpress. Catherine knew very well that the scandalcould only have one source, and affecting to take nonotice of it, helped on most zealously the marriageof the lady. On the day the young couple were united,and after they had retired to the nuptial chamber, theEmpress sent six women (or rather, as is said, six men.dressed as women) to the room, and having demandedadmittance in the name of the Queen, "hoisted" thebride, and inflicted upon her a ver)- severe flagellationwith rods, the husband being compelled to witness theTHE ROD IN RUSSIA. 25-1ceremony on his knees. ' At the conclusion of thechastisement, the culprit was politely informed that arepetition of the offence would send her to Siberia.This royal lady did not disdain personally to handlethe Rod—in fact, whipping was a pastime, or rather apassion, with her. She whipped her housemaids,dressers, and footmen, when she was enimy6e, with thegreatest possible gusto: the maids being horsed onthe backs of the footmen, and the footmen in theirturn beinc: hoisted on the backs of the maids. The Empress used also, by way of pastime, to bestow elegantflagellation on her ladies of lionour. She compelledsome of them, it is said, to dress themselves as children, and to act as if they were children; and then,pretending to be their mamma, she chastised them intruly maternal fashion! At times she acted as goveiness, and ordering her maids of honour to learn impossible lessons, she whipt them for not being perfect.It is related that she carried this craze so far, that theladies had to come to school in one of the grandsaloons of the Winter Palace ready for the Rod — thatis with their dresses so adjusted that the Empresscould whip them at once. Iler Majesty would sometimes personate a Roman lady surrounded with slaves,whom she either whipt herself or caused to whip eachother—indeed, there was no end to her eccentricities.She would visit incognito certain noble families, andinsist upon the grown-up young ladies being severelybirched for some real or fancied misdemeanour, andwould not disdain at times, to administer a chastisement with her own royal hand. The Empress Catherine was equally peculiar in her other amusements.At Oranienbaum she went hunting and shootingdressed as a man; and when on horseback, she pre-252 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.ferred to ride like a man whenever it was practicable.Her "lady's saddle" was provided with a second stirrup, which could be let down or raised at pleasure.We get an amusing glimpse of Russian manners inthe time of the Empress Catherine from the followingorder issued by her for the regulation of polite so- ciety: —" No lady shall get drunk under any pretext,and the gentlemen not before nine o'clock. Ladieswho play at forfeits and games of that sort must behave themselves respectably. No gentleman maysteal a kiss, and no one is permitted to beat a lady inthe assembly under the penalty of being excluded forthe future." Much might be said upon thi'? subject of" getting drunk," either before or after nine o'clock.The Grand Duke in Catherine's time also amused himself with the whip, and often exercised himself by whipping everybody about the room with an immensecoachman's whip, making the valets jump from onecorner to another, and skip through the room to es- cape the lash. He would hold nocturnal orgies withthe servants. They got drunk, and were apt to forgetthat they were with their master, and that that masterwas the Grand Duke; then his Imperial Highnesswould have recourse to the whip, or stick, or any otherweapon that he could get, to reduce them to a propersense of their duty.Golovin says of the Emperor Nicholas I. that historywill be puzzled which title to give him, " a crownedDon Quixote," a " drill sergeant spoiled," or a " womanwhipped." This author relates several anecdotes ofhis ferocious disposition, one of which we transcribe.At a training school for governesses at the FemaleOrphan Institution, St. Petersburg, a young lady, whohad loved not wisely but too well, found herself oneTHE ROD IN RUSSIA. 253day in an interesting condition, and became a mother,witliout tile superintendent, curiously enough, beingable to indicate precisely what lady it was. The Emperor proceeded to the place in person, and haranguedthe whole school, declaring that unless the guilty ladynamed herself he would cause them all to be visited bythe doctor, or else have them all flogged. After confession, the lady, he announced, would be pardoned; but as no one presented herself, the Czar left in a towering rage. While he was passing through the corridor, one of the students threw herself at his feet, anddeclared that, to save her companions from an affront,she would confess herself the guilty one; but Nicholaskicked her away with his foot, saying " It is toolate." Here is another story: The Emperor was visiting the hospitals at Moscow. At one of them an oldman raised himself in bed and said, " Your majesty atlast must know how they treat us. The dying generally speak the truth, but Czars do not like to listento it," " Speak, you rascal," exclained Nicholas, " butif you are unlucky enough to utter a word that doesnot prove to be true, I'll have you flogged to death,"The old man became pale, fell back, and never roseagain.The people at this time groaned and writhed underthe imperial rod. The Emperor abused his courtiers,and they revenged themselves on their subordinates,who, not being able to find words sufficiently energetic,raised their hands against those who in their turn hadfound the hand too light, and had armed themselveswith a stick, which was ultimately displaced by thewhip, " The peasant in Russia is beaten by everybody; by his master when he condescends so far todemean himself, by the steward ai:d the starosta, b\254 THE ROD IN RUSSIA.the public authorities, by the first passer by if he benot a peasant. The poor fellow, on his part, has nomeans to indemnify himself except on his wife or hishorse, and these he thrashes energetically." Such is Golovin's picture of a phase of Russian manners, andhe ought to know something of that empire and howit is governed, as he is himself a Russian subject"What a happy lot," says this author, "is that of theRussian nobles! they live like kings or demigods! Anoble, retired to his estate with a handsome wife, atthe head of some thousands of peasants, with large re- venues, passes days of delight, and enjoys an existencewhich has not its parallel in the whole world! Youare absolute sovereign on your own estates: all cringeand tremble at the sound of your voice. If you ordera hundred or two coups-de-bdton to be inflicted on Peteror John, your order will be executed, and his back willimmediately become as black as a coal. You havemerely to throw your handkerchief to any woman whopleases you: you are not a sultan for nothing."In the state prisons a great deal of whipping goeson, and flogging cases occur in the police cells withwhich the public are totally unacquainted. This welearn in part from M. Fernet, a Frenchman residing inRussia, who having had the misfortune to awaken thejealous suspicions of the Russian police by some incautious expressions, was thrown into prison. He wasliberated through the interference of the French ambassador, without a word of explanation, and orderedto quit Russia without delay. During his incarceration, as he tells us, he was only separated by a slightpartition from the chamber in which unhappy serfswere tortured at the i-equest of their masters, and thushad an opportunity of acqi iring the secrets of theTHE ROD IN RUSSIA.prison house, and witnessing the unmitigated exerciseof the Rod. Among others whom he saw whippedwere two unfortunate young girls who worked undera fashionable milliner at Mospw, and who wereflogged before their mistress,because they had transgressed the rule of her establishment, " no followersallowed," and had had the audacity to introducetheir lovers into the house. The mistress, standingby, exhorted the executioner to strike harder, andthe girls received no less than a hundred and eightylashes. It was quite common for servants and serfsto be brought to the prison by stewards of estates, orsent by their masters, with the request that they mightbe punished. But whippings were by no means confined to the above class, as the following narrativewill shew: —A lady of rank, supposed to have committed some treasonable action, was summoned to thebureau of the secret police: having arrived, and thedoor being shut, she was politely requested to walkforward, but as she did so a trap-door suddenly gaveway under her, and she slipped down till she wassupported only by her clothes, which had gatheredup all around her arms; in this helpless condition shehung through the ceiling of a room below, where anexecutioner had been previously stationed to ply thewhip upon her unprotected body.A beautiful serf-girl was betrothed to one in herown station. Her lord, however, wished the youngwoman to become his mistress, and because she re- fused this degradation in the most decided mannerhe resolved to have her flogged: a charge of somekind was therefore trumped up against her, and onthis false charge she was sent for to the prison, andthe door of the room locked. Being then stripped256 tHE ROD IN RUSSIA.quite naked, she was laid down on a bench, havingtwo holes at one end, through which her arms wereput: then a couple of men held her by the head andfeet, while another lashed her until she was coveredwith blood, and so severely that she did not recover from the effects of the M'hipping for three months.The "Englishwoman in Russia" mentions that a ladyof the highest rank, having used a lady's privilege, at a masked ball, of chattering in the ear of the Emperor,let fall some rather indiscreet suggestion. Followedhome by a spy, she was summoned the next day toCount Orloff's office; where^ upon arriving, she waspointed to a chair, and quietly interrogated. Presentlyshe "Was gently let down to a lower chamber, whereshe was vigorously birched, just as if she had been alittle child, by some unseen person. The " Englishwoman " vouches for the correctness of this anecdote.She knew the lady, and had the story from an intimatefriend of the family. We will mention, on excellentauthority, a similar one. Soon after the outbreak ofthe Crimean war, an order was issued by the RussianGovernment for supplies of lint, rags, &;c., for the useof the wounded—these supplies to be furnished bythe wealthier classes. Among others who came toMoscow on the appointed day was the governor'slady, and, alluding to a report which prevailed amongthe common people of the allied troops being so formidable that they would destroy the Russians, she re- marked in jest that these supplies would not be needed.Her unfortunate speech was at once reported to theauthorities, and she was summoned to appear beforethe police. She could not, of course, deny her ownwords, and was thereupon told that they were treasonable, as calculated to discourage the troops in thetiiE K^D IN RUSStA.prosecution of a war set on foot by the state. Shewas summarily sentenced there and then to be whipped

and although the court was crowded with people, a spacewas at once cleared in the centre, where the culprit waslaid down, her clothes turned up over her head, andbeing held by four men, the whip was lustily appliedto her bare body. After about a dozen strokes, dropsof the lady's blood and bits of her flesh were flyingabout in all directions, yet the whole number of blowsto which she was sentenced was duly administered.Many noble ladies have been flogged in Russia

indeed, anecdotes of such flagellations could be multiplied to almost any extent. It was stated a few yearsago in a German newspaper that three of the mostbeautiful women of St. Petersburg were driven directfrom one of the Imperial balls in their own carriages,in all their finery of satin and lace, to the police station,and after being mounted on a man's shoulders, withtheir dresses tucked up, were smartly whipped with abirch rod. No explanation was given; but they weredismissed with the significant caution to hold theirtongues in future. At another Imperial party, someyoung ladies, who had been chatting too freely, werepolitely escorted by a maitre (Thdiel to a distantapartment, where, being made to kneel over an ottoman, they were severely smacked by a female housekeeper with their satin slippers, and then sent home!Female domestics of all grades used to be whippedin Russia for misbehaviour, generally by the stewardpersonally, in a very rough and ready way, one culpritbeing made to horse the other in schoolboy fashion!Mr. Sala has hinted in one of his works (whether injest or earnest we know not) that disobedient balletgirls are also made to endure the birch; and we once17tttE Rob IM RUSSIA.read in an old number of the Weekly Despatch news*paper of a Russian landowner who birched his grownup daughters and their governess as well, and whoused to parade his female serfs once a week for thepurpose of flogging a few of them with his own hand.A noble Russian lady, who had no less than seven" own maids " to dress and wait upon her, used tobirch them for the most trifling faults. They weredressed and lodged in excellent style, and had to undergo their punishments with many humiliating cere- monies, such as undressing themselves, kissing the rodon bended knees, thanking her highness, &c. Theseyoung women were, of course, the serfs of their lady,and had no redress; but the punishments inflictedwere not cruel, as the rod used was a large one, whichwas more noisy than painful. We have seen an ac- count of the ceremonies observed on these occasionsin an eld periodical called The Whim, published inEdinburgh about thirty-five years ago. The samelady, as we read in the periodical in question, also delighted to whip her pages after a similar fashion: theywere boys of twelve and thirteen years of age.Verily the Rod in Russia is no joke.CHAPTER XXVLTHE KNOUT.HERE is a great variety of instruments of tortureJL and flagellation in active use in Russia otherthan those we have indicated. There is, for instance,the which is a piece of iron made hot and put intoa heated iron box to be taken up and held by thevictim. There is also a tourniquet or thumbscrew,made out of the twigs of trees, twisted till the partsare compressed; and for flagellation the Russianshave the stick, the plet, and the knout. The pletis a whip made of strips of raw hide, and havingthree lashes tipped with small leaden balls; but theprincipal instrument of punishment is the knout, a Tartar invention, as the name denotes, and the mostformidable punisher ever invented by the ingenuity ofman.Descriptions of the knout vary. In its ordinary formit appears to be a heavy leather thong about eight feetin length, attached to a handle two feet long, the lashbeing about the breadth of a broad tape, and curvedso as to give two sharp edges along its entire length;it is sometimes bound with wire thread, the end terminating in a little hook. At each blow of this for«midable instrument of torture, the sharp edges of thecurved lash fall on the criminal's back, so as to cut himlike a flexible double- edged sword, and the execution.li17—226o THE KNOUT.does not roughly draw back the lash, but deftly pulls it towards him, so that the cunningly devised hook at theend brings off at each blow a long thin strip of flesh.According to M. de la Motraye, the knout is a whip,the lash of which is made of the skin of an old ass,boiled in vinegar and mare's milk, and about an inchbroad. Count de Lagny says the knout "consists ofa thong of thick leather, cut in a triangular form, fromfour to five yards long, and an inch wide, tapering offto one end, and broad at the other. The small end is fastened to a little wooden handle two feet long."Peter the Great fixed the maximum number of blowsto be given by the knout at one hundred and one, butas no criminal was ever able to support that amount ofpunishment, the number has been gradually reduced; indeed. Baron Haxthausen in his " Notes on Russia,"published in 1852, says the use of the knout in Russiawas entirely abolished several years ago, and that forsome time before it had been reduced within narrowlimits and strict control —any one punished unjustlyhaving a right to recover 200 silver roubles a strokefrom the court which sentenced him.In order to receive this punishment properly, thecriminal was dressed in a pair of drawers only, and wasfastened flat on his belly on an inclined frame, the handsand feet being extended at full length,and firmly boundto iron rings at the extremities of the frame. Thehead of the sufterer was sometimes so closely fixed thathe was quite unable to cry out, which adds greatly tothe pain. The proper handling of the knout demanded,we are told, a long apprenticeship, besides considerablenatural fitness of nerve and muscle. The chief executioner—who was always a criminal condemned to thepunishment which he inflicted (the only capital punish-THE KNOUT.ment in Russia) —received a free pardon, and was senthome at the expiration of twelve years, during whichperiod he was kept in close confinement except whenhe was led out to operate. In his prison abode he hadto give instructions to his pupils. They practised dailyon a sort of lay figure; and he shewed them the art oi' dealing their blows so as to inflict more or less injuryon the criminal, according to the nature of his crime,or the bribe which the executioner might have received —how to cut into the loins when it was merely a civilcriminal, or murderer, or felon: how to inflict immediate death by making the victim dislocate his own neck:or how to ensure death in a day or two after the infliction, by making the lash wind round the body, cuttinginto the chest or tearing the intestines. According tothe instructions he had received, the executioner couldmake every blow fall within a space of the size of a crown piece. He could, it is said, smash a brickbatinto dust with a single blow of the formidable weaponof which he was master.One lady who suffered the discipline of the knoutand survived the ordeal was Madame Lapuchin. Herstory has been often told. Madame Lapuchin wasone of the most charming ladies of the court of Elizabeth of Russia, but having been compromised by sometreasonable practices, carried on in the name of a foreign ambassador with whom she had a liaison, shewas condemned to suffer the knout. The conspiratorswere at first sentenced to have their tongues cut out,and to be broken on the wheel; but hei imperialmajesty was graciously pleased to order a ver>'doubtful mitigation of the sentence, and to substitute knouting and banishment for the latteipunishment. Madame Lapuchin appeared on the262 THE KpjOUT.scaffold dressed in a neglige costume that heightened the charms of her person. Well known for a long period at court for her wit and beauty, shehoped some at least of her old friends would countenance her in this trying moment, but her suppliantglance -Dver the surrounding multitude only revealeda crowd of ignorant people eager to see the blood ofa woman. The executioner, advancing, began to re- move her clothing, at which necessary preparation shegrew pale, shed tears of shame, and struggled modestlyunder the horrid grasp of the wretches employed totorture her. But she struggled in vain. In a fewminutes the clothes that covered the upper part of herbody had disappeared, and it is related that at thesight of the unfortunate young woman, naked to thewaist and half dead with despair, the relentless crowdshewed some slight signs of pity. Suddenly one ofthe executioners took hold of her hands, and turningquickly round, placed her on his back with her feetsome inches from the ground. Another of the executioners then seized her limbs and arranged her in themost convenient attitude for receiving the appointedpunishment. The chief executioner then took up theknout, and holding it in both hands and advaiicingtill within a few paces of the unfortunate lady, broughtit suddenly down on her back. The first stroke of theweapon took off a strip of skin from the neck to thereins, and a stream of blood testified to the skill of theexecutioner. Retracing his steps, and advancing again,that functionary struck another blow which descendedwith great force on the fainting victim. In a fewminutes the shoulders of the poor woman werecompletely flayed, while torrents of blood flowedfrom the wounds. At last, when not a particle ofTHE KNOUT. 263skin was left, the sufferer was relieved, bruised anddying. This was not enough, however. Her tol^^iiewas cut out, and her mutilated body immediately^igritto Siberia, to end in exile a punishment which beganwith the knout. She survived these horrors, andactually lived to be recalled from banishment in thenext reign, thus offering the very rare example of afeeble woman escaping death after a punishment thatoften kills men of the strongest constitutions." The Englishwoman in Russia" tells of a studentbeing knouted for striking a professor. A poor student,of more than ordinary talents, had by great perseverance twice merited a prize, but he was regarded withjealous hostility by a certain professor whom he wastoo poor to bribe. Twice cheated, the poor fel!o\wmade a third effort, though barely able to sustain himself in his humble lodgings until the period of examition came. His future hung on the result, for uponhis passing the ordeal with credit depended his accessto employment that would give him a living. Hestrained every nerve, and succeeded well. All the professors testified their approbation except one, whosrvoice was necessary to complete the votes. He rose and withheld his suffrage on false grounds, that castdishonour on the young man's character. It was hisold enemy: and the young man—a widow's son—withstarvation before him, and his hopes all cast to thewind, rushed forward by a sudden impulse of despair,and struck his persecutor. He was arrested, triedand condemned by the Emperor himself to receivethe punishment of the knout. All the students andprofessors were ordered to be present at the execution of the sentence; and many of those whcjwitnessed the scene fainted. Long before it was264 THE KNOUT.complete the youth was dead: but the full number wasinflicted.

In 1823, seven Tartars, who had been found guilty

of various acts of robbery and murder in the southernparts of Russia, were sentenced to receive the punishment of the knout in the several towns where lay thescene of their operations. They suffered the first flogging at Akmetchet, and were then conveyed, heavilyironed, to Theodosia. Here they were taken to themarket place, where hundreds of spectators were as- sembled to witness the dreadful spectacle. Each culprit was in turn fastened to an inclined post, havinga ring at the top, to which the head was so tightlyfixed by means of a rope as to prevent the suffererfrom crying out. The hands were closely tied on eitherside, and at the bottom were two rings for the feet,which were in like manner secured. The back wasthen bared, and the plaster or rag which had been applied after the previous flogging was torn off. TheTartar Sacerdotal, attended by a Tartar priest, nextadvanced and read aloud the crimes for which theoffenders were punished, together with the sentence -"f the law, a ceremony which occupied nearly half-anhour. The thong of the knout was very heavy, andas thick as a man's wrist. With this weapon the executioner approached, gave one cut, and walked backto the distance of about forty yards, then returning,and flourishing his whip, he struck again, till the appointed number of strokes was given. At every blowIhe blood spirted from the wound, but the previouspreparation prevented the possibility of exclamation.Each one, when his flogging was finished, was unbound,and, having the rag replaced on his back, was re- moved to a cart, till all had been thus disposed of

THE KNOUT. 265having witnessed the sufferings of their comrades, andendured their own. Before they left Theodo^ia one.of them died; and not one of the seven lived to undergo the whole punishment.A British merchant, resident in Russia, witnessed aknouting in 1836. The father of the culprit was a respectable shopkeeper, remarkable for his industryand sobriety; but his son was the very reverse, beingan idle, dissipated, and worthless character. In aparoxysm of rage at a well-merited rebuke from hisfather, he plunged a knife into the body of the old man

for which offence he was tried and condemned to theknout. The blows adjudged for infliction amountedto loi, a number considered equivalent to a sentenceof death. The place of execution was a field used as a market place for horses, about a mile from theAdmiralty; but early on the appointed morning theplace exhibited few signs of the approaching event: a stake planted in the middle of the field, a battalionof soldiers drawn up, and some scores of people sauntering about were the only appearances indicative ofthe tragedy about to be enacted. The whipping-postwas a stake driven firmly into the ground, about fivefeet high, four inches in thickness, about two feetbroad at the top, and tapering to a breadth of eightinches where it entered the ground, and sloping eight or ten inches off the perpendicular. On the top it w?,s hollowed out into three semicircles, the central onrbeing for the criminal's neck, and the two others forhis arms. Near the ground there was a hole in thestake, some two or three inches in diameter, for thereception of a cord to bind <-he prisoner's ankles. Somemats were spread on the ground? round, to afford a firm footing for the e^tecutioner. On the arrival of266 THE KNOUT.the prisoner, accompanied by a guard and two executioners, each carrying a bundle of knout thongsunder his arm, the battalion was formed in a hollowsquare, the principal actors in the scene being of coursein the centre. After the warrant signed by the Emperor had been read, the criminal was handed over tothe executioners. The chief executioner, on this occasion, was a man named KozloiT, who originally belonged to the higher classes, but had been degradedand sentenced to the knout on account of cruelties tohis serfs; he had escaped the knout, however, by ac- cepting the office of executioner. He was a tall, strongman, apparently about fifty years of age, with a countenance in which it was impossible to say whether ferocity or stupidity most predominated. His assistant wasa }'oung man, about two-and-twenty years of age,formerly a postilion in the service of the Grand DukeMichael, and had been sentenced to the knout for robbery, but had escaped that doom by becoming anexecutioner. The culprit, a young man of twentyfive, of low stature but firm build, was stripped to histrousers and boots, and fastened to the stake. Theknout consisted of a handle a foot long, with a pieceof twisted hide of the same length. To this hide wasattached by a loop a piece of thong prepared to almostmetallic hardness, about four or five feet long, perfectly flat, and an inch broad. It was changed after' every six or eight blows, because it is considered unfitfor use when it becomes soft. Kozloff, having placedhimself five or six feet from the prisoner, with thethong of the knout on the ground, rather behind him,then drew it steadily forward, raising it slowly till it had attained the proper elevation, then he broughtit down, with tremendous force, upon the middle ofTHE KNOUT. 267the criminal's back, leaving a deep crimson mark oinearly an inch in breadth, extending from the neck tcthe waist-band of the trousers. Upon receiving theblow the wretch uttered a scream, or rather a yell, ofagony, and every fibre of his body seemed in a state ofviolent and instantaneous contortion. With scarcelyany interval the blow was repeated, followed by thesame result—the same frightful yell and shudder.The second mark appeared about an inch from andparallel to the first; a third, fourth, and fifth blowfollowed in quick succession, when the operator steppedaside and resigned his place to his assistant. The blowsfrom the latter were light compared with those inflictedby the elder executioner. After giving eight blows theassistant retired in his turn, when his principal, whohad in the meantime fitted on a fresh thong, resumedthe task. He was again succeeded by the youngman, who, in like manner, had renewed his lash. Inthis manner they continued to relieve each other, andat each pause to put on a new thong, until the destinednumber of blows was inflicted on the back of theparricide. About the fiftieth stroke, his struggleshaving partially loosened the fastenings, it was foundnecessary to stop and fix them more firmly. Fromthe first till the twentieth blow, each was followed bythe same scream and convulsions, and these graduallybecame weaker till the fiftieth, after which the criminal's head fell on one side, and he seemed perfectlyunconscious of pain. After the knouting was finished,the executioner branded the criminal on the forehead,cheeks, and chin. The criminal's back now exhibiteda horrid spectacle: it was one mangled, bloa^ted massof deep crimson hue; yet still, mangled as it was, noblood run from it. The prisoner was removed in a268 THE KNOUT.cart, quite insensible, and most likely died from thefever and mortification certain to follow such punishment. The whole affair did not last more than twentyminutes.Another variety of flagellation in Russia is calledrunning the gauntlet. It is chiefly employed in thearmy; but has also been used towards unfortunatePoles. After the judgment of the court has been readin the presence of the assembled regiment, the executioner seizes the criminal, and ties him firmly by thetwo hands to the muzzle of his musket. Anotherassistant holds the butt end before him at the heightof the waist, so that the bayonet is horizontallydirected against the criminal's stomach. Two assistants hold the soldier by the arms to prevent him fromfalling backward or to the side. A roll of the drumgives the signal for the punishment. The criminal,who has previously had his head half shaved fromback to front, steps out, and advances to two lines ofsoldiers, drawn up to form a long lane. Each soldieris armed with a very pliant hazel wand or switch,with which he strikes his unfoitunate comrade themoment he comes before him. If the culprit wishesto quicken his pace to avoid the blows or to hasten hisdeliverance the bayonet of the gun held by his ownhands, and pushed back by the assistant in front, whoholds the butt end, pierces his belly, ff he tries tofall down, he is upheld by the two side assistantsMe is seldom able to pass from end to end of the file,and if he faints or swoons, so as to be insensible tothe blows, he is conveyed to the hospital, and as soonas he is somewhat recovered he is taken out to getthe remainder of his punishment. Peter the Greatlimited the number of blows to twelve thousand; butPlate XIV.RUNNING THE GAUNTLETA PUNISHMENT EMrLOYED IN THE RUSSIAN ARMY.

THE KNOUT. 269unless it!s intended to kill the man they seldominflict more than two thousand at a time.In 1 841, a triple military execution of this kindtook place at Moscow. Three soldiers, recruits, werecondemned for assaulting and robbing their master,and sentenced, the one to receive three thousand,the others two thousand, blows of the rod; one diedafter his beating; another received his whole threethousand; and the third, having fainted during theoperation, was handed over to the doctor, and afterbeing cured, received the balance of his stripes. Aspecial circular was issued by the police authorities,inviting the citizens of Moscow to witness the flagellation of these men.The progress of dissent in Russia forms a strangeand peculiar chapter in the history of religious fanaticism; and it is not at all wonderful to find in it tracesof that mania for self-flagellation which prevailed inother parts of Europe during the Middle Ages. Therewas a sect of dissenters called Stare-vests, or " Menof the Old Faith," who met together, men and women,stripped to the waist and barefoot, on a floor strewedwith sharp flints, and confessed and scourged themselves till their backs were torn. The religious servicesof these Khlisti, or Scourgers, is a wild dance, accompanied by severe castigation. In the middle of theroom in which they meet stands a vessel containingwater, and to this they go from time to time in order towet their heads, or to drink out of their hands. Thenthey resume their stamping and their flogging untilthey fall down utterly exhausted, or convulsions seizethem, during which they utter ravings which they callprophecies. Every Easter night they assemble fora great solemnity—the worship of the mother of God.270 THE KNOUT.A virgin, fifteen years of age, whom they have inducedto act the part by tempting promises, is bound, andplaced in a tub of warm water; some old women comeand first make a large incision on the left breast, thencut it off; and staunch the blood in a wonderfully shorttime; while other barbarities follow, too shocking to betold. During these operations a mystical picture of theHoly Spirit is put into the victim's hand, in order thatshe may be absorbed in regarding it. Afterwards a wild dance takes place around the tub, kept up by thewhole congregation, till their strength is exhausted.The girls who have been thus mutilated are ever afterwards considered sacred. At the age of nineteen or twenty they are said to look like women of fifty or sixtyyears old, and they generally die before reaching theirthirtieth year. Later sects have improved on this leading idea of mortifying the flesh for the sake of savingthe soul, and carried out the principle to a much greaterextent. The Skoptsi have formed their system on astrict interpretation of Matthew xix. 12. Accordingto this doctrine, they declare the whole human race as wholly sinful and worthy to die out. They thereforeregard matrimony as a deadly sin, the very possibilityof which must be guarded against. As long as mankind are unfortunately not exterminated, they oughtto live virtuously, become teetotallers in regard to,spirituous drinks, tobacco, and meat, and prepare for abetter life by practising every other description ofabstemiousness. The Skoptsi, more especially, have'to set an example to their benighted brethren. They —every one having a passport, signed and sealedby Christ himself, ensuring immediate entrance intoparadise—have no other business in life than to in«culcate the necessity of devoting the entire race UThe knout 271death. If they h've at all, it is to convince othersless enlightened than themselves that life is a sin ofitself. But for this holy purpose, they would be justified in making away with themselves. As far as compatible with this '• dogma," they acknowl/jdge the creedof the orthodox church.CHAPTER XXvn.THE SAD STORY OF THE NUNS OF MINSKTOWARDS the end of the i6th century, a largebody of the Greek Church separated itself fromthe orthodox or state establishment, and, under thename of the Uniate or United Greek Church, embracedthe Roman Catholic faith. It being of importance tothe Government to root out this branch of schism, theusual machinery of persecuuon was speedily put inmotion for that purpose. I^ws of various kinds werepassed against the Catholics, which in due time produced the desired result. In 1839, the whole body ofthe Uniate signed an act of recantation, and were re- ceived into the bosom of the orthodox church. Amongthose who recanted Bishop Siemaszko was conspicuous, and as one proof of his zeal he undertook thetask of converting the Basilian nuns of Minsk. Hefirst tried preaching, but finding that would not do,he selected a far more peremptory method, and wentwith a troop of soldiers to the convent, offering to thenuns their choice of renouncing their religion or beingsent to Siberia, and they chose the latter alternative.The ladies were marched through the town followedby the tears and lamentations of the people, to whomthey had shewn much kindness. Once out of the town,they were chained in couples, and with irons on theirhands and feet were marched seven days until theyTHE SAD STORY OF THE NUNS OF MINSK. 273reached Witebsk, where they were placed in a, conventof Czcrmick, or Black nuns, chiefly widows of Russiansoldiers, and appointed servants to the inmates.They found some other Basilian nuns there who weresubjected to like treatment, being made to perform allthe dirty menial work of the convent. This continuedfor two months, when there began a system of flogging.Siemaszko ordered the nuns to be flogged twice a-week,fifty lashes each time. These floggings took place inthe courtyard, under a kind of shed, in the presence ofthe deacons, the priests, the children, the nuns: "ofeverything," says Mother Makrena, "that lived andblasphemed in this dwelling." The flesh of the poorladies often hung in strips from their bodies, and theway to their daily work was tracked with blood; butthey made neither resistance nor complaint, and onlywept when they did riot pray. It was in the winter,and they were not allowed any fire, so that the coldfroze their limbs and poisoned their wounds, makingtheir punishment still more severe. After one of theseflagellations a nun, Colomba Gorska, fainted on herway to work. They beat her until she recovered hersenses, when, staggering to her wheelbarrow, she felldead as she attempted to move it. Another nun,Baptista Dounar, was burnt alive in a large stove,the Czermicks having shut her up in it after she hadlighted the fire. Another, Nepomucena Grotkowska,was killed, perhaps ax:cidentally, by the Czermick abbess, " who clove open her head by striking it with a logof wood, because she dared to make use of a knife toscrape from a plank a stain of tar which she could notremove in any other way." It was a breach of discipline and disobedience to a rule laid down by tb«abbess.274 THE SAD STORY OF THE NUNS OF FIINSK.Another nun, Susannas Rypinska, died from flogging; and a fifth, Coletta Sielawa, was also killedaccidentally by a Black nun, who broke her ribs' byknocking her down violently against a pile of wood.As they still continued steadfast in their faith, freshtortures were invented. One of these was the mannerin which they were made to bring water from theriver. To " prevent the Polish spirit from passinginto the water," the nuns were obliged to hold theheavy copper jars at arm's length. The river was a considerable distance from the convent, and they wereoften unable to keep the jars at the required distance.If they drew them nearer, the water was polluted; andthe Czermick nuns, who were always with them, armedwith whips and sticks, flung the water over them, andobliged them to go back for more.In 1840, two years after their arrival at Witebsk,they were suddenly marched to Polosk, where morelabours and trials were in store for them. They wereset to work as labourers on a palace which was beingbuilt for Siemaszko. Many died there from the severe labour and harsh treatment they experienced. Onemorning a Russian verse was found written on thewalls

" Here, instead of a monastery,Are Siberia and the galleys."The Basilian nuns were accused of having written this,and were flogged so brutally that two died, one thesame evening and the other the next morning.^ In the autumn of 1841 Siemaszko came to Polosk,and on this occasion he broke the upper cartilage oly the mother's nose, and flogged the sisterhood as he^1 had threatened, " till he had taken off three skins, onethat they had received (wm God, and two from theTHE SAD STORY OF THE NUNS OF MINSK. 273Emperor—that is to say, those that will come after: "when he affirmed they would be less obstinate andrepent. After this scourging, another nun, BasselisseHolynska, died, like so many others before her.In 1842 they were again flogged twice a-week

fifty blows each time; and again, three nuns died fromthe torture: one during punishment, and the twentyblows that remained of the number were struck on hercorpse; one died two hours after; and the thirdlingered in great agony until night. After they hadbeen thus scourged six times, the Russian generaland his wife interfered, and the punishment was stoppedfor a short time. But Siemaszko returned, and morebitter cruelties were practised towards them. One ofthe punishments was that they were shut up for sixdays and ted on salt herrings, without a drop of water.In 1843 the nuns of Minsk were removed to Miadziolyto a convent of Bla'ck nuns. Here they were subjectedto the torture of the baths. The nuns, excepting thosewho were blind, were put into a kind of sack, withboth arms thrust into a single sleeve. They weremarched to the lake, flung in, and when up to theirchests in water, with ropes fastened round their necks,men in boats dragged them along. This punishmentlasted three hours. Three nuns were drowned in thisordeal.In 1845 there were only four of the nuns able touse their limbs or work. The rest were either dead orblind, or crippled. Having heard that they were to besent to Siberia, these four, among whom was Makrena,the mother of the original sisterhood, made their escapewhen the guards were all drunk on the occasion ofsome festival. They reached Posen in August 1845,and there Makrena made her depositions on oath to1 8—a276 THE SAD STOKY OF THE NUNS OF MINSK*.the authorities of the sufferings that she and hernuns had experienced. Makrena is now an inmateof a house near the Scala Santa at Rome, where sheis establishing the order of St. Basil.This brief narrative of the sufferings of the nunsof Minsk has been abridged from Household Words.CHAPTER XXVIII.FLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.LAGELLATION, both with whips and rods, preJL vails to a considerable extent in the variouscountries of Africa.We have already noticed its use among the Egyptians in ancient times, but modern Egypt no lessbelieves in the Eastern proverb, " The stick camedown from heaven a blessing from God;" and rulerstake care that their subjects have full enjoyment ofthe blessing. It is deemed impossible in that countryto collect the taxes without a liberal employment ofthe bastinado; and an Egyptian feds ashamed if hecannot shew those numerous marks on his body whichevince his endeavours to evade the taxes. Mr. Wilkinson records an anecdote illustrative of the Egyptiansentiment on this point. "In the year 1822, a CoptChristian, residing at Cairo, was arrested by theTurkish authorities for the non-payment of his taxes,and taken before the Kehia or deputy of the Pasha.' Why,' inquired the angry Turk, ' have you not paidyour taxes?' 'Because,' replied the Copt, with apitiable expression, perfectly according with his tattered appearance, * I have not the means.' He wasinstantly ordered to be thrown on the floor andbastinadoed. He prayed to be released, but in vain.The stick continued without intermission, and he wasFLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.scarcely able to bear the increasing pain. Again andagain he pleaded his inability to pay, and prayed formercy. The Turk was inexorable, and the tormentshe felt at length overcame his resolution: they wereno longer to be borne. ' Release me,' he cried, ' andI will pay directly.' 'Ah, you Giaour, go!' He wasreleased and taken home, accompanied by a soldier,and the money being paid, he imparted to his wifethe sad tidings. 'You coward! you fool I' she ex- claimed. 'What! give them the money on the firstdemand. I suppose, after five or six blows you cried, " I will pay, only release me; " next year your taxeswill be doubled through your weakness. Shame!'

• No! my dear,' interrupted the suffering man, 'I assure you. I resisted as long as it was possible: look

at the state I am in before }-ou upbraid me. I paidthe money, but they had trouble enough for it: for I obliged them to give me at least a hundred blowsbefore they could get it.' She was pacified, and thepity and commendation of his wife, added to his ownsatisfaction in having shewn so much obstinacy andcourage, consoled him for the pain, and perhaps, insome measure, for the m<rncy thus forced from him."The tax-payer is not always the first to suffer in thismatter. The sheik of each village is held responsibleto the government for the performance of the labourprescribed to the people and their payment of thetaxes. It is no uncommon thing to see the sheikunder the stick for some obstinate peasant; but hegenerally takes ample vengeance in his turn. Othertravellers record the fact that the tax-gatherer andthe tax-payer are alike subject to the bastinade.Sometimes the instrument of punishment is a whip.Tiade of the hide of the rhinoceros. The police regu-FLAGELLATION IN AFRICA. 279lations of Cairo are of a primitive nature. When anygreat man is passing through the narrow streets, he isusually preceded by a half-naked Arab, running atfull speed, and cracking a long vsihip to clear the way.The "agent in advance" does not confine himself tomere cracking, but makes the lash descend with vigouron the shoulders of those who do not Q()t out of theway fast enough.The young Egyptian learns to endure the bastinadeat school. A recent traveller was making enquiries asto the punishments employed in educational training,and one day he remarked to a schoolmaster at Cairothat he had often read of the bastinade, but had neverseen it applied. " Then you shall see it now, " repliedthe schoolmaster, who immediately seized one of thebiggest boys, and inflicted upon him the usual easterncastigation. The traveller, upon inquiring for whatoffence the boy was punished, was promptly told thatit was simply to shew him how the thing was done!Farther south along the Valley of the Nile theRod is in active use among the natives, both in theirdomestic and judicial arrangements. Their idea ofbeauty is immoderate fatness, and in order to securethis the princesses are fed on milk. Speke relateshow he saw a daughter of the king sitting sucking at amilk-pot, while the father kept her at work by holdinga rod in his hand. The same traveller remarks thatall acts of the king are counted benefits, for which hemust be thanked: and so every deed done to hissubject is a gift received by them, and must be suitably acknowledged, whether it assume the shape of aflagellation or a fine. Misdemeanours committed bywomen are punished by flogging, or being sold intoslavery. Captain Grant also noticM the I'-rocess of280 FLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.fattening the princesses by whipping them into drinking great quantities of milk.The punishments among the Karague are verysevere. For adultery, an ear is cut off, and if the case occurs with a slave or a princess the offender is tortured, and his throat cut. If a husband catchesthe parties en flagrant delithe may kill the offender onthe spot. For theft they commit the offender to thestocks for a period ranging from two to ten months.Assault is punished by fine, and if the culprit has noproperty he must do penance in the stocks. In the case of murder, the whole property of the criminalgoes to the relatives of the murdered person, and thecriminal has his ej'es gouged out, or is thrown over aprecipice.The punishments at Muscat 'and Zanzibar, underArab government, are still more barbarous. At Zanzibar the hand of the thief is cut oft, and sometimes heis buried in the sea-shore up to the neck to allow thetide to reach him. The Arabs are very strict withtheir servants, and flog them severely. To enforcedispatch^ a master will spit on the ground, and say tohis servant, "If that dries up before you return withan answer to my message, you'll get flogged." CaptainGrant had on one occasion to punish one of his partyin this way who was convicted of theft. The offencewas a grave one, and the thief was condemned toreceive fifty lashes. They were administered with a whip of buffalo hide, and although the culprit's backwas well scarred, he ate his dinner after the operation,and carried a load the following day.In Southern Africa, among the Bechuana and Caftretribes south of the Zambesi, there is a curious whipping ceremony, similar to the flagellation of youthsFLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.before the temple of Diana among thi Lacedaemonians. Dr. Livingstone says these tribes practise circumcision (boguera), but the rites observed are carefully concealed. He was, however, on one occasion,a spectator of the second part of the ceiemony of thecircumcision, called " Sechu." Early in the day, allthe youths of the tribe about fourteen years of age,who are to be initiated, are drawn up in a row—eachquite naked, and having a pair of sandals as shields onhis hands. Opposite them stand all the men of thetown, also in a state of nudity, aimed with long thinwands of a tough, strong, supple bush, called uioretloa.The men engage in a dance called " Koha," in whichquestions are put to the boys, such as, " Will youguard the chief well " Will you herd the cattlewell while the boys answer in the affirmative, themen rush forward to them, and, each selecting a victim,aims a blow at his back. The boy shields himselfwith his protected hands above his head, and the roddescends on his back, usually making the blood squirtfrom a wound twelve or eighteen inches long. At theend of the dance the boys' backs are seamed withwounds and weals, the scars of which remain throughlife. This process is intended to harden them, and fit them for being soldiers. After passing through thisordeal, and further proving his courage by killing arhinoceros, the youth ranks as a man, and may marry.In the " Koha" dance much respect is paid to age. Ayounger man rushing from the ranks to exercise hiswand on the backs of the youths may be himself theobject of chastisement—a chief may even receive a cutfrom one of his grey-haired subjects. Livingstonefurther remarks that the " Sechu" is practised by threetribes only. Boguera is observed by all the Bechu-282 FLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.anas and Cafifres, but not by the negro tribes beyond.wenty degrees south. It is a civil rather than a re- ligious rite.When the son of a chief has attained the age of fourteen or fifteen, all the other lads of that age are selectedto be his companions for life, and to qualify them theyhave to submit to a certain amount of training. Theyare taken out to some retired part of the forest, andhuts are erected for their accommodation. Theold mengo out and teach them to dance, initiating them at thesame time into all the mysteries of African politicsand government. Each one is expected to composean oration in praise of himself, and to be able to re- peat it with considerable fluency. This training is conducted with great rigour, and the Rod is in activeoperation to bring the lads up to the required excellence in different matters. They are generally able toshew, by the scars on their backs, that the Rod hasnot been spared. These bands or regiments are thereafter under the chief's son. There is pefect equalityin the ranks, and each addresses the other by the titleof comrade. In cases of offence against their rules,such as eating alone when any of their comrades are within call, or in cases of cowardice or dereliction ofduty, they may chastise one another, or any memberof a younger, but never of an older, band.In Western Africa there are many flagellatingcustoms, native as well as imported. The early missionaries to Congo, being of the Roman CatholicChurch, introduced the system of penance among thenatives, who took to it with commendable vigour. ACapuchin, who was a missionary at Congo about 1667,says one evening he heard a noise of singing of a verydoleful nature, and on inquiring what it was he wasFLAGELLATION IN AFRICA, 283informed that the people were come to disciph'ne themselves in the church, because it was a Friday inMarch. He immediately went and opened the churchdoors, lighted the candies, and rang the bell. Beforethey went into the church, they continued a quarter ofan hour singing the salve regina in their native language before the building. They then went into thechurch, where the priest gave them holy water. Therewere altogether about two hundred men, carryinggreat logs of wood for the greater penance. After a short sermon from the priest on the benefit of penance,which must be endured either in this world or thenext, the candles were extinguished, and the peopledisciplined themselves for a whole hour with leatherthongs and cords made of the bark of trees. Therewas then more singing, and a few additional wordsfrom the priest. The missionaries likewise issued anumber of ordinances which were enforced by flogging.It was a custom of the natives to shut up women duringthe time of their conception. The priests ordered thatthose women that should be shut up on that accountin future should be scourged. Whipping was the usualpenalty for robbing or damaging a neighbour's field,and the natives were enjoined to make use of consecrated palm branches, and the sign of the cross, toguard their fields instead of the usual magic guard.One of them relates how he dealt with a nativewizard: —" At my first going out on my mission, 1 found near a city, called Tubii, a place where thewizards practised their sorceries. No doubt Providence directed me to discover this hellish trade, foiwhilst I was walking along I saw a large white birdflying before me, such as I had never seen before inthese parts. My curiosity led me to have a nearer284 FLAGELLATION IN AFRICAview of it, and in order thereto I followed it into athick and shady grove, somewhat dark, at the end ofwhich I observed a large heap of earth, in form like atomb, with a great number of arches and calabashesat the top and both ends. Being pretty well assuredwhat this was, I presently sent for the Mani, whocame trembling to me, and protested he knew nothingof the matter. I commanded him to inform himselfthen, and to get me the wizard speedily seized. Hesaid he would, but I, not caring to trust his diligence,"returned the next night to the same place, expectingto have found the wizard there; but he, it seems,having been acquainted with my proceedings, tookcare to disappoint me by running away, as they alldo as soon as they hear me make any search afterthem. Then I ordered the Mani that within tendays he should grub up and level the place, which henevertheless disobeyed me in, whereupon I causedhim to be summoned before the court of our convent, where, after a severe reprimand, I commandedhim to discipline (scourge) himself in the middle ofour church during the whole time I was celebratingmass, adding withal several other punishments in case he did not level the said grove at his returnhome."The priests found the. marriage laws veiy unsatisfactory, and had to resort to flogging to reform them.A man when dying would sometimes hand over hiswife to some kinsman, in order that her portion mightnot have to be returned to her parents, and to preventthis the priests ordered a flogging to be administeredto any one receiving a woman in this way. One manwas discovered to have taken his cousin to wife afterthis fashion, and although he was a man of rank theFLAGELLATION IN AFRICA. 285priest determined that he should not go unpunished.He was admonished and lectured; but all in vain—hewould not give up his spouse. He was thereforehanded over to the people to be dealt with as theythought fit, and they severely scourged both the manand his wife, and, moreover, deprived the man of hisliving into the bargain.According to the native code, flagellation was acommon enough punishment. For adultery, if a husband caught his wife in the act, he was lawfully entitled to the whole effects of the male offender. Thewife he might chastise very heartily with a cudgel,and drive her from his house to seek her fortune.Her only resource in such a case was to retire toanother town or village, and try to pass for a widow," or," as an old traveller has it, " else she strives tosubsist herself by a trade not very difficult (for her, atleast) to learn." Other crimes are atoneable withmoney, and where there are " no effects" the bodymust pay. In a country where a plurality of wives is lawful and common, the stick is almost a necessarypart of the domestic economy. When the wivesquarrelamong themselves—a circumstance which, fromthe nature of their situation, must frequently happenthe husband decides between them, and sometimes hehas to enforce his decision by the application of theRod. When a wife complains to the chief that herhusband has unjustly punished her, and shewn partiality to some other of his wives, the affair isbrought toa public trial. The judges being mostly married men,th6 case is not always decided in the woman's favour

not unfrequcntly she herself is found to be in the wrong.If she murmurs at the decision of the court, the magicrod of miiuibo Jumbo soon puts ao end to the business.286 FLAGETXATION IN AFRICA.The people of southern Guinea have secret associations, with rules, fees, and mysteries. One of the mostprominent among them is the NdS, an associationconfined to the adult male population. It is headed|by a spirit of this name, who dwells in the woods, andappears only when summoned by some unusual event,such as the death of a person connected with the order,the birth of twins, or the inauguration of some oneinto ofhce. His voice is never heard except at night,and after the people have retired to rest. He entersthe village from the wood side, and is so bundledup in dried plantain leaves that no one would sus- pect him of belonging to the human species. He is always accompanied by a train of young men, andthe party dance to a peculiar and somewhat plaintiveair on a flute-like instrument, as they parade throughthe streets. As soon as it is known that he has en- tered the village, the women and children hurry awayto their houses to hide themselves. If they shouldhave the misfortune to see the spirit, or should be discovered peeping at him through the cracks of thehouses, they would be thrashed to death. Perhaps nowoman has had the temerity to cast eyes upon thismysterious being.Although the children in Western Africa are notmuch liable to the Rod, they are, at times, subjectedto a much more terrible discipline. It is common topunish disobedient boysby rubbingpepperin their eyes.Their screams and yells under the operation are described as being perfectly frightful, and it is a wonderthat their sight is not completely destroyed. Adultsare punished by a severer application: they are madefast to the roof of the house, and tlioroughly smokedwith pepper.FLAGELLATION TN AFRICA. 2S7A settlement for liberated slaves was formed atSierra Leone, in Western Africa, and here the whipwas used as an incentive to labour among the negroes:indeed, it was held that the blacks would not workwithout this stimulant. The work which these negroeswere set to perform was to carry upon their headsbricks, iron pillars, timbers, &c., for the new barracks,from the shore up to the top of a hill, a distance ofabout a mile and a-half. The labour was performedfrom morning till night, and there was a number ofdrivers armed with whips, vvhich were freely applied tothe backs of the negroes to compel them to work. Itis known that a missionary flogged a negro boy to death,and also that a person in authority flogged a negro boyso severely that he died. Flagellation was the common punishment for negroes offending in the place aslate as 1827. The offender was tied to a cart's tailand whipped through Freetown, or bound to a whipping-post and flogged with the "cat." Somt^times theliberated Africans who neglected their duty or committed petty thefts were formed into gangs chainedtwo and two together by the neck, and in that situationcompelled to labour under the whip. A large churchwas built in Freetown, with money collected in thiscountry. It stood some time unfinished with only theroof and the bare walls, and in that state was made useof as a common market place and a house of correction,where negroes guilty of minor offences were tied upand publicly whipped, usually before ten o'clock in themorning.The latest revelations of the whipping of negroes onthe west coast of Africa were made in a case whichwas tried at the Liverpool Assizes before Mr. JusticeShee The plaintiff" was a Dr. Evans, and the deferdant288 rLAGELLATION IN AFRICA.was an agent for the Liverpool firm of Charles Horsfall & Sons at Benin. In 1864 the plaintiff enteredinto an engagement with the Hcrsfall firm to act as medical officer at their Benin station. Matters wenton smoothly enough for some time between the doctor and the defendant, but ultimately they disagreed,and Evans gave the defendant three months' notice.Some letters that passed between the parties wereread in court, in which it was stated that one of hisgreat objections to residing at the station was thefact that the defendant practised great cruelties uponthe natives in the employment cf the firm, frequentlytying negroes up to posts and flogging them severely.He also stated that the defendant lived with a blackmistress in the same hut where he (the plaintiff) wasalso obliged to dwell. Finding that he would notconsent to his leaving, the doctor went on board avessel lying in the bay; and it was alleged that thedefendant, accompanied by a number of Kroomcn,went on board this vessel, forcibly carried the plaintiffoff to the shore again, and seized a quantity of hisclothes and property, including a collection of driedsnakes. For these various acts the plaintiff soughtdamages. The defence was that the statements ofthe plaintiff were very much exaggerated, and in somecases untrue. During the trial the defendant admitted that the statements as to his whipping negroes attimes were perfectly true, and held that in an uncivilised country like Africa it was impossible to carryon business without resorting to such measures. Thejudge, in summing up the case, severely censured theimmorality and cruelty of the defendant, though hesaid that those acts should not influence the jury inthe case. The verdict was;^5o damages.FLAGELLATION IN AFRICA. 289Captain Canot, in " Twenty Years of an AfricanSlaver," gives an account of a trader's harem on theRio Pongo Ormond: —The wives took advantage ofthe age and carelessness of their lord and master toseek congenial companionship outside the harem.Sometimes the preference of two of these sable bellesalighted on the samelover.and thenthebattle was transferred from a worthless looking-glass to the darlingbeau. When such a quarrel arose, a meeting betweenthe rivals was arranged, where, throwing off their scantywaistcloths, the controversy was settled between thefemale gladiators without much damage, although nowand then the matter was not left to the ladies: thesable heroes themselves took up the conflict, and aregular challenge passed between the gay Othellos.At the appointed time the duellists appeared upon"the field of honour," accompanied by friends whowere to witness their victory or sympathise in theirdefeat. Each savage leaped into the ring armed witha cowhide, whose sharp and triple thongs were capableof inflicting the harshest blows. They stripped, andhaving tossed to settle as to who was to have thefirst lashing, the unfortunate loser took his stand, andreceived the allotted number of stripes. Then thewhipper had to receive the scourge from the handsof the sufferer. Thus they continued until one gavein, or the bystanders decided in favour of him whosuffered most without shrinking. The scarred backsof the heroes were ever afterwards displayed in tokenof their bravery.CHAPTER XXIX.FLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.SO little is known of the customs of the aboriginalraces of America, that it is impossible to saywhether flagellation formed a part of their judicialsystem. But it is a remarkable fact that some of themost subtle and far-fetched notions that have enteredinto the minds of men were to be found amone theIndians. Thus prayer, prophecy, monastic life, theconfession of sin to an appointed confessor, the immortality of the soul, and hopes of a state of futurebliss, belief in witchcraft, and the propitiation of idolsby living sacrifices—the deepest thoughts and thewildest superstitions—it was found, were not unknownin the new world. The system of penance was inculcated in Mexico and some parts of South America.Amongst the Mexicans there suddenly appeared Quetzalcohuatl (green-feathered snake—green featheredmeans eloquent), a white and bearded man, of broadbrow, dressed in strange dress, a legislator, who re- commended severe penances, lacerating his own bodywith the prickles of the agave and the thorns of thecactus, but who dissuaded his followers from humansacrifice. While he remained in Anahuac it was a Saturnine reign; but this great legislator, after moving to the plains of Cholula, and governing the Cholu-<lans with wisdom, passed away to a distant country,and was never heard of any more.FLAGELLATION IN AMLUlCA. 291It is, however, more particularly in the UnitedStates chat we propose to follow the course of flagellation hi this chapter. The early settlers in theNorthern States carried with them a firm belief in theRod as an efficacious reformer of morality, and likewise a good deal of that intolerance in religiousmatters from which they sought to escape in themother country. They established the whipping-post,and it remains a recognised institution of the countryto the present day, the Quakers being the first toreceive the benefits of flagellation; and for them, asin the old country, there was abundance of whippingrat the post and at the cart's tail. The leaders andpreachers of the sect were much persecuted.At Boston in 1657, Maiy Clark, after preaching,was seized, and rewarded with twenty stripes of ,awhip made of thick cords, with knots at the end, thehangman wielding the lash with both hands. Shewas then thrown into prison, and kept there for twelvemonths. The next to suffer were two male preachers,Christopher Holder and John Copeland, who hadpreviously been sent out of the town, but having re- turned to resume their ministrations, they were takenand gagged, and then whipped. The hangman laid onseverely with a knotted whip until their backs weretorn, and some of the spectators fainted. They werefurther punished with nine weeks' close confinementin a cell, without bed or straw or fire, although it wasw inter. Some persons were punished for shewing sympathy for them—Samuel Shattock, because he triedto prevent the gag from choking Holder, and an agedcouple, named Southick, because they had in theirpossession a paper belonging to Holder and Copeland. Richard Dowdney, who had just come fromi9—292 FLAGELLATION IN AMERICAEngland, received thirty stripes. Next year, SarahGibbons and Dorothy Waugh were taken to theHouse of Correction, kept three days fasting, thenwhipped, and again made to fast three days. Notlong after a woman named Gardner was taken at Weymouth and carried to Boston, where she and her maidwere pubHcly whipped with a " cat" of three tails.The following is the law passed at that time againstthe Quakers: —" That whosoever of the inhabitantsshould directly, or indirectly, cause any of the Quakersto come into that jurisdiction, he should forfeit anhundred pounds to the country, and be committed toprison, there to remain till the penalty should be satisfied. And whosoever should entertain them, knowingthem to be so, should forfeit forty shillings to thecountry for every hour's entertaining or concealment, and be committed to prison till the forfeitureshould be fully paid and satisfied. And further, thatall and every of those people that should arise amongthem there should be dealt withal and suffer the likepunishment as the laws provided for those that camein—viz., that for the first ofience, if a male, one of his ears should be cut off, and be kept at work in the Houseof Correction till he should be sent away on his owncharge. For the second, the other ear, and be kept inthe House of Correction as aforesaid. If a woman,then to be severely whipt and kept as aforesaid, as the male for the first. And for the third, he or sheshould have their tongues bored through with an hotiron, and be kept in the House of Correction close atwork, till they be sent away on their own charge."The whippings and fines inflicted under this lawIvere many and heavy, and the sentiments of theorthodox party were expressed in the words of theFLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.Governor of Plymouth, who said that in his consciencehe thought the Quakers a people that deserved to bedestroyed, they, their wives and children, their housesand lands, without pity or mercy. The Dutch settlersfollowed the example of their Puritan neighbours.One Robert Hodshone was accused of holding a meeting on a Dutch plantation at Hamstead, and wascarried before the Dutch Governor, who put him inprison until inquiries were made concerning his conduct.He was then dragged at the tail of a cart, along withtwo women who had entertained him, to New York,where he was sentenced to work at the wheelbarrow incharge of a negro, or pay a fine of six hundred guilders. As he was unable to pay the fine, he was setto work, and kept hard at it by the negro with a rope'send. His body was soon so much bruised and swelledwith the beatings he received that he was unable towork. He was again taken before the Governor, andtold that he must work, or he should be whipped everyday. Early next morning he was taken into a room,stript to the waist, hung up by the hands, with a heavylog of wood tied to his feet, and a negro was set towhip him with rods, after which he was again throwninto his dungeon. Two days after he suffered the sanietreatment; but as the Quakers continued to prospernotwithstanding these persecutions, more stringentmeasures were adopted. One William Robinson was,at Boston, sentenced to be whipped, and then banishedon pain of death. The constable being commandedto get an able man to do the whipping, the culpritwas brought into the street, tied to the carriage of?gun, and the executioner gave him twenty stripes. In1662 Josiah Southick, whose parents were among thefirst that were banished, returned to Boston. He was294 FLAGELLATION IN AMEPaCA.sentenced to be whipped, and was tied to the cart'stail and flogged by the hangman through the streets.On this occasion the lashes of the whip were not ofwhipcord, but of dried guts with three knots at theend; and the handle, being long, was held by the hangman with both hands. The same day Southick waswhipped at Rocksbury, and next day at Dedham, afterwhich he was set at liberty.At Dover (New England), three women, namedAnne Coleman, Mary Tomkins, and Alice Ambrose,were sentenced to very cruel whippings. The warrantwas as follows: —"To the constables of Dover, Hampton, Salisbury, Newberry, Rowley, Ipswich, Wennam,Lynn, Boston, Roxbury, Dedham, and until the vagabond Quakers are carried out of this jurisdiction

You and every of you are required, in the King'sMajesty's name, to take these vagabond Quakers,Anne Coleman, Mary Tomkins, and Alice Ambrose,and make them fast to the cart's tail, and, driving thecart through your several towns, to whip them upontheir naked backs, not exceeding ten stripes a-pieceon each of them in each town; and so to convey themfrom constable to constable till they are out of thisjurisdiction, as you will answer it at your peril; andthis shall be your warrant. At Dover, Dec. 22, 1662,per me, Richard Walden." The whipping began atDover, where, on a very cold day, the three womenwere stripped from the middle upwards, tied to acart, and whipped through the streets. Some of theirfriends protested against the cruelty, and for doing so two of them were put in the stocks. The constable atthe next town, Hampton, shewed some compassion, andoffered to allow them to be whipped with their clotheson; but they said he must either free them altogether orFLAGELLATION IN AMERICA. 295whip them according to his warrant, on their nakedbacks. They were whipped accordingly, and wereafterwards discharged without suffering the rest oftheir sentence; but Anne Coleman, with four of herfriends, again falling into the hands of the authorities,she was whipped at Salem. On this occasion theknot of the lash split the nipple of her breast, and shenearly died from the effects of the wound. In 1664her two friends, Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose,were pilloried and whipped in Virginia. The instrument was this time a cat-of-nine tails, instead of three.A man, Edward Wharton, who visited them in theirsufferings was sentenced as follows: " To the constables of Boston, Charlestown, Maiden, and Lynn.You are required to take into your custody respectivelyEdward Wharton, convicted of being a vagabond, fromhis own dwelling-place, and the constable of Bostonis to whip him severely with thirty stripes on thenaked body. And from constable to constable, youare required to convey him till he come to Salem, theplace where he saith hedwelleth: and in so doing, thisshall be your warrant. Boston, 30 June 1664. JohnEndicot." The v/arrant was executed with full severity,the constable ordering the hangman to do his workwell. The last case which we shall mention—it beingunnecessary to enumerate more—is that of AnneNeedham, fined at Boston for belonging to the sect

and her husband refusing to pay the fine—asking theauthorities, seeing the law for adultery was death,whether, if his wife had committed adultery, he mustby that law have suffered death—she was then sen- tenced to be whipped, and the constable performedthe flagellation with great cruelty, because the unfortunate sufferer disdained to cry out.296 FLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.A newspaper of 1774 giv es an account of an amusingwhipping which was given to the Boston saints aboutforty years before, when many of the over-righteousmet with a sad mortification. Captain St. Leo, commander of a war-ship, then in Boston harbour, being apprehended for walking on the Lord's-day, wassentenced by a justice of the peace to pay a fine,and on refusing to pay, had to sit in the stocksan hour during the time of change. While in thestocks the good people supplied him with much goodadvice as to his future conduct on the Sabbath-day.After he was released the captain expressed greatregret for his past transgressions, and declared to themthat he was in future resolved to lead a new life. Thesaints were of course delighted at this sudden reformation, and in order that the captain might still furtherprofit by their good counsel, many of them invited himto dinner. The captain proved to be a most zealousand genuine convert. He attended the meeting-houseregularly, went to every prayer-meeting, and, in short,shewed every outward mark of grace. At length hewas obliged to put to sea; but before the day of hisdeparture he invited a number of the leading menand saints to dine with him on board his ship, whichlay all ready in the Nantasket Roads. A capitaldinner was provided, and many bottles were drained,to the captain's health. When the after-dinner harmony was at its height^ a body of sailors burst intothe cabin, and, in spite of remonstrances, seized theguests. They were dragged on deck, tied up to agrating, and their breeches let down, while the boatswain and his assistants administered to them the lawof Moses in the most energetic manner; the captainmeanwhile assuring them that the mortification of theFLAGELLATION IN AMERICA. 297flesh tended to the saving of the soul. After a properwhipping they were bundled into their boat, immediately after which the ship set sail.The pillory and whipping-post are still in active usein some parts of America. In the State of Delawarethere are three whipping-posts—one at Dover, one atGeorgetown, and one at Newcastle. The whippingpost is considered the best penal institution in thecountry for the punishment of minor crimes. A newspaper published in that State thus eulogises the reformatory and restraining influence of the whipping-post

—" We should not, did time and space permit, waste amoment in useless encomiums on the merits of thateffectual and invaluable judicial w^eapon—the whipping-post. Its satisfactory results speak loudly forthemselves; and the absence in our courts of the classof criminals known as 'old offenders,' together with theproportionate annual reduction of crime in the community, declares that its terrors are rarely brought intorequisition the second time for the benefit of the sameconvict. We may add, however, while speaking onthis subject, that the 'cat,' has been lately reinstatedin New York as a punishment for petty larceny,and offences of that degree, Avith the most gratifyingresults in the speedy suppression of crime and depopulation of penitentiaries and other criminal boarding-houses; and in England, where it was abolishedsome years ago, it has become actually necessary forstatutory enactment, and the effects of its re-introduction are already happily perceived. The pillory andwhipping-post need no defence in Delaware fromDelawareans."The pillory at Newcastle consists of a heavy upright post, of about twelve feet in height, with a plat298 FLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.form, through which it passes at the distance of sixfeet or more from the ground. At about four feetabove this platform is a cross piece, with three holeson each side of the upright—one hole for the head andneck, the other two for the hands and wrists of thevictims. This cross piece is divided so that the upperhalf may be hfted to admit the necks and handsof persons doomed to the punishment. When thisis closed down there is just room enough for theseindispensable members of the human frame, and sometimes, in the case of a large man, the circulation of theblood is almost .stopped by the pressure. Beneath theplatform, and on either side of the upright, are themanacles by which men who are to be whipped are strung up by the hands. The whipping is inflicted bythe sheriff with a cat-of-nine-tails, and is sometimesperformed in a perfunctory manner, the magistratebeing evidently ashamed of this part of his duties.Thus, at a recent whipping at Newcastle two negroeswere sentenced to a heavy fine, to stand in the pilloryfor an hour, and then receive thirty lashes, for theft.The criminals, after doing penance in the pillory, werefastened to the whipping-post, and the sheriff, accompanied by the gaoler, who has to certify that the appointed number of stripes is laid on, inflicted thewhipping so lightly that the culprits appeared to thinkit quite a farce. This, however, is not always the case,A local newspaper records one of the periodical whippings at the same place, when the majesty of the lawwas vindicated in a much more vigorous manner onthe backs of a number of criminals. After the usualpillory scenes, the whipping commenced about oneo'clock. The first victim was a negro boy of aboutfifteen, who had been sentenced to thirty lashes forFLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.assault. The thirty lashes were well laid on, but beyond the shrinking with each blow he gave no sign ofany severe pain. Another negro boy then got twentylashes for stealing a pair of boots. The next was a very small boy—he had to stand on a block to allowhis hands to reach the manacles on the post— and histwenty lashes were very lightly laid on. Then cametwo negroes, convicted of stealing corn, and they re- ceived twenty lashes. Another negro, who had stolen a horse and bridle, received forty stripes. The nextvictim was a white boy, who had pled guilty to theft,and he received ten lashes. An Irishman, sentencedto twenty lashes for robbing a boarding-house, camenext. The marks of the "cat" shewed very plainlyon his white skin, and he cried and groaned considerably. Another white man then got his back wellmarked with twenty lashes, but he made no outcry.The last victim was a young German, convicted of theft.He seemed much affected by the degradation of thepunishment, and wept bitterly, although he did nolcry out when receiving his twenty lashes.A case, which caused considerable discussion a fewyears age, brought to light the fact that whippingis still one mode of correction adopted in Americanschools. A young lady, seventeen years of age, apupil in a public school in Cambridge, Massachusetts,having been detected in the heinous offence of whispering in school, her teacher decreed that she shouldreceive a whipping. The young lady resisted vigorously, so that it was necessary to call in the assistanceof the principal of the school and two assistants.These three men seized the girl, two of them held herlimbs, while the principal administered fifteen or twenty blows with a stout leather strap. The punish-FLAGELLATION IN AMERICA.mcut was inflicted in the old-fashioned style in t)\f*presence of the whole school. The case was broughtbefore a jury, but they acquitted the teachers who hadadministered the punishment. The public school committee of Cambridge held a meeting, and they decidedthat they could not interfere in the matter, as punishments of that kind were part of the regular disciplineof public schools. The last step was to hold a meetingto nominate a new committee. This meeting resolved" that corporal punishment should be abolished in eachand every school in the city;" and they appointed acommittee favourable to that rule.Domestic flogging, or what is called "spanking,"prevails more or less all over America, so far as theyounger branches of families are concerned. Whipping was a common punishment for both sexes in thetime of the Puritans. Sons and daughters, we aretold, had to endure the Rod till they were of a marriageable age.CHAPTER XXX.THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.THE page for whipping and flogging contains itsmost shocl<ing features when it gives tlie historyof slavery and the slave trade. This is especially trueof slavery in America, where it was held to be an indisputable maxim that the slave system could only bemaintained by physical power; and the maxim gainedstrength from the fact that owners had a legal rightto inflict corporal punishment on their slaves. AnAct of Legislature, passed in 1740, for the protectionof slave-owners, says: " In case any person shall wilfully cut out the tongue, put out the eye, or cruellyscald, burn, or deprive any slave of any limb or member, or shall inflict any other cruel punishment, otherthan by whipping, or beating with a horsewhip, cowskin, switch, or small-stick, or by putting irons on, or confining or imprisoning such slave, every such personshall for every such offence, forfeit the sum of onehundred pounds current money." The civil code ofLouisiana contains the following:—" The slave is entirely subject to the will of his master, who may correctand chastise him, though not with unusual rigour,nor so as to maim or mutilate him, or to expose himto the danger of loss of life, or to cause his death."In fact, the master's power " to wollop his own nigger,"to inflict corporal punishment to any extent short302 •riil£ FUJGGTNG OF SLAVES.of life and limb, was fully sanctioned by law Inall slave-holding States; and in at least two Statesthe master was expressly protected in using thehorsewhip and cowskin as instruments for beating hisslave.Occasionally a slave was beaten to death. SimonjSouther was indicted at the October term (1850) ofthe Circuit Court in the county of Hanover for themurder of his slave, and, being found guilty, was sen- tenced to the penitentiary for five years. Judge Fieldgave the following narrative of the punishment inflicted on the slave: —" The negro was tied to a treeand whipped with switches. When Souther becamefatigued with the labour of whipping, he called upon a negro man of his, and made him cob Sam with a shingle. He also made a negro woman of his help tocob him, and after cobbing and whipping he appliedfire to the body of the slave. He then caused him tobe washed down with hot water, in which pods of redpepper had been steeped. The negro was also tied to a log and to the bed-post with ropes which choked him,and he was kicked and stamped by Souther. This sortof punishment was continued and repeated till thenegro died under the infliction." The accused ownermoved for a new trial, but the superior court held thathe should have been hanged for murder of the first degree. In another case tried at Washington thefollowing year, Colonel James Castleman was indictedbecause he whipped his slave to death for the crime ofstealing. He was acquitted. He afterwards causedhis counsel to draw up and publish a statement invindication of his character. The statement set forththat two of the slaves were caught stealing, and wereImmediately punished. The first, named Lewis, wasTHE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.whipped with a broad leathern strap. He was punishedseverely, but only to an extent proportionate to hisofifence. He confessed his crime. His companion, it was'acknowledged, was punished with greater severity.Lewis, after his punishment, was fastened by a chainaround his neck to a beam above his head. Therewas just length of chain to allow him to stand perfectlyupright: if he bent or leaned his body, he wouldbe strangled. This was precisely what occurred onthe slave being left alone for half-an-hour.A policeman, giving evidence in the "Rescue Trials"at Boston in 185 1, said it was his duty, as a policeman,to take up coloured persons who were out after hoursin the streets. They were locked up, and in the morning brought into court and sentenced to receive thescriptural number of thirty-nine lashes. The officerswere paid extra (fifty cents) for administering the punishment. Men, women, boys, and girls, were all floggedby the police at the request of the masters. Mr. Weld,in his " Slavery as it is "(1839), mentions how theytreated runaways. A handsome mulatto woman, abouteighteen or twenty years of age, whose independentspirit could not brook the degradation of slavery, wasin the habit of running away: for this offence she hadbeen repeatedly sent by her master and mistress to bewhipped by the keeper of the Charleston workhouse.This had been done with such inhuman severity as tolacerate her back in a most shocking manner—indeed,a finger could not be laid between the cuts. But thelove of liberty was too strong to be annihilated bytorture, and, as a last resort, she was kept a closeprisoner, and whipped at several different times.As an illustration of the necessity for corporal punishment among the slaves, Olmsted has the following304 THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.anecdote:—" A lady of New York, spending a winterin a southern city, had a hired slave servant, who oneday refused outright to perform some ordinary h'ghtdomestic duty required of her. On the lady's gentlyremonstrating with her, she immediately replied, 'Youcan't make me do it, and I won't do it; I aint afeardof you whippin' me.' The servant was right: the ladycould not whip her, and was too tender-hearted to callin a man, or send her to the guard-house to be whipped,as is the custom with southern ladies when theirpatience is exhausted under such circumstances."In order not to mark the backs of the slaves, andthus deteriorate their value, in Virginia they substituted the pliant strap and the scientific paddle.By the old system the cow-hide cut and laceratedthe backs so badly as to almost spoil their sale whenbrought to the market; but the strap was a vast improvement in the art of whipping negroes. It is saidthat with this instrument a slave could be punishedwithin an inch of his life, and yet come out with novisible injury, and with his skin as smooth as a pcalcdonion. The paddle is a large, thin, ferule of wood, inwhich many small holes are bored: when a blow is struck, these holes, from the rush and partial exhaustion of air in them, act like diminutive cups, and thecontinued application of the instrument is said toproduce precisely similar results to those of the strap.The enlistment of negroes in the Federal armiesduring the late American war gave painful evidenceof the great amount of whipping to which slaves weresubjected. Mr de Pass, surgeon to a Michigan regiment, Tennesee, says that out of 600 negro recruitswhom he examined, one in five bore the marks of severe Hogging, " scores shewed numerous gashes thatTHE FLOGGING OF SL/.VES. ^05you could not cover the scars of with one, and oftenwith two fingers," whilst in one case he found more thana thousand marks of from six to eight inches in length.Another officer stated that not one recruit in fifteenwas free from marks of severe lashing, and that morethan one-half were rejected because of d'sability, arising I'rom lashing of whips and biting of dogf on theircalves and thighs. Mr. Westley Richards, a surgeon,says that of 700 recruits whom he examined at leastone-half bore evidence of having been severely whippedand maltreated in various ways: some stabbed witha knife, others shot through the limbs, some woundedwith clubs till their bones were broken.The whipping of slaves was sometimes performed inthis manner: the slave was stretched out on his face,with his arms and legs tied to bolts or rings, and then, a firm resisting position being thus secured, lashed till theflesh was laid open. A more refined mode of torturewas to bury the slave in a hole in the ground just largeenough to receive his body, put a door on the top, andkeep him there for two or three weeks or even for amonth—if life, of course, held out so long. SolomonBradley, a negro, who enlisted into a northern regiment, describes a punishment which he saw inflictedby one Mr. Fanaby, owner of a large plantation on theSouth Carolina coast, near Port Royal. Attracted bythe noise of fearful screams in Mr. Fanaby's own yard,he went up, and saw a slave girl stretched on theground on her face, her hands and feet tied fast tostakes, her master standing over her beating her witha leather trace from a harness, every blow of whichraised the flesh, if it did not gash it, and now and thenkicking her in the face with his heavy boots, when shescreamed too loud. When he had become exhausted203o6 THE FLOGGING OF SLAVF.S.with this exertion, he sent for sealing-wax and?h'ghted lamp, and dropped the blazing wax into thegashes; after which, his arm being now rested, heswitched the wax out again with a riding-whip. Twogrown-up daughters were all this while watching thisseries c\ erations from the upper windows.The Wev. William Taylor says: "A dear friend o mine in my native county, in the Shenandoah Valley,Virginia, was passing the house of a neighbour, andsaw in the barn-yard, suspended from a beam, acoloured woman hung up by her hands. She wasnearly naked, had been whipped till she was unable tomoan aloud, and had an ear of Indian corn stuck inher mouth as a gag. In that condition she was lefthanging till her master should take his breakfast andhave family prayers. My friend went in to see him,and remonstrated in vain to have her taken down till after the family devotions were over." He adds, thathis three children were taught authority between theages of five and ten years, by being set to whip thepoor woman at will, and she was beaten and scarredup so as to present a most unnatural and hideousappearance. Another minister mentions several cases of women and children being flogged to death. Onegentleman punished his negroes by slitting the solesof their feet with his bowie knife. He put one into 9cotton press, and turned the screw till life was extinct.He stated that he only intended to alarm the man,but carried the joke too far. In the case of one slaveboy whipped to death, the coroner's jury returned averdict of death by cruelty, but nothing more wasdone.On the southern plantations, at the close of theday's work, the negroes were collected before the over-THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES. 307seer. If they had not laboured to suit him, or if theirtask was unfulfilled, they were immediately chainedto a post and severely whipped. A Mrs. Peters andher brother-in-law, Mr. John Peters, were fined at St.Louis for flogging a slave girl. A number of ladieswere attending a lecture in that city, when their attention was diverted by the sound of blows. It appearedto them that some one was mercilessly belabouringa horse. The noise went on without intermissionfor two hours, when some of the audience proceeded to a contiguous building, and peeped throughchinks in the fence. They saw a girl about eighteenyears of age, naked, with face to the ground, and herhands tied behind her back. Above her stood Mrs.Peters with her foot on the slave's neck, laying on lashafter lash with a cow-hide. When she was tired herbrother-in-law took the whip, and scourged the victimuntil her back was one ghastly wound, and the bloodflowed away on all sides from her body, a'^ter whichthe girl was suffered to rise.Many such whipping atrocities were perpetrated inthe whipping houses of the south. A traveller tells ushe saw "a young lady," almost purely white, handedout of a carriage at the door of a professional whippinghouse, that her exposure and pain might solace theirritated jealousy of her proprietor. Every variety ofinstrument and apparatus has been invented to inflictthe utmost possible pang of degradation and tortureon hapless slaves, male and female. They are putin slings—that is to say, suspended by the armswhile heavy battledores crush the flesh on their persons. They are skewered up into frightful distortionsthat the distension of their muscles may aggravate theanguish of the lash; they are fastened nakpd to four20—23o8 THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.Stakes in the ground, amid a concourse of spectators,and scourged until they swoon, or, maybe, die. Husbands are made to flagellate their wives in public, andyoung quadroon girls are forced to stand by whilegangs of negroes are stripped for the whipping-post.Happily, these are stories of the past; and there willbe no more whipping of slaves in America.Slavery in the West Indies was accompanied by anequal degree of severe flagellation. Overseers carriedout the commands of the slave-owner, dictated sometimes from harshness, and sometimes from the merewantonness of cruelty. With the scourging werecombined tortures of every description—branding,cutting off the ears, slitting the nose, tearing out theeyes, roasting alive, breaking on the wheel, and thelike. A tragedy always began with a whipping. Aslave-owner would cause negresses to be stripped andw'hipped in sight of his guests at dinner. Capt. Scott^w a negro, who had been rather tardy in the execution of a commission, hung to a crane by both arms,with heavy weights on both feet. In this positionthey whipped him with thorny ebony shrubs so fearfully that next day his body was much swollen, and thethorns had to be drawn out of his flesh by anothernegro. Often a negro, for the fault of late rising, hasbeen bound to a ladder, hands and feet, and lashedwith a heavy whip, and afterwards had his woundswashed with a mixture of pepper and salt water toincrease the pain. Frequently negro women whowere enceinte were made to miscarry by being whipped.Many witnesses testify that the majority of slaveswhom they saw in the West Indies bore deep furrowson their backs as indelible marks of hard punishment.An English traveller in Surinam relates his experi-fHE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.snce there:—"The first object which attracted mycompassion duing a visit to a neighbouring estate wasa beautiful Sambo girl of about eighteen, tied up byboth arms to a tree, as naked as she came into theworld, and lacerated in such a shocking manner by thewhips of two negro drivers that she was, from herneck to her ankles, literally dyed over with blood. Itwas after she had received two hundred lashes that I perceived her. A remonstrance on my part unhappilyproduced the effect of doubling the punishment. Theonly cause for this matchless barbarity was her refusalto submit to the loathsome embraces of her detestableexecutioner. Prompted by jealousy and revenge, hecalled this the punishment of disobedience, and shewas thus iflayed alive."This same Surinam overseer, Mr. Ebbes, was afterwards fined twelve hundred florins (about one hundred guineas) for flogging a male slave to death.Two slaves had brought a fugitive to Mr. Ebbes, andafteinvards had somehow allowed him to escape, atwhich he was so much enraged that he flogged themboth until one of them expired under the lash. Ebbeshad therefore to pay the owner compensation. It wasthe rule in Surinam that a proprietor might kill hisown slaves at the rate of ^50 per head. Ebbes floggeda boy of fourteen every day for a month. These wereexceptional cases with him, for he was proud of hishandsome slaves, and, for fear of disfiguring their skins,would let them off with twenty lashes for theft, andthe like. His successor in office commenced his reignby flogging every slave on the estate, male and female,for having overslept a quarter of an hour. The Surinam planter, when he lived on his estate, held a leveeevery morning, at which whipping was the principal310 THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.part of the entertainment. Rising about six o'clockin the morning, he would make his appearance, underthe piazza of his house, and after he had taken coffee,attended by half-a-dozen slave domestics, his overseer would attend, and make his report of the previousday's work—what negroes had deserted, died, fallensick, recovered, been bought or born, and above all,who had neglected their work, shammed illness, beendrunk or absent. The offenders were generally present,and were immediately seized by the negro drivers,and without ceremony tied to the beams of the piazzaor to a tree, and there whipped with long whips, which«yjt round the body at every stroke, and cracked likepistol shot. Meanwhile the planter would walk upand down with his overseer, paying no attention totheir cries until they were sufficiently mangled, whenthey were taken down, and ordered to attend to theirwork, without so much as a dressing to their wounds.At six o'clock in the evening he was waited on by hisoverseer, attended, as in the morning, by negro driversand prisoners, and the flogging scene was repeatedunder similar circumstances.It has been remarked as a curious psychologicalfact that the fair sex has been distinguished parexcellence through cruelties of this kind. Many ladiesmade it a point to be present at the whipping of slaves,and stimulated the severity of the overseer both byprecept and example. The house negroes were fullyworse treated than the field hands. Lieut. Davisonsaw a servant maid whose nose had been slit with a knife by her mistress, on account of some slight carelessness. Another maid, at the command of her mistress, who was jealous of her, was so severely whippedthat she died next day. Dropping boiling sealing-wajkTHE FLOGGING OF SLAVES. 311into the wounds caused by the lash was a favouritetorture. Sometimes a negro was whipped, and beingbesmeared with honey, was then hung in chains undera blazing sun until he was gradually eaten alive byi sects and birds of prey. When a proselytisingpriest once painted to a negro the punishments ofxiell, which all those should undergo who did not obeythe precepts of the Church, the latter shook his head,and said, " No, father, punishments like these are notfor negroes, but for the whites who so fearfully ill-treattheir black brethren." When the negroes rose in theWest Indies, they took a fearful vengeance on theiiwhite masters for these cruelties.What has been Laid of the West Inaies is applicableto other colonies established by European uation?-The Portuguese, the Dutch, and the French, practisedmany cruelties towards their dependents. Everywherethe whip, the scourge, the rod, and the bamboo formedthe chief pastime of the European ladies and of the"Creoles. In South America the Spaniards treatedtheir slaves in a comparatively mild manner. Buteven where the negroes were in some degree protectedby the laws, the slave-owners found little difficulty inexculpating themselves for acts cf excessive cruelty,on the plea of necessity. In the Dutch settlements inthe East Indies, flogging was constantly carried onamong the slaves. Here the ladies were excessivelyjealous of their husbands and their female slaves. Ifthey discovered the smallest familiarity between them,they set no bounds to their thirst of revenge against thepoor bondwomen, who, in most cases, did not dare toresist the will of their masters for fear of ill treatment.They were whii)pcd with rods or beaten with rattansuntil they sank down exhausted, or the mistress was312 THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.fatigued. Among other methods of tormenting them,the mistresses would make the slaves sit before themin such a position that they could pinch them withtheir toes in a sensitive part of their bodies, with suchcruel ingenuity that their victims fainted with thepain.The latest, and by all accounts the most wholesale^ogg'ng to which the " nigger " has ever been subjectecivas that which occurred during the evieiite in Jamaicatowards the end of the year 1865. No doubt man)of the reports that reached this country during theinsurrection were somewhat high coloured and ex- aggerated, but the inquiry of the commission, sent toJamaica to investigate the matter, placed the factbeyond doubt, on the evidence of white as well as negro witnesses, that men and women were floggedfor no other apparent reason than that they had themisfortune to be born black. For three weeks thecountry was under martial law; and during that reignof terror, men and women were flogged, hung, or shot,without the slightest form of trial. Lieutenant Adcock, in one of his dispatches, says, "In the morningI first flogged four and hung six rebels. At Leithhall,there were a few prisoners, all of whom I flogged."Mr. Ford, who acted under Lieutenant Adcock, stated,"This morning we made a raid with thirty men: backat 4 P.M., bringing prisoners. Having flogged nine menand burned three negro houses, we then hold a courtmartial on the prisoners, who amounted to about fifty or sixty. Several were flogged without court-martialon a simple examination. One man, John Andersona kind of parson or schoolmaster, got fifty lashes

one man got one hundred; the other eight werehanged or shot." Again he wrote, " The black troopsTHE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.shot one hundred and sixty people on their marchfrom Port Antonio to Manchioneel."This man stated to the commissioners that, underthe orders of Lieutenant Adcock, he directed theexecution of a man who was shot, merely because hewas found eight miles from home, and could give nosufficient reason for being there. During the continuance of his command at Leithhall, he flogged fromfifteen to twenty men, and about two women daily

but he thought so little of the matter that he kept noaccount of the punishments he inflicted. At MorantBay, Provost-Marshal Ramsay seems to have absolutely revelled in flogging. Men were flogged bythe dozen, simply because they violated an orderwhich the provost-marshal had issued, that niggerswere to be in their houses at a certain hour in theevening. "Flog them first, and try them afterwards," was evidently his motto. It was stated tothe commissioners that " it was a common practicewhen the constables or maroons brought men in, andsaid that they had been guilty of murder, for theprovost-marshal to order them to be catted, and thensent down to the tents for trial. Even a sentence ofdeath was accompanied by a flogging. One unfortunate nigger ground his teeth while being j&ogged, andfor this he was hanged. Running the gauntlet wasanother of Ramsay's punishments. Prisoners, afterbeing subjected to the cat in the regular way, weremade to run between two hnes of men—soldiers andsailors—by whom they were pelted with stones or struck with sticks. At a court-martial held on the1st of November, a number of prisoners, against whomthere was no proof that they were ever in arms or present at any murder, &c., were, with some excep-THE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.tions, catted and sent adrift. On the testimony ofsome of the negroes themselves, we find that at LongBay a woman named Collins and her daughter wereflogged because another woman was induced, by thetiireat of similar punishment, to give evidence thatCollins had said she wanted to take a hog belongingto a Mr, Codrington, in place of one which she allegedhe had poisoned; and at Portland a man was shotand a number of others were flogged. While underthe lash these niggers cried out, and the ofiiccr w howas superintending the punishment ordered them tobe gagged, which was accordingly effected by forcingstones into their mouths. It was rather a severe lessonin politeness to give a man thirty-five lashes becausehe did not make a bow to the satisfaction of a whitegentleman. We hear of an overseer who settled ac- counts in a summary manner with his work-people byhaving them flogged all round. Soldiers escaped fromthe control of their officers, and hunted down the unfortunate negroes like so many head of game.The case of a black drummer named Philipps, whowas under the command of Lieutenant Adcock, is almost grotesque. This worthy held full sway atLeithhall for several days. He fulfilled in his ownperson the whole duties of accuser, judge, and executioner, and flogged and hanged his black brethren atpleasure. It is said that he even took upon himself tohang one man whom his lieutenant had ordered him tospare. In short, during this reign of terror, no circumstance was wanting to enhance the number and severityof the floggings—iron wire being sometimes twistedinto the tails of the " cat " which was used. In the caseof the woman Collins above mentioned, the man whoperformed the flogging said " she was tied hands andTHE FLOGGING OF SLAVES.feet to a cocoa-nut tree; I gave her more than twentyblows. The cat was made of black fishing Hnes. Thewoman's back bled." Another poor woman gave evidence to this effer-t -—"I was taken by Charles Hunterbefore Mr. Codrington at Long Bay, and he orderedDaniel Biggenstaff to give me thirty- five lashes. Hedid not try me or examine me at all. Biggerstafftook off my clothes, and made me naked to the waist,and tied me to a wain wheel, and flogged me on mybare shoulders with a guava stick. My back bled, andCodrington washed it with salt pickle—it burned me.I was in the family way, and I was sick for two monthsand two weeks after the flogging."We conclude this chapter with an account of theexecution of two slave-owners. During the administration of Spencer Percival, on the 8th May, 181 1, theHonourable A. W. Hodge, a member of His BritannicMajesty's Council at Tortola, was executed for themurder of one of his negroes by excessive flogging.For the trivial offence of stealing a mango he hadcaused a slave to be whipped to death; and this wasperhaps the least shocking of the repeated acts ofcruelty which he was known to have committed uponthe slaves of his estate. This is the only actual execution that took place in the West Indies throughthe abuse of the power of flogging: there were manyinstances where the delinquent was acquitted in defiance of the evidence. A similar case occurred inSouth Africa. Mr. J. V. L. Gebhard, son of the Rev.Mr. Gebhard, was tried at Cape Town on the 21stFebruary, 1822, for the murder of a slave by excessive beating. He was found guiity and sentenced todeath. The sentence was carried into effect on the 15thNovember, amid an immense concourse of spectators.CHAPTER XXX'i.FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.I^LAGELLATION has always occupied a comparatively insignificant place in the penal codeof France. In early times the punishments for even trivial crimes were generally death, mutilation, or banishment. In domestic life, however, and in schools, theRod flourished with the greatest vigour. Monsieur andMadame Croquemitaine, who took charge of naughtychildren, had plenty of work. In the Maisons deCorrection, in the lunatic asylums, and in the prisonhospitals of Bicetre and La Salpetriere, girls andwomen were frequently scourged: in all these places,whipping was more or less practised during the lastcentury, and anecdotes and reminiscences of the Rodare abundant. Madame de Genlis, in her memoirs, re- • cords the fact that her mother applied the Rod withgreat severity, and that she first became concernedfor her parent's health when she found that she wasunable to wield the birch with her former strength andvigour. In Maisons de Correction, or female reformatories, refractory girls were punished by whipping, butnot without the consent of the government authorities,? and the instrument used was Xht martinet, a scourge ofleather thongs. ^ As in England, flogging was frequently the por- , tion of such of the insane of France as were con-Plate XY.FRENCH SCHOOL DISCIPLINE (XVL CENTURY).An Illustration from " Lp.» petit.a^ Beures a. /'wsaf/e rfc Chartrex," imprimops parla Veuve de Tluclman Korver, 1526, presenting: a school scene of the period, ine elder schoolmaster administers " unc viyoureme fessee," whilst theyounger holds the hand and head of the victim. The picture is curious as showinf,' the homely Illustrations which were readily admitted into the books or aevotion of that period.

FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.fined in madhouses; and apropos of flogging in suchasylums, Voltaire relates a good story, which wehave translated:—In 1723, Father Fouquet, a Jesuit,returned to France from China, where he had passedtwenty-five years. Religious disputes had embroiledhim with his brethren: he had carried with him toChina a gospel different from theirs, and now broughtback to France memorials against them. Two Chineseliterati made the voyage along with him; one of themdied on the way, the other came v/ith Father Fouquetto Paris. The Jesuit father was to take the Chineseto Rome, secretly, as a witness of the conduct of thegood fathers in China, and in the meantime, Fouquetand his companion lodged at the house of TJie Professed, Rue St. Antoine. The reverend fathers receivedadvice of their reverend brother's intentions, and Fouquet was no less quickly informed of the designs ofthe reverend fathers; he lost not a moment, but set offpost the same night for Rome. The reverend fathershad interest enough to get him pursued; but theChinese only was taken. This poor fellow did notunderstand a word of French. The good fathers wentto Cardinal Dubois, who at that time needed theirsupport, and told him that they had amongst them ayoung man who had gone mad, and whom it becamenecessary to confine. The cardinal immediately granteda lettre- de-cachet, than which there is sometimes nothingthat a minister is morvi ready to grant. The lieutenantof police went to take this madman who was pointedout to nim. He found a man making reverences in away different from the French, speaking in a singingtone, and looking quite astonished. He expressedgreat pity for his derangement, ordered his hands to betied behind him, and sent him to Charenton, where318 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.like the Abb^ Desfontaines, he was flogged twice a day.The Cliinese did not at all understand this methodof receiving strangers; he had passed only two or threedays in Paris, and had found the manners of theFrench very odd. He lived three years on bread andwater, amongst madmen and keepers, and believed thatthe French nation consisted of these two species—theone half dancing, while the other half flogged them.Voltaire makes frequent mention of the Rod in hiswritings, more particularly in ridicule of the Jesuits.In the " Maid of Orleans," in " Candide," in "Cortes,"&c., he jests on the subject, or alludes to it in a satiricvein, when it has no connection whatever w ith the subject he is writing upon; and in this he has found manyimitators. In his " Dictionnaire Philosophique," undeithe article Vei-ges, Voltaire has treated of whipping atsome length. Fenelon also, in his renowned work oneducation, has given an expression of his opinions oncorporal punishment. What Rousseau has written onthe subject will be found detailed elsewhere.In the memoirs of the famous religious visionaryMadame Bourignon, who herself kept a kind of re- formatory school, the whipping of children is repeatedlymentioned; and it was generally to escape an impending whipping that the girls used to denounce themselves as being bewitched or possessed by an evilspirit, and thus they became objects, not of anger,but of sympathy. Flagellation in France used, inthe days of old, to begin at a very early age, by thenurses practising it on the children. The bo7ines or" bairnswomen" in great houses used to delight inslapping the hips of their youthful charges, affirmingthat the practice was good for the little ones, and thatit developed the flesh and hardened the skin. TheFLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 319Vhouse-CTovernesses of the youngsters continued thepractice—so much so, that it used to be a commonmatter for them to say: "Prenez garde, mademoiselle,ou nous irons dans le Pays Bas." The flogging of theyoung people of both sexes was quite common beforethe great Revolution, as will presently be shewn.In all French schools connected with convents, thecustom of whipping girls with a rod was at one timeuniversal, as might be expected from the fondness forflagellation which prevailed among the nuns. Theholy sisters delighted to correct their pupils after thesame fashion as certain holy confessors used at onetime to absolve their penitents. They insisted on thenaughty pupil being in the proper position with cotillonsretroussh, and also required that after punishment sheshould kiss the rod and thank the donor. La Fontaineillustrates in an amusing manner the readiness of nunsto employ flagellation in his tale, " The Pair of Spectacles," where certain nuns bestow a flagellation torevenge an affront brought upon their convent. Thechief incidents of the story are as follows: —Several ofthe nuns were found to have been debauched by a youngman dressed like the sisters who had effected a lodgingamong them. We need not detail how the young manwas found out, but found out he certainly was; and thenuns laying hold of him, led him to a neighbouringwood, and tied him to a tree, that he might be whipped.Having forgotten the instruments of correction, thej'returned to the convent, and by some accident weredetained a Httle time. Meanwhile, a miller happenedto pass, and in reply to his question how he came to bethere, the young maa said the nuns had used him hobecause he declined to kiss them. The millei ofteredto put himself in the young man's placC; and warranted320 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.that he would give the nuns full satisfaction. The ex.. change was scarcely completed, when the nuns rushedout with all the disciplines and besoms they could find,which were at once applied to the miller's back. In vainthe unfortunate man remonstrated, and expressed hisgreat ability and willingness to gratify the wishes he' supposed they had. The nuns, however, did not ceaseuntil the disciplines were worn out.In schools for male pupils whipping was also carriedon. Among these, the school kept by "the goodFathers of St. Lazare" in Paris bore the palm. In theirschool "of the good boys" (des tons enfants) the fathersnot only inflicted flagellations on their pupils, but onany strangers that might be recommended to them forthat purpose. A note, such as "M. So-and-so presentscompliments to Father , and begs him to rewardthe bearer with twenty stripes well laid on," if accompanied with the proper fee, was sure to be promptlyhonoured. Being situated in the metropolis, a veryextensive whipping business was carried on in theseminary. Fathers or mothers who had undutiful sons,tutors who had unruly pupils, uncles who were entrustedwith the education of ungovernable nephews, masterswho had wickedly-inclined apprentices, whom theywere themselves unable or afraid to correct, applied tothe fathers of St. Lazare, and by properly feeing themhad their wishes gratified. Indeed, the fathers foundmeans to increase their trade in flagellation: they werewell stocked with the necessary instruments for givingdisciplines, and had such a stout crew of cuistres toinflict them, that they never failed to execute anyjob they engaged to perform, and, regardless oi age,courage, or strength, they willingly undertook themost difficult flagellations. So regular was the tradeFLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 321carried on by the good fathers in that branch of busi- ness that letters of the above kind directed to themwere literally notes of hand payable at sight; and provided such notes did but come to hand, whoever thebearer might be, the fathers were sure to have themdischarged with punctuality. This kind of businessfiequently gave rise to accidents or mistakes of alaughable nature. Young men who had. letters tocarry to the house of St. Lazare, and not knowingthe contents of these letters, would often undesignedlycharge other persons to deliver them if they chancedto pass that way, and the unfortunate bearer, of course,had no sooner delivered the dangerous note, whichhe had good naturedly suffered himself to be entrusted with, than he was collared, horsed, and flogged.Ladies, it is said, who had been forsaken or otherwisecruelly used by their admirers, would recur, when othemeans failed, to the ministry of the fathers of St. La. zare; and if they took care that the fathers receivedthe proper fee, and got the gentleman once within thewails of the school, they were certain to get the satisfaction of knowing that he had been properly whippedAccording to a song by Bt^ranger, the whipping ofchildren was practised by the Jesuits of St Acheulunder the Restoration:

" Hommes noiis, tl'oii sortez-vous? Nous sortons de dessous terre,"and each stanza ending thus

" Et puis nous fessons et nous refessonsLes jolis petits, les jolis gar^ons."That public sentiment has considerably changedonthe question of corporal punishment in French schoolssince the time when the good fathers of St. Lazareheld high revel, appears from a case recorded in the21FLAGELLATION IN FllANCft.Journal des Dehats in 1832. The Abbe Loison, headof an establishment for education at Boulogne-surMer, appeared before the tribunal of that town, upoiithe charge of having inflicted blows with a whip on theyoung Alexis, aged ten years. The president askedthe accused what was the form of the whip which hehad used. He replied that it consisted of seven thinstrings with small knots. On the president observingthat the schoolfellows of Alexis who were called as witnesses had declared that the strings were as thick as a quill, and the knots as large as gooseberries, theaccused replied that the witnesses, being at a considerable distance from him, could not see well, and thatfear must doubtless have magnified the objects to theireyes. To settle the question, the Procureiir du Roirequired the whip to be produced; but the accusedmade no reply to this demand. The tribunal, after tenminutes' deliberation, pronounced sentence by which,on the ground that the Abbe Loison had struck theyoung Alexis without having any right to do so, hewas condemned to pay 100 francs, to undergo twent)'days' imprisonment, and to pay costs according to art3 II of the penal code.The last female publicly whipped by judicial decreein France was Jeanne St. Remi de Valois, Countessde la Motte, for her share in the abstraction of thatcelebrated diamond necklace which has given point to so many stories. The history of the diamond necklace has been often told; we therefore hmit ourselvesto an outline of Madame de la Motte's share in thetransaction: —Jeanne St. Kemi de Valois was a descendant of Henry H. of Valois, King of France,throuf^h an illegitimate channel. She w-as reared inexLienie poverty. Passing over a part of her eariyrLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.Hfr, we find her in Paris, married to De la Motte, a young gendarme. Calling herself a countess, she sentout memorials and petitions to the King and hisministers for the restoration of the estates of herancestors, and also for money to supply her immediatewants; after which she made the acquaintance of Cardinal de Rohan, the grand almoner, and became a regular recipient of his bounty. The cardinal was at thetime consumed by a romantic passion for the Queen; so that by practising on this foible, and by a series offorged letters, Madame de la Motte extracted largesums of money from the cardinal, and finally persuadedhim to buy a gorgeous diamond necklace, valued at onemillion eight hundred thousand francs, which had beenordered by Louis XV. for the Countess du Barry, butleft in the jeweller's hands owing to the unexpecteddeath of that lady. The cardinal, having arrangedthe terms of purchase with the jewellers, believed thathe had now found a way to the favour of the Queen; but the necklace came into the possession of thecountess, who at once proceeded to dispose of thediamonds separately. A few only could be sold inParis, but despatching her husband to England, hedisposed of the remainder, and they received nearlyfourteen thousand pounds for three hundred out of thefive hundred and forty-one stones of which the necklace was composed. The fraud was at length foundout by the jewellers memorialising the Queen withregard to the payment, when her majesty at onceindignantly denied all knowledge of the transactionThe cardinal, Madame de la Motte, and their accomplices, being lodged in the Bastille, were, after thepreliminary examination, brought to trial before theGrand Chamber. Madame de la Motte conducted324 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.herself with the greatest satig froid during the trial,which resulted in her condemnation, and that ofVillette, who had forged the letters in the Queen'sname by which the cardinal was deceived, and in theacquittal of the others. Villette was sentenced tobanishment for life. In accordance with this sentence,he was brought from the prison by the hangman, witha halter about his neck, to one of the gates of the city,where his sentence was read; after which, accordingto an ancient custom, a loaf of bread was presented tohim by the executioner, who then pointed out his wayto the country, and, with great solemnity, turning theculprit's back upon Paris, gave him a smart kick onthe breech, and bade him never return. The countess was sentenced to have a halter slung round herneck, and then to be flogged and beaten naked withrods, and branded with a hot iron on both shoulderswith the letter V (voleuse) \ and finally to be confinedin the prison of Salpetri^re for the rest of her life. As usual in those days, she did not hear the sentenceuntil it was just about to be executed. She wasbrought to the scene in an undress, and while thesentence was being read she broke out into curses,and uttered the most calumnious and unheard ofimprecations against the Queen, the Parliament, andthe cardinal. The executioner and his assistantsseized her and fastened her to a cart, with a halterabout her neck; but the whipping is said to have beenvery slight, and owing to her struggles the executionerhad considerable difficulty in performing the operationof branding. This done, she was dressed and hurriedaway to the Salpetriere, from which prison she escapedafter a year's confinement, and her subsequent career was not very creditable.FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 32$The whipping of women in Paris was not alwaysdone according to law. In the " tumultuous horror"that filled the time of the great French Revolution,during the Red Tenor, when butchers, ruffians, kennelheroes, the grim and savage outlaws of the street,were in the ascendant, and again when the jeunesstioree had the upper hand, flagellation was not forgotten. During the former period the Tricoteiiseswere accustomed to waylay such nuns as had beendriven from or refused to leave their convents, andshamefully whip them. The most noted case of thiskind was that of Th^roigne de M^ricourt, who, havingbeen publicly flogged in a very rude way by a mobof women on the Terrasse des Feuillants, went madthrough rage and shame, and was afterwards confinedfor twenty years in the lunatic asylums of Bicetre andCharenton. Whenever she could escape from thevigilance of her gaolers, she would strip herself naked,and endeavour to administer to herself the degradingpunishment she had suffered at the hands of the populace.When the reaction came, tlie atrocities of the jciinesse dor4ew&rQ equally great. The party, composed olthe white-handed elegantes, delicate libertines, ladiesof fashion, and professors of religion, blew men topieces with grape shot, stabbed disarmed prisoners,and whipped young girls in public. At Montbrisonwomen were tied to a tree of liberty, stripped, andscourged. A girl of fifteen, for kissing her father'scorpse, underwent a shameful flagellation in the streets.The anti-terrorist youth of Paris began to surroundthe hall of the Jacobins during the evening sittings,with the intention of insulting, if they could notsilence, the members: they threw stones at the win-326 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.dows and into the hall, and when the memberscame forth to resist they met with harsh treatment.The women who frequented the galleries—" thefuries of the guillotine," as they were called—wereparticularly the objects of their vengeance. Whenever they were caught in the courts they wereflogged, and their cries and lamentations increasedthe ire and terror of the Jacobins.CHAPTER XXXII.FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE {coilttmscd').THE French literature of the last century aboundsin stories illustrative of flagellation, a punishmentwhich seems to have particularly recommended itself tothe fair sex. In most cases they were directly or indirectly the cause of many a whipping. This assertionmight be supported by several examples. There is,for instance, the custom which prevailed in Italy andFrance, of ladies flagellating their acquaintances, whilej'Ci in bed, on the morning of the day of the Festivalof the Innocents—or the fool's day; " innocent," bothin Italian and French, signifying fool or simpleton.On that day ladies could exact satisfaction for theoffences they might have received from their friendsthroughout the year. Those ladies who had agreedto go in the same party met in the morning accordingto pre-arrangement, and having laid their plans, setout, fully supplied with instruments of correction, tovisit their acquaintances. Woe to the unlucky onewho had forgotten to secure the door of his apartment, for the ladies burst in upon him, and did notleave him until he was well disciplined.Here is another explanation of Childermas or Innocent's Day. On this day it was the custom to whip upthe children in the morning, "that the memorie ofHerod's murder of the innocents might stick the closer,328 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.and in a moderate proportion to act the crueltie againin kinde." Tlie French extended the practice beyondchildren; they even coined a word to designate it Iniiocenter. Clement Marot tells his mistress," Si je savais ou coucheVotre personne au jour des Innocens,De bon matin j'irais k votre couche," Ac.Early rising did not rescue the poorer classes of femalesfrom this infliction, which a princess of France has nothesitated to record; and in Les Escraignes Dijonnoiseswe have the subtle scheme of a poor maiden of thatcity to escape the ordeal.In the "Tales of the Queen of Navarre" we find a story of a man who avails himself of the flagellatingcustom of the Innocent's Day as a ruse to escapethe vigilance of his wife. Having a liaison with hisservant-maid, he was at a loss to find an opportunity for an interview with her without raising suspicion. However, on the eve of Innocent's Day he commenced to find fault with the maid, observing to hiswife that she was so lazy and careless that he proposedthe next morning to give her " the Innocents," andhis wife was quite delighted with his resolution. Heaccordingly rose early next morning, and taking alarge birch in hand, went up stairs to carry out histhreat—his unsuspecting wife being almost sorry tothink of the severe correction that, judging from herhusband's stern looks, would befall the maid. Itmay be inferred, however, that the birch was notmuch used, and that the maid did not get the Intwcents, although she was heard to scream, and also toweep, a good deal.Very richly deserved was the flagellation bestowedon a certain surgeon by a princess of France, on whomFLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 329he had been called to attend professionally. Thislady, afterwards the wife of Henry IV., had a turn forpolitical intrigue. During the civil wars of the League,she tried to obtain possession of the town of Agen,but the attempt failed, and she was forced to make aprecipitate flight. In the hurry of departure it wasimpossible to procure a pillion for her seat on horseback, and consequently she had to ride many milesseated behind a gentleman. The flight was accomplished through great danger, and she at lengthreached a place of safety in the town of Usson inAuvergne. The effects of the fatigue she had enduredbrought on a fever, and besides, owing to the want ofthe proper accommodation of a pillion during flight,that part of her body on which she sat was in a sadcondition. A surgeon being called into requisition,he was successful in performing a cure in a veryshort time. So far so well; but the surgeon, indefiance of all professional etiquette, made a joke ofthe cure that he had performed, and circulated manymerry tales at the expense of her highness. By-andbye these reached the ears of the princess, who put a stop to his pleasantry by causing him to receive a hearty flagellation; in the words of the stoiy, elkluifitdonner les itrivieres, a fate which he very well merited.In the causes celebres of the French law courts, wefind an interesting instance of one lady of rank servinganother with a flagellation. The affair took placeduring the reign of Louis XIV., and made a great stirat the time. The Marchioness of Tresnel and thelady of Liancourt lived near the town of Chaumont,and were rivals, striving on every occasion who shouldoutshine the other. The contest was carried on forsome time with much bitterness, until the Marchioness330 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.determined upon a stroke of policy that would at onceand effectually silence the pretensions of her rival.Accompanied by a number of servants, she waylaidthe lady of Liancourt, caused her servants to take theunfortunate lady from her coach, and execute a lowetdiscipline upon her. The whipping was made the subject of a criminal action, in which the lady of Liancourt was the complainant and the marchioness thedefendant. The latter was condemned to ask theplaintiff's pardon in open court upon her knees, topay two thousand pounds damages, and to be banishedfrom the jurisdiction of the court—rather a heavyprice to pay for the satisfaction of flagellating a rival.Nor was that all: the unfortunate servants, who onlyexecuted the orders of their mistress, were sent to thegalleys.In the same collection {eatises celebres) there is re- lated a case of two ladies of noble family, living near Saumur, being tried for punishing in the same waythe daughter of a farmer, for competing with them inbeauty. A flagellation was not a bad way of settlingthe claims of a rival or enemy, when there was nodanger of the law. At an opera ball in Paris, twocourtesans, named Rosalie and Sainte Marie, had aquarrel, the termination of which was very curious.Invectives, or rather severe truths, were liberallybestowed by both parties. Rosalie being obliged, inthis sort of combat, to give up the field to her adver3ary, she retired almost stifled with rage and a desirefor vengeance. The next morning a young manof genteel appearance presented himself at SainteMarie's door, and as she had not then risen from bed,her woman refused him admittance; but he insisted,and penetrating into the chamber where the fair oneFLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.was reposing, he shut the door and window, drawingthe curtain with no small bustle: it was Rosalie herselfwho came in this fashion to demand satisfaction fromher adversary I She produced two pistols, and presented them to Sainte Marie, who, hardly awake,sprang from the bed, and falling at the feet of Rosalie,implored forgiveness. Rosalie offered to decide theaffair with pistols, but the other tremblingly refused.She then, after reproaching her rival with poltroonery,produced from under her greatcoat an excellent birchrod, and compelling Sainte Marie to take up her nightgown and to lay herself in the most convenient postureacross the bed, she whipt her till the blood came andthen retired, satisfied with the vengeance she hadtaken.Many curious records and anecdotes might be givenof flagellation in France, for at one time the practiv:eof flogging, either as a punishment or as an amusement,was extensively indulged in. It is recorded, for instance, that the Countess du Barry inflicted a whippingon the Marchioness of Rozen, in revenge for a slight.The marchioness was at one time a lady in waiting tothe Countess of Provence, and was introduced to theCountess du Barry, with whom, in a short time, shebecame very friendly, being frequently invited tothe splendid entertainments given by du Barry.The friendship was not, however, of long duration,for the Countess of Provence, her mistress, havingremonstrated with the marchioness on her intimacywith the king's favourite, and especially for assisting ather entertainments, she broke off her connection withMadame du Barry, or, at least, treated her with markedcoldness. Madame du Barry resenting the change,complained to the King, and Louis replied jes<-ingly332 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.that the marchioness was only a child, for whom a rodwas the proper punishment. Madame du Barry, interpreting the reply in her own fashion in its mostliteral sense, took measures for carrying the hintinto effect. One morning the marchioness paidMadame du Barry a visit, and was received in themost cordial manner. They breakfasted together,after which madame said she had something veryparticular to tell her, and invited the marchioness intoher closet. The latter complied, but no sooner hadthey entered that apartment than the door was shutand four stout chamber-maids seized the unfortunate marchioness, and having extended her on a bed,whipped her with great severity. The sufferer complained to the King, but when he questioned Du Barryon the matter, she replied that she had only followedhis own advice. Indeed, some venture to say thatLouis was a hidden but delighted spectator of thewhole scene. Be that as it may, the marchioness,by the advice of her friends, was reconciled to thecountess, and it was agreed to let bygones be bygones.Another instance of the aptitude of ladies in the use of the Rod may be found in a passage in thelife of the poet Clopinel or John of Meun, one of thewits of the court of Charles le Bel, King of France.Clopinel wrote several books, but owed his reputationchiefly to his continuation of the Roman de la RoseThe Roman de la Rose, a very popular work in thosedays, was begun by William Loris, who died aboutthe year 1260, and was finished by John of Meun;from it our own Chaucer has drawn many of thematerials of his poems. John of Meun gave greatoffence to the ladies, especially those belonging tothe court, by four lines in this poem

FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 333Toutes Stes, serez, ou ffltes,De fait ou de volontd, putes; Et qui bien vous chercheroit,Toutes putes vous tiouveroit;*which is just a very coarse way of expressing the wellknown line of Pope

" Every woman is at heart a rake."The court ladies considered Clopinel's lines a libel onthe sex, and unanimously resolved to make him smartfor them. One day as the poet was on his way to court,profoundly ignorant of his approaching fate, the ladiesseized him, and lost no time in making him ready foicorrection. No escape seemed possible, but the poet'swit did not desert him: asking permission to say a fewwords, on being allowed to do so he acknowledgedthe justice of his sentence, and begged as a favourthat the lady who felt most aggrieved by his linesshould give the first blow. This completely disconcerted the maids of honour: each was afraid to givethe others an advantage over her; the rods fell fromtheir hands, and the poet escaped.A somewhat similar story is related of Gonnella,the court fool of Ferrara, a personage who was celebrated for his wit and humour at the court of NiccolloIIL, Marquis of Ferrara. He was allowed to visitFlorence for a wife, and on his return he perpetrateda joke at the expense of his mistress, the marchioness. He first made the marchioness believe thathis wife was deaf, and then told his wife that themarchioness was afflicted with the same infirmity. Onpresentation of the jester's wife, few things can beimagined more ludicrous than the scene that followedbetween these two ladies of high and low degree, eachbelieving the other deaf, and screaming out high-334 FLAGELLATION IN rRANC£.strained compliments at the top of their voice, whilethe rest of the company stood round them in a ring,enjoying, as seriously as they could, a joke that tolditself so loudly. When the jest was blown the marichioness apparently took it in good humour, but privately resolved to have her revenge. Accordingly shesent for the jester one morning into her chamber; andno sooner did he come than the door was locked, andthe fool found himself surrounded by a crowd ofwomen, with her highness as their general, all armedwith switches of the most cutting description. " Now,thou varlet," said the marchioness, "thou shalt bechastised. I will teach thee never again to pass a jeston any woman above the condition of thy paltry wife.".The fool penitently declared himself deserving of theirmost feminine and tender anger, merely entreatingthey would grant hira one small request—then theymight cut him to pieces. His petition was unadvisedlyacceded to; upon which, kneeling down among theenraged Amazons, he thus continued, " Most honourable lady, and ye undoubted maids of honour, I re- quest no more tlian that she, and she alone, will be thefirst to lay a switch across my back, who hath at anytime or in any way forfeited her aforesaid honour,and all that ye all wot of." Upon this the honourablelady herself, of course, could not strike first; but shecommanded three or four of the oldest to commence,a very unfair and preposterous demand, and it wasaccordingly declined. The young ones were then appealed to, but they laughed outright in defiance ofetiquette. In fact, every switch was laid down, andGonnella got clear out of the scrape.Brantome relates in his memoirs a story of Mademoiselle de Limeuil, a maid of honour in the court ofFLAGELLATION IK PRANCfe. 335King Henry II. of France being whipped. Mademoiselle de Limeuil, a handsome and witty younglady, wrote a jeu d'esprii at the expense of the ladiesand gentlemen of the court. The queen, who was ofa serious turn, and was besides annoyed at the prevailing practice of writing satires and pasquinades,resolved to make a striking example of this offenderin her own household. Mademoiselle de Limeuiland the young ladies who assisted her, were thereforerewarded with a flagellation.Brant6me also gives a story of the princess of theHouse of Austria ordering the flagellation of a rev.Jesuit father. Philip II. of Spain, his first wife beingdead, proposed to marry this lady, a daughter of Maximilian II., and his own niece, and who had formerlybeen married to Charles IX., King of France. Theprincess rejected his suit, and Philip and his sister theprincess's mother procured the assistance of a fatherJesuit, a man of learning and suavity. The Jesuit exerted all his powers of persuasion in vain: the prin- cess refused to accede to the proposal, and, on theJesuit continuing his importunities, she first threatened, and finally caused him to be severely whipped.Another notable instance of flagellation is relatedby Brant6m»e as occurring at the court of this samePhilip II. His queen was one day conversing withher ladies about two country seats belonging to theKing, situated, the one at Madrid, and the other atValladolid, which she had fancied. She wished thatthey were so near each other that she might touchone with each foot, making a motion at the same timewith her extended legs. The court jester was present,and could not restrain his wit—the occasion beingtoo tempting, he made a coarse remark on the sub-336 FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE.ject, and was immediately hurried out and wellwhipped.In regal and other great houses the scene of theseflagellations appears to have been the kitchen, thaiplace being not only well supplied with instruments ofcorrection, but also with people able and willing tocarry out the orders of the higher powers.A great personage appears to be referred to in thefollowing paragraph, evidently of French origin, whichappeared in a gossiping German journal, stating thata certain illustrious lady who lived in Paris was regularly birched for her sins twice a week, by a holy sisterwho dwelt with her as a kind of confessor. This greatlady, we were told, was seen en chemise after a gay ballwalking on her naked feet along a passage paved withtiles. She was received in a small oratory at the endof this via dolorosa by the sister in question, who, commanding her illustrious visitor to extend herself beforean altar upon the floor of cold marble, administered toher a very sharp discipline with a monastic scourge.The lady then had to find her way back to her luxurious apartments on bended knees. This story is almostequal to some of those told of the nuns of the oldentime in previous chapters. But is it true } will be asked,We cannot say it is, of our own knowledge: we simplyabridge it from the columns of a journal in which it appeared about seven or eight years ago.We might give numerous other anecdotes of flagelation in France, but as many of them would be similarto tlie toregoing, we conclude this chapter with the following notice of a ladies' whipping club: —An oldFrench novel which we cursorily examined at one ofthe quays on the Sein." in Paris, contained a graphicdescription of a kind of ro antic Whipping club whid'FLAGELLATION IN FRANCE. 337existed in that city a short time previous to " TheTerror." The ladies who were members of this gayinstitution administered the Rod to each otner withcharming elegance! A trial preceded each correction,and if a lady was found guilty, she was straightwaydisrobed and birched by her companions. Manywomen of high rank, if we can believe what was writtenin the book—the title of which was, we think, " TheChateau at Tours "—belonged to this society, andreceived from their companions personal chastisement.These noble dames were also described in the bookas leaders of fashion and inventors of new modes,.some of which, judging by the description given ofthem in the book, must evidently have been not unlikethe dress worn by Mother Eve.CHAPTER XXXIII.THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND.AVING considered Flagellation in Russia andFrance, we now turn to other parts of Europe,as Holland, Germany, Prussia, Austria, and Polandhad also their flogging customs. In all these countriesthe whipping-post or the House of Correction had aplace, and the Rod was very extensively used in thedomestic circle, whilst scholastic and judicial whippingwas not forgotten. In various towns of Germany thewhipping-post stood in the market place, and the culpritbeing led out, was stripped to the waist, and whippedby an appointed officer with rods composed of longbirch. As many as seventy stripes were sometimesinflicted. The crowd of spectators usually includedmany ladies, old and young, who took extreme delightin witnessing the performance—they were so familiarwith the Rod at home that they had no scruples aboutbeing present at public whippings. Indeed, parentsin Austria, Germany, and Holland neither hesitated towhip their grown-up children at home, nor to sendthem to the whipping-houses to be corrected whennecessary, and, as we have read, young ladies belonging to most respectable families were subject tothis discipline, and in the case of cither male or femalethe Rod was heU to be a capital remedy for thevagaries of a firs'!; love, especially when it was notpalatable to the p rents.THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND. 339The son of a respectable tradesman of Amsterdam, ayouth of twenty years of a.^e, fell violently in love withthe mayor's daughter. For weeks he could neithereat, drink, nor sleep, nor yet behave in a rationalmanner, and at one time seemed to be in a fair wayfor a lunatic asylum. His father procured the bestmedical advice that his means would permit, but onlyto find that the doctor's prescriptions were useless.At length, getting hold of a letter written by his sonto his lady love, this epistle was the means of enlightening him as to his son's state of mind, and speedilycaused him to alter his mode of treatment. Thedoctor received his conge, and, the young man beingsent to the House of Correction, a smart whippingspeedily had the effect of completely dispelling " love'syoung dream," and the young man returned homecompletely cured.Children at school were not exempt from the birch,and received it plentifully both on the hands and elsewhere. One school custom, which prevailed up till theend of the last century at Groningen, was of a verywhimsical nature. When the children had obtained a holiday, before leaving school they had to jump througha hoop, and while they did so the master so stationedhimself as to take advantage of their position and slaptheir posteriors. Sometimes, too, the master postedhimself within the entrance-door, and performed theabove ceremony as the children wriggled through between his legs. Occasionally, too, they were treatedto a kick in, as well as a kick out, and in commemoration of the practice the children had a rhyme whichthey sung in anticipation of their holidays:

" Uitslag, inslag,Hcele wakr •tpeuldag!" 22—S340 THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND." Kick us out, kick us in,Weeks of holiday begin."The birch is in considerable use, even at the presentday, in most of the rural districts of Holland, and inmany of the houses a rod may be seen hanging insome convenient place, ready for use. A recenttraveller, in visiting one of the windmills of thecountry, made his appearance at rather an a\vkwa*-iJmoment, just as mamma was dispensing a birchenchastisement to a lubberly lad who was sprawlingover her lap. A girl evidently, from her lugubriouscountenance, was waiting her turn, and " the worthyfrau, not in the least discomposed at my entrance,"says the traveller, " finished off the boy by giving himtwo or three rather hot slaps with her naked palm,after she had thrown down the rod."The ancient laws of Germany were liberal with thewhip: the rooms of justice and the Hoases of Correction abounded with flagellation in every shapeand form—the whip, the cane, and the birch being allbrought into play. The magistrates and officers ofjustice had complete control and unlimited power inthe matter of w hipping. In the Houses of Correction,where the chief culprits were unfortunate women, notunfrequently innocent females, through the intriguesof distinguished persons, or of unfeeling relatives, wer(brought under the Rod in the most exposed manner.Sometimes there was a degree of decency in the performance, female culprits being allowed to retain anunder garment, and the executioner being a woman.In ordinary cases, however, this regard for appearanceswas held to be quite unnecessary, and the gaolerofficiated on the bare body of the culprit. Vagiants,and unfortunate wanderers who could not give a satis-THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND. 341factory account of tliemselves, were alike treated tothis kind of discipline. In some German townsfemale offenders were stuck into an ingenious kind ofmachine, in which they could make no resistance, inorder that they might be more conveniently whipped.Sometimes the chastisements were inflicted publicly,in the court of the police buildings, and at these, andthe semi-private whippings in the Houses of Correction, it was customary, as at one time in London, forthe people to make up parties of friends and relationsto enjoy the spectacle 1 German Hterature aboundswith allusions to the good old flogging days. Theolder law books and the police and municipal recordspreserve the history of judicial flagellation, and thegeneral literature of the country gives ample evidencethat the Rod was in frequent use in household andscholastic management.In the judgments of the court of love we find plentiful strokes of the Rod prescribed for breaches of theseventh commandment, and in the tapestry of theperiod the fact is commemorated by figures of womenwith rods chastising the offending knights who kneelbefore them. In the old German epic, the Nibelungcnlied, the noble Chriemhild, sister to King Gunthar,was beaten by her adored husband, the hero Sigfried,because she told a secret that had been confided toher. The Princess Gudrun was bound to a bed-postand beaten with thorny rods, at the command of thewi^^ked queen whose ugly son she refused to marry.In a play written by Jhan, and acted by Augsburg,there is prescribed verbally to a young free-thinkerafter he had been unmasked in his wickedness, tl e punishment of the Rod. The Jesuits, as has beenalready related in a previous portion of this work,342 THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND.encouraged the use of the Rod, especially as a meansof correction for young women. St. Kresenzia olKaufbeurn deserves special mention on account ofthe belief she entertained of the efficacy of the Rod

and much has been written both in praise and blameof her fondness for it. Whenever she was asked forcounsel, she invariably recommended the Rod. Onone occasion her own cousin consulted her concerningthe best means of maintaining her authority over herdaughter, a handsome young lady of seventeen yearsof age, already deeply in love. St. Kresenzia saidthat if the young woman was sent to her, she shouldcarry an efi'ectual remedy home with her. As soonas Mariele (so the young woman was called) appearedbefore her relation she was met by her with a tremendous rod and violently beaten. She was then sentback to her mother, with a letter earnestly advising arepetition of the dose, and to be continued until themaiden had attained her nineteenth year, Marielewas obliged to submit to the stronger power, and wheneither time or strength failed her mother, she was sentto her relation, who did not fail to make up the deficiency, and the means of correction was indeed con- tinued until Mariele was of age for wedlock.In the convent schools plenty of whipping went on. The " Boot Nuns " of Augsburg had an ingeniousmethod which they practised with much perseverance.These nuns, so named from the small boots whichthey were bound to wear in winter, kept a boys' school,where pupils of from six to ten years of age were received. The offenders, when sentenced to punishment,were forced to creep head foremost into the mouth ofB stove, leaving the lower parts of their bodies outside.The mistress then drew down their clothes and adminis-THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND- 343tered the Rod! We have mentioned elsewhere that inthe gymnasia of Germany punishment was inflictedby tlie "blue man," but in the schools taught byJesuits, or persons educated by them, the master performed the ceremony himself. Many of these schoolswere mixed—that is, attended both by boys and girls—and the latter, like the boys, were openly strippedand beaten with the rod. " The Rod," they wrote indefence of their theory of discipline, " was an indispensable integral part of the whole."Having such a principle to start with, it is scarcelyto be wondered at that abuse of the Rod was frequent. The cases of a Father Marell in Bavaria and a Belgian abbe at Ghent attracted considerable notice.The abba's fondness for flagellation was made thesubject of a lawsuit, and although the priest wasacquitted, it was understood that his acquittal wasentirely due to political causes. It was proved thathe had quite a mania for flagellation. The boys in hisschool suffered it frequently from his own hand, andeven when he was not personally visible, he tookpleasure in witnessing the operation through a glasswindow. The holy fathers made quite merry over theadministration of the Rod, and had several standingjokes on the subject. A slap on the hand with therod was called positive, a spanner on the buttockswas named comparative, and the whipping in its fullpurity was super/aiive. The taste for whippmg, thusdeveloped and fostered by the Jesuits, was carried intothe family circle, and children received whipping in thesuperlative degree as often at home from their parentsas at the school.A tailor in a German town had a half-witted sonwho was one day left alone in the house. During the344 THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND.absence of his parents he amused himself by drawingsome original figures with his fingers, which he haddipped in the ink bottle, on a pair of silk breeches thathis father had made to order for a nobleman. Themother was the first to discover the mischief, and, sofar from appreciating her son's taste for the fine arts,seized the yard-stick and administered to him a severecastigation in the superlative degree. The boy, ofcourse, escaped as soon as possible, and his father, thetailor, tried to eft"ace the ink marks, but without success —at any rate, the customer refused to take the breeches.Towards evening the boy returned home, and nosooner had he entered the house than his father seizedhim, and completed the flagellation that his motherhad begun so energetically in the morning. We aretold that in this instance parental discipline had thedesired eftect of destroying in the youthful culprit all inclination for the fine arts.Formerly political prisoners were subject to thelash in different German countries; for instance, inHesse. A few years ago, a bill was brought into thePrussian Chamber for the restoration of this punishment, but without effect. A gentleman, who wasrecently an inmate of a German prison, describes theforms of punishment now adopted there, and some ofthem are so cruel that the moderate infliction of thewhip would be merciful in comparison. Little infractions of the rules of the prison are punished by reprimands before a committee of the house officers, or bydeprivations of favours and permissions; others byhunger or " darkanest," the deprivation of the bed, theputting on of chains, and applying the " strafstuhl," orchair of punishment. This ingenious instrument ofVorture is a wooden arm chair. The delinquent, sittingTHE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND. 345upon it, is attached to it by straps, fixed to his neck,breast, belly, arms, and legs. By the straining of thesethongs at so many parts of the body, the circulation ofthe blood is very soon checked, and the result is a most painful sensation, which increases every moment.Sometimes prisoners have been for six hours in thiisituation, until blood came from the mouth, nose,and ears. The cries from the unfortunate suffererswere described as something horrible.Though Poland no longer exists as a separatecountry, the Poles retain many of their national characteristics, and their mode of living is in some respectspeculiar. Flagellation occupies a prominent part inthe management of their children and servants. Atthe time that all peasants were serfs or slaves beating was a matter of course, and since serfdom wasabolished, the gentry have been loath to give uptheir ancient prerogative. When the imperial ukasewas promulgated, and the serfs, wishing to taste theirnewly acquired liberty, refused to work, they wereseverely beaten. One Polish gentleman is reported tohave said, "I here is no bearing our slaves since thevimagine that they are independent. Belore 1 Icithome, 1 had a dozen men and as many women beaten,just to shew them that I am still their master. A tewdays before I found the head cook enlightening theothers on their rights; so I had the fellow severelyflogged." Those of the Poles who are rich keep agreat many servants, and the usual way of preservingorder among them is to keep the whip going. If anything goes amiss the delinquent must be whipped.If the dinner is badly prepared the head cook has tosuffer for it, and he indemnifies himself by flagellatinghis subordinates. One day a nobleman had a dinner346 THE ROD IN GERMANY AND HOLLAND.party, and the dinner not being prepared to his satisfaction, he sent for the cook; the servant who wentfor him returned, saying the cook could not be found; some one present expressing surprise at this, the hostremarked, " He is hiding, afraid of being beaten, as he was the last time that the dinner was not to ourtaste." It is the custom for the mistress of the houseto bestow a flagellation on all her dependents andguests, on a particular morning about Easter. Theworkwomen and maids are all assembled in a room,when the lady enters with a whip in her hand and layson quite promiscuously. The young ladies are subjectto the same treatment, only they are whipped separately, instead of en masse like the servants. A ladyresiding with a family in Poland was alarmed onemorning by hearing most terrific screams resoundingthrough the house, but on making inquiry as to thecause, she was laughingly informed that it was onlythe mistress of the hou.-e bestowinsi thv«wK-lesomecorrection.CHAPTER XXXIV.MILITARY FLOGGING.Lx'\GELLATION has long held a prominenlX place among military punishments. The Romans set the example to later nations, as may beproved from passages in Livy, Polybius, and Tacitus.According to these authors, soldiers were often so violently flogged or whipped that they fainted underthe hands of the executioner; and the excessive abuseof thefusUiarium stipplicuim was not seldom the causeof mutiny and riot—the more especially that thenumber of blows was not determined by law, but leftto the will of arbitrary commanders. Most European nations have, in more modern times, resortedto flagellation for the maintenance of military discipline. It is on record that during the thirty years'war the greatest generals were generally the greatestfloggers.The French were the first to abolish the using ofthe lash as a military punishment: that they neverflogged their soldiers, as has been stated, is untrue, butfor along time flogging has been unknown among them.Their punishments, so far as the army is concerned,are now death and imprisonment. In their militarycode no less than forty-five offences are punishable bydeath; twenty-six are punishable with imprisonmentfor periods of five to twelve years, with or without348 MILITARY FLOGGING.wliat is called the boulet, which is a cannon ballattached by a chain to the leg or body; and nineteenoffences are punished by imprisonnricnt in the travauxforces, or galleys, not exceeding three )-ears.The following examples will shew the severity ofpunishments in the French army: —For desertion,the punishment is three years of the boulet: the culpritis kept constantly dragging an eight-pound ball by achain, working ten hours in summer and eight inwinter, and when not working he is kept chained in hiscell. Ten years of the boiilet is awarded for a seconddesertion; and if he deserted while on duty, twoyears is added to the sentence; if he mutinies, thedouble boulet is his fate. Six months in prison is thepunishment for disobedience in time of peace; one) ear in irons for threatening a superior without striking him, or, if with arms in his hand, two years; death, or ten years in irons, for actually striking a superior;two years in irons for selling or pawning his armsand equipments; and five years for selling militarystores. These are a few of the punishments in theFrench army.In the Prussian army there are two classes of men.The soldier enlists in the first class, and he cannot bestruck or sworn at or abused by his officer or noncommissioned officer; but if, by the sentence of a court-martial, he has been degraded into the secondclass, then he can be struck and corporally punishedwith such severity as the offence may require. In thefield, corporal punishment is inflicted by blows withthe flat of the sword. In execution of a regular sentence, the flogging is inflicted with small canes by anon-commissioned officer, and never in public, but ind separate place, such as the guard-room or barrack,MILITARY FLOGGING. 349and in presence of his comrades. Punishment in a private room, and without the appointed witnesses, is particularly prohibited. Every commanding officerhas the power to inflict corporal punishment on asoldier degraded to the second military class, to theextent of forty lashes (maximum) at once; a prisoner,however, may receive as one punishment, but at different periods, the number of one hundred lashes. Theprisoner is not undressed, but keeps his shirt andworking jacket on during the infliction of the lashes.In Prussia, when a soldier who has been degraded tothe second class for misdemeanour has behaved wellfoi a certain time, he is reinstalled in the first classwith many gratifying ceremonies: the colours of theregiment being waved over his head, and the nationalcockade restored to him. In Prussian cadet-houses it isnow strictly prohibited to beat the cadets: no masteror officer dare touch them, for a stroke is thought dishonouring. Thirty and forty years ago exceptionswere made in rare cases, and cadets in Potsdam,where they remain from the age of eleven to fourteen,were occasionally punished with birch rods. A general who attempted to punish a cadet in Berlin, wherethe youths are from fourteen to eighteen years ofage, in a similar manner, met with determined resist- ance. The cadet fortified himself in his bed-room,armed with his sword. When the room was forcedopen he wounded a lieutenant in the arm, and thegeneral himself entering, received a sharp stroke overhis cocked hat. Another cadet in Berlin, threatenedin the same manner, jumped out of the window fromthe third storey, and was killed on the spot.In the Russian army, minor offences are punishedwith the stick and running the gauntlet; but the latter350 MILITARY FLOGGING.punishment, being described in a previous chapter,need not be again referred to. Flogging and runningthe gauntlet are parts of the disciphne of the Austrianarmy. When flogging is deemed necessary, the number of strokes is determined by the bodily constitutionof the individual, and never exceeds fifty. In runningthe gauntlet, six turns up and down between onehundred men is the utmost punishment. No individual above the rank of a common soldier can besentenced to be flogged, or to run the gauntlet, unlesshe be first broken. Flogging is not inflicted upon a criminal without his clothes, and not with the point,but with the full length of the stick, which is of hazelwood, not thicker than the bore of the musket, and freefrom ferule and knots. Flogging is very prevalentamong the Bohemians, Hungarians, and Wallachians.In the Hungarian army, the officer enjoys the rightof inflicting corporal punishment according to his discretion; if a buckle is rusty, a horse ill cleaned, or the?oldier a few minutes late on parade, the officer canorder him to be laid down and flogged on the spotEven the youngest subaltern may at any time, andfor very trivial faults, flog the men under his command.A young lieutenant of hussars was once reprimandedby his superior officer for the bad condition of a detachment under his care. He replied that, if hissuperior did not object to his flogging a little morethan common, he would have them in excellent ordeiwithin two months' time. Consent was readily ^iven,and he kept his word: but during that period nC hadnot a mornent's rest, nor did a day pass without severalpunishments, and ultimately he had them flogged upto the highest pitch of discipline. A recent travellermentions an example of this summary way of deal-MILITARY FLOGGING.\ng with offenders in the Hungarian army. He wastravelling early in the morning over a plain, wherea regiment of dragoons had been exercising: thegreater part were wheeling off, but one troop remainedon the ground; and when the traveller approachedhe found the officer in front of his corps, and a manin uniform stretched on the sand, receiving the stickfor some offence at drill.In the Belgian army corporal punishment has notbeen in use since the accession of Leopold to thethrone.In the Portuguese army it was usual to punish bystrokes of the sword. The punishment was inflictedby a corporal seizing the culprit and striking himwith the flat of the sword upon the back. It wasnecessary to be done with the utmost caution, for it shook the chest so severely that sometimes consumption or other lingeringcomplaints were the consequence.The punishment was a dangerous one, because the injury was often more real than apparent.The United States code does not include flogging,but they have a punishment called the " ball andchain," which inflicts severe corporal suffering. Inlime of war flogging is sometimes necessary.In the British army flagellation was, for a longseries of years, the principal punishment for militaryoffences—indeed, the application of the lash hasbeen legally authorised from the passing of the firstMutiny Act in the year 1689. This act, annuallyrenewed, with the exception of three years in thetime of William III., is the foundation of all measuresfor the preservation of discipline. It originally gavecourts martial the power of infl.icting corporal punishment to any extent; and the courts not seldom flogged352 MILITARY FLOGGING.the victim to within an inch of his life. Sentence*ordering from five to eiglit hundred lashes were by nomeans unfrequently given towards the end of the lastcentury, and the general discipline of the army was atthe same time very harsh. Sir Charles Napier states,in his " Remarks on Military Law," that forty yearsbefore the time at which he wrote (1837) hefrequentl}saw from 600 to 1000 lashes inflicted in consequenceof sentences of regimental courts martial only; andin those days a man who had suffered a part of thepunishment was often brought from an hospital, whenthe wounds were barely healed, to receive the remainder.Officers and non-commissioned officers carried rattansor " supplejacks," and frequently the private soldierswere struck by them upon parade for momentaryunsteadiness, or for not appearing critically dressed, or for any other real or imaginary fault, however trivial,that a petty superior might see or fancy. In 1792, a Sergeant Grant was sentenced to receive one thousandlashes for enlisting two drummers of the ColdstreamGuards into the East India Company's service. Infact, at that time there was no limitation whateverDf the power of regimental or other courts martial ofiwarding corporal punishment.The agitation in Parliament which has ended Inche abolition of flogging in the army during a timejf peace was begun in i8ir. On the 25th of Mayjf that year. Sir Francis Burdett called the attention of the House of Commons to a recent initance of flogging a private in the Liverpool localmilitia, who had been condemned to receive twohundred lashes, merely for complaining, along withothers, of the inferior quality of the bread ser\'ed^ut to the regiment, and afterwards writing- a songMILITARY tLOGGmG. 353upon the subject! The punishment had afterwardsbeen mitigated to fifty lashes, which were duly inflicted.The subject of flogging in the army was at thattime adjourned, but came up again on the 17thJune following, when, after a long speech, in whichhe detailed many shocking cases of the abuse of thispower, Sir Francis Burdett moved an address to theRegent, praying him to issue such orders to the commanders of regiments as would restrain and finallyabolish the flogging of soldiers. The motion beingseconded by Mr. Brougham, was opposed by Mr.Manners Sutton, who explained that in the case ofthe Liverpool militia man, cited by Sir Francis, theman had been punished, not for writing a song, butfor being a ringleader of a drunken and dangerousriot, on the unfounded pretence of the bread of theregiment not being good, and that the man himselfacknowledged the mildness of his punishment. After

some discussion, the motion was negatived by a

majority of ninety-four to ten.Next year Sir Francis renewed his attack, and, onthe motion for the third reading of the Mutiny Bill,strongly advocated the abolition of flogging in theBritish army. He said that "many persons died inconsequence of its infliction by sentence of a regi-.mental court martial, whose sufferings never met thepublic eye;" and instanced, on good authority, thecase of a soldier at the Cape of Good Hope, who beingsentenced to receive one thousand lashes, had twohundred and fifty inflicted, when, the surgeon interposing, he was taken from the halberts, and died afew days after. The amendment was negatived; bntborefruitsofarthat,in the sameyear, the Dukeof York23354 MILITARY FLOGGING.issued a memorandum to restrain the immoderateuse of the " cat." Shortly afterwards, the Mutiny Actcontained a clause limiting the awards of regimentalcourts martial tothree hundred lashes, which practically(except for great crimes) reduced the punishment tothat amount: for almost all crimes were at that timetaken cognizance of by such a tribunal under anarticle of war commonly known as the devils article,by which all charges, not capital, were referred to a regimental court martial.In 1825, a soldier at Dinapore was sentenced forinsubordination to receive nineteen hundred lashes,and it was considered weak of Sir Edward Paget toremit 750 of the stripes. In 1829 district courtsmartial were forbidden to give more than three hundred, and in 1832, regimental ones were restricted totwo hundred lashes. In 1836 the death of a marineat Portsmouth, after undergoing 134 stripes, led to theappointment of a commission, but the only changemade in consequence was a general restriction ofthe number of stripes awarded by courts martial. In1847 the number of lashes inflicted by order of anycourt martial was reduced to fifty, and in 1859 crimeswere classified, with the object of subjecting theperpetrators of the more serious offences alone to.the punishment of flogging, and that only on thesecond commission of the ofi'ence. In 1867 the arguments urged against flogging—that it is inhuman anddegrading; that it is unnecessary for the maintenanceof discipline; that it exerts no reforming influence; and that it hinders recruiting—prevailed in Parliament,and an Act was passed by which flogging in the armyin time of peace was abolished.CIVIL AND MILITARY FLOGGING. Pl^i^^I'UNISHMENT OF POLITICAL OFFENLBHS INCOLDBATH FIELDS PRISON.—Caricature by Gilvay.THE NAVY—TIED TO THE GRATING.OLD CARVED WHIPPING BI OCK.I'rescrvcd in the Crypt of St. .Martin's Cluirch, I.ondon. THE ARMY—TIED TO THE TRIANGLES.

CHAPTER XXXV.MILITARY PUNISHMENTS—THE FLOGGING OFSOMERVILLE, OF THE SCOTS GREYS.ACCORDING to a circular issued from the HorseGuards in 1833, the appHcation of flogging waslimited to certain offences—viz., Mutiny, insubordination and violence, or using, or offering to use, violenceto superior officers; drunkenness on duty; sale of, or making away with arms, ammunition, accoutrements,or necessaries; stealing from comrades, or other disgraceful conduct. In the annual returns which wereordered to be made, offences were arranged under sixclasses—viz., Violence to superiors, insubordination,disobedience, disgraceful conduct, making away withnecessaries, and desertion. Offences against moralitywere classed under the heads "disgraceful conduct"and " making away with necessaries."The gradual decrease, or the reluctance to use,corporal punishment of late years, is seen from thereturns. In the years from 1821 to 1823, of thosewho were tried by courts martial one man out of twowas flogged. From the years 1825 to 1828, the proportion was one out of five; and from 1829 to 1832 it was reduced to one out of six. In 1863 the numbertried by court martial was 18,659, whom 518 wereflogged, or one out of thirty-six. In 1864 there were18,028 men tried by court martial, of whom 528 wereflogged, or one out of thirty-four. In 1 865 the pro23—2356 MILITARY PUNISHMENTS.portion was only one out of fifty-four. The majorityof flogging cases took place in distant dependencies,such as New Zealand, India, and in Canada for desertion, where there was a great temptation for soldiers topass over the border to the United States. This is easily proved by an examination of the returns. In1863 the 70th Regiment was at home, and no more thantwo floggings took place in it, while next year, havingbeen sent to New Zealand, the floggings were thirtyfive, and in 1865 fifteen. In 1S63 the 65th Regimentwas located in New Zealand, and twenty-three menwere flogged. The 14th was there in 1864, and hadactually seventy-two flogged, whereas next year it appears to have been at home, when the floggingswere reduced to five. In 1863 the 68th Regimenthad only one man flogged, but the following year it was sent to New Zealand, and the floggings werenineteen; it came home, and the next year the floggings were nil. The 31st was abroad in 1863, whenthirty were flogged: when it came home the floggingceased for a time, so that within two years only threemen were flogged. The 40th was once known as a flogging regiment. In 1863 it had twenty-one, thefollowing year twenty-two, and in the next yearfifteen exhibitions at the halberts—but all in Australia or New Zealand. A battalion of the 12th inNew Zealand gave eight to the lash in 1863, whilethe other battalion at home gave but one. Nextyear it gave none. But in 1865 the regiment wasin New Zealand, and thirty-three men in it wereflogged.The instrument of flagellation in the British armywas the cat-o'-nine-tails, described in James's " MilitaryDictionary" as " a whip with nine knotted cords withMILITARY PUNISHMENTS. 357svhich the public soldiers and sailors are punished

sometimes it has only live cords." Tradition assignsthis penal device to William III., before whose arrivalthe whip used for the punishment of British soldiersis said to have had only three thongs. The military"cat" was a weapon about eighteen inches in length,armed with nine thongs of the same length, eachthong bearing five or six knots, compressed and hardened into sharp edges till each had acquired the consistency of horn.Somerville, in his "Autobiography of a WorkingMan," has given his experience of the lash, while a private in the Scots Greys. He was tried before acourt martial on the 2glh of May, 1832, "for highlyunsoldier-like conduct on the morning of the 28thinst, in dismounting without leave, when taking hislessons in the riding school, and absolutely refusingto remount his horse when ordered to do so." It isunnecessary here to enter into the question of thejustice of the sentence pronounced on Somerville,which was afterwards the subject of an investigation.The court found him guilty, and by virtue of theArticles of War sentenced him to receive 200 lashesin the usual manner of the regiment, at such time andplace as the commanding officer might see fit. Thesentence was carried into effect the same afternoon.The regiment was formed four deep round the wallsof the riding school. The officers stood in an oblongspace witliin the lines of the men. The regimentalsurgeon was also there, the hospital sergeant, andtwo hospital orderlies. The sergeant of the bandstood with the £-/reu bag (containing the "cats"), andFarrier Simpson and a trumpeter each stood with a" cat" in his hand. The sergeant had two more in358 MILITARY PUNISHMENTS.the hzg, to be ready in case these should give wayThe handles were of wood or whalebone, about twofeet long, the tails about the same length, each tailtwo, or perhaps three, times the thickness of ordinarywhipcord, with six hard knots upon it. A form anda chair stood close by, and on the form a pailful ofwater, with some towels in the water to apply to theback of the culprit, and a basin of water to givehim a drink in case he became faint. These werein charge of the hospital sergeant and the two orderlies. A ladder was placed upright against the wall,and several strong looking ropes, half an inch thickor thereabouts, with nooses on them, hung about theladder and lay on the ground. When Somervillewas led into the square, the commanding officer readthe minutes of the court martial, after which he saidto the prisoner, " You will take your punishment

strip, sir." He accordingly stripped to his trousers,and was fastened by the wrists and ankles to theladder, so that his arms stretched outwards and hisbreast and face were brought tightly against theladder, and so firmlv that he could not move. Theregimental sergeant-major, who stood behind with abook and pencil to count each lash and write its number, gave the command, "Farrier Simpson, you willdo your duty," The manner of doing that duty wasto swing the cat twice round the head, give a stroke,draw the tails of the cat through the fingers of theleft hand to rid them of skin, or flesh, or blood: againswing the instrument twice round the head slowly,and come on, and so forth. In the words of thenarrator, "Simpson took the cat as ordered; at least,T believe so; I did not see him, but I felt an astounding sensation between the shoulders under my neckMILITARY rUNISIIMENTS. 359which went to my toe nails in one direction^ my fingernails in anolhcr, and stung me to the heart as if a knifehad gone through my body. The sergeant-majorcalled in a loud voice, 'One,' and I felt as if it wouldbe kind of Simpson not to strike me on the same placeagain. He came on a second time, a few inches lower,and then I thought the former stroke was sweet andagreeable when compared with that one. The ser- geant-major counted ' Two.' The cat was swung twiceround the farrier's head again, and he came on somewhere about the right shoulder blade, and the loudvoice of the reckoner said ' Three.' The shoulder bladewas as sensitive as any other part of the body, andwhen he came again on the left shoulder, and the voicecried ' Four,' I felt my flesh quiver in every nerve, fromthe scalp of my head to my toe nails. The time between each stroke seemed so long as to be agonising,and yet the next came too soon. It was lower down,and felt to be the severest. The word 'Five' mademe betake myself to mental arithmetic; this, thoughtI, is only the fortieth part of what I am to get. 'Six'followed, so on up to twenty-five. The sergeant-majorthen said 'Halt!' Simpson stood back, and a youngtrumpeter, who had not flogged before, took his catand began. He had practised often at a stable-postor a sack of sawdust, and could handle the instrumentas scientifically as any one. He gave me some dreadful cuts about the ribs, first on one side and then onthe other. Some one bade him hit higher up, I donot know whom. He then gave them upon the blistered and swollen places where Simpson had beenpractising. The pain in my lungs was now moresevere, I thought, than on my back. I felt as if I would burst in the internal parts of my body. 1 de-36o MILITARY PUNISHMENTS.tected myself once giving something like a groan,and to prevent its utterance again I put my tongue between my teeth, held it there, and bit it almost in twopieces. What with the blood from my tongue and mylips, which I had also bitten, and the blood from mylungs or some other internal part ruptured by thewrithing agony, I was almost choked, and becameblack in the face. It now became Simpson's secondturn to give twenty-five. Only fifty had been inflicted, and the time since they began was like a longperiod of life; I felt as if I had lived all the time ofmy real life in pain and torture, and that the time whenexistence had pleasure in it was a dream, long, longgone by. Simpson got up amongst the old sores: thestrokes were not so sharp as at first: they were likeblows of heavy weights, but more painful than thefresh ones. It was now that he, probably more inclined to remember that he was my friend than afarrier, was commanded in a loud voice in these words,• Farrier Simpson, do your duty.' He travelled downwards, and came on heavier than before but, as 1 thought, slower. It seemed a weary slowness for thesergeant-major to be only counting the fifteenth andsixteenth of the third twenty-five. When the otheryoungster had reached his first five-and-twenty, whichmade a hundred, the commanding officer said, 'Stop,take him down; he is a young soldier.' " The prisonerwas then unbound, a wet towel spread on his back, hisjacket laid loosely over that, and he was led to thehospital between two men. There a cloth dipped in alotion was put on the skin, and the patient laid on hisback. His back became so stiff that it seemed an impossibility to rise, and when the lotions were changedhe had to be lifted up.MILITARY PUNISHMENTS.Soldiers have always had various flagellating customsfor the punishment of offenders among themselves.The Scots Magazine for 1780 gives a case in point, on28tii February, at Salisbury; it is recorded thus:—"On Thursday we were entertained with an uncommonmilitary tribunal under our council-house. Two of thedragoons now quartered in this city had been guilty ofpetty thefts or frauds on their comrades, and insteadof a court martial the officers left the conviction andpunishment of this trivial offence to the men. Accordingly they were drawn up; one of them, dressed as formal as a judge, with a knapsack round his head,came escorted by a guard, took his seat in an elbowchair with his clerk attending to take minutes; the twoculprits brought by a file of musketeers—a jury oftwelve collected indifferently from the men—and acharge given —the evidence then heard: and on conviction the judge, with great solemnity, after observingon the evils of the offences to their society, sentencedth^m to undergo the punishment oi booting ^.v\6. bottling,which was immediately inflicted by each jurymangiving a dozen blows with a boot-jack on the posteriorsof the criminal, and then pouring bottles of cold waterthrousfh the sleeves of his coat, the arms bein? extencied, which produced something equivalent to a fit of an ague from the trickling of the cold water downhis sides." In infantry regiments it was customary tosling-belt offenders. The criminal was extended andforcibly held down on a bench, while the jurymen inturn gave him so many lashes with the sling of a firelock. In the cavalry service a portion of tlie bridle is used for the private flagellation of those persons whorender themselves disagreeable to their comrades.Happily such "horse-play" is becoming very rare.3^2 MILITARY PUNISITMKNTS.and as the army becomes increasingly recruited withrespectable men the practice will probably ceasealtogether.Wearing oak-apples—a practice we are told, nowquite extinct—on the 25th of May, became a militaryoffence under the first of the Georges. For a soldierto "sport" this emblem was to manifest a love forthe Stuarts, and a hatred for the House of Brunswick.As a military offence, soldiers who ventured to showbut an oak leaf in their fingers were flogged almost todeath in the bloody corner of Hyde Park. Civilianswere also amenable to the law if they thus offendedon the anniversary of the Restoration; and the punishments for the ofteiice were imprisonment, whippinjj,CHAPTER XXXVI.FLOGGING IN THE NAVY.HE British navy has now been long afloat: a X thousand years at least " its flag lias bravedthe battle and the breeze," and all through these tencenturies there has been flogging on board, and plentyof it too; for although the " cat " has had a vigorousenough life on land, it seems to have found its nativeelement when at sea. In the army, there is but oneact for the government and discipline of its separatecorps. In the navy, there are the original Articles ofWar of 1749, then enacted for severe discipline andsummary punishments, in order to govern the unrulyand insubordinate spirit of sailors of all nations, pressedfrom all quarters to form the crews of British shipsof war, and several acts to amend those laws andameliorate their severity, especially as regarded themany sentences of death.In the palmy days of flogging, as we may term them,about the end of the last century, the system of cor- poral punishment in the naval service was much moresevere than it ever was in the army, because the captainof a man-of-war was at once judge and jury. Nomonarch on his throne had ever more power over thebacks of his subjects than the captain even of thesmallest craft in the navy had over the people onboard of his ship. He could scarify their backs to hi*i64 FLOGGING IN THE NAVY.heart's content, without a soul under him— except thesurgeon, wlio might save the sufferer by testifying thathe was not in a sufficiently robust state of health tobear flogging—without an individual on board daringto say, "it is wrong you do." Marryat, in one of hisnovels, describes a captain of an eighteen gun brig'of this period giving five dozen lashes to a seamanfor spitting on the quarter deck, and it is by no meansan overdrawn story. A post-captain, as much famedfor his reckless gallantry as for his love of the cat,always flogged the last man down the rigging afterreefing top sails, if the operation was not performedin an incredibly short space of time. In those days,boatswains carried rattans, and boatswains' ma.tes co//s,the latter standing at the hatchway, to start the menfrom below, when turning the hands up. "Rope'sending" was also much practised, and old seamenmight be beaten severely by " youngsters " as a matterof course,A story is told of a horrible revenge taken upon a petty officer, who was constantly in the habit of re- porting men, and getting them flogged. The vessel towhich he belonged was chasing a privateer, a fast sailing ship, that had captured several English merchantmen; and on this occasion, in order to get theship into good sailing trim, gratings loaded witheighteen-pound shot had been slung in different parts.One of these was over the main hatchway, and as theman in question was descending in I he dead of night,this heavy weight of metal was let down upon hishead, crushing him like a spider.Here is another case. A man was placed on thelook-out on the bowsprit of a ship which was off thecoast of Norway, and was almost blinded by a bitterFLOGGING IN THE NAVY.storm of sleet and hail driving iw nis face. In thisstate he, of course, failed to see as well as the officeron deck, Avho had the use of a powerful glass, whichprotected his eye; and, as a puhishment for not seeingthe land, he was ordered to sit for four hours on thecrosstrees. At the end of that time he was ordereddown, but being immoveable as a statue, with everyjoint stiff, his flesh numbed and without feeling, hehad to be lowered to the deck by means of tackle gotready for the occasion. He died from the exposure.When Sir Ralph Abercrombie's force was on its voyage to Egypt, a captain, who commanded a detachment on board a small brig-transport, armed each ofhis two drummers with co/ts (that is, platted ropeyarns), and the first question he asked the drummeron duty every morning was, had he his colt . If hewas deficient, the other drummer was called to colthim. As the two drummers were sworn enemies, it was said that each used to purloin the other's colt forthe pleasure of coiting him under the captain's eye.Seventy-three years ago, in Lord St. Vincent's fleetoff Cadiz, the discipline of the severe code was diversified on the Sabbath by " flogging and fighting, hangingand preaching," each essential point of duty suited tothe times going on as regularly as clockwork: and notso many years have passed since dozens of blockademen, of notoriously bad character, were in one dayflogged in the Downs, about a mile and a-half fromthe town of Deal."Young gentlemen" did not escape the lash inthe days we are endeavouring to picture, and werequite as often designated "young blackguards " as byany other title of honour. Ensign O'Donoghue re- cords an instance of an officer being flogged. Admiral366 fLOGGlNG IN THE NAVVCornwallis, well known by the nickname of Billy Blue,because he always hoisted a " blue-peter " (signal forsailing) whenever he cast anchor in any port, had beenseverely wounded in the head, and was ever afterwardssubject to fits of mental aberration. If he indulgedin a single glass of wine beyond his usual quantity, hisbrain was sure to get out of order. In this state, oneevening, he came out of his cabin while his ship wasat sea. Catching sight of an officer whom he was supposed to dislike, he immediately ordered the hands tobe turned up for punishment. A grating was rigged,the ship's company mustered aft, and while each waswondering who was to suffer, the admiral, who shewedno outward signs of mental derangement, pointed outthe individual whom he intended to punish. On boardship " to hear is to obey;" and so without ceremonythe astonished officer found himself, naked from thewaist upwards, firmly lashed by wrist and ankle to thegrating, and a boatswain's mate, cat in hand, ready toflog him. Before the officers could so far recover fromtheir astonishment as to remonstrate, the admiralhimself gave the signal, and two dozen were rapidlygiven, "Billy Blue" looking calmly on, as if everything was quite en regie. After punishment the fastenings were cast loose, the sufferer handed over to the care of the surgeon, and the admiral went back to hiscabin. Next morning no one was more astonishedthan the admiral when he was informed of the lastnight's proceedings, and he refused to believe it till the fact was brought so circumstantially before himthat it was impossible to doubt any longer. All handswere again mustered as for punishment, and the officerwho had been flogged brought on deck. Then theadmiral appeared *n the quarter deck, with a cane inFLOGGING IN THE NAVY ^7his hand, and walking up to the astonished officer, addressed him nearly as follows:—" I am told that yes^terday evening I ordered you, sir, to be flogged, andthat my orders were carried into execution on thisquarter deck; but, upon my word of honour, I have notthe remotest recollection of the circumstances. It appears to be true, however, and therefore this morningI have assembled together those who saw you punished

and, in their presence, I have to tell you that I don'tcome here to make an apology for what I have done,because no British officer could receive an apologyfrom any one after being struck: if I did not strikeyou myself, I caused another to do so. I won't askyour pardon, sir, because, as a man of honour, youcould not in this way pardon an unpardonable offence.Nor, sir, will I waive my rank to give you personalsatisfaction on shore, because by receiving your fire or firing at you, I could not obliterate the stain I havelaid upon your shoulders. But I ask a favour of youbefore the ship's company; which is, that you will takethis cane, and use it on my back as long as it will holdtogether. By , «would do so to any one thatserved me as I did you. Mr , you may thrash meif you please, and as much as you like, and, as I am aliving man, it shall not interfere with your future promotion." Here he presented the handle of the caneto the officer. Mr , however, took his revengeanother way. He took the cane, snapped it in twoacross his knee, flung the pieces overboard, and, ex- j tending his hand towards the admiral, told him thathe forgave him with all his heart. The ship's company burst into a cheer when they saw them shakehands. The officer had no reason afterwards to complain of his taste of the cat, for he finished his navalFLOGGING IN THE NAVY.career that voyage, and obtained a capital appointment on shore under the patronage of the admiral'sbrother—an appointment for which he might havesighed in vain but for his luck in tasting " Billy Blue's"discipline.The punishment at sea similar to the whipping atthe .cart's tail on land was a flogging round the fleet

but the latter was, as maybe supposed, immeasurablymore severe. A man sentenced to be flogged roundthe fleet received an equal part of the whole numberof lashes awarded alongside of each ship composingit. For instance, if he was sentenced to three hundredlashes in a fleet composed of ten sail, he would receivethirty stripes alongside of each ship. When such aceremony was to be performed, a launch was fitted upwith a platform and shears. It was occupied by theunfortunate individual, the provost-marshal, the boatswain and his mates, with their implements of office,armed marines being stationed as guards at the bowand stern. On the signal being made for punishment,all the ships in the fleet sent one or two boats, eachmanned by crews cleanly dressed, the officers in full uniform, and the marines being under arms. Theseboats were collected at the side of the ship where thelaunch was lying with the prisoner; the hands wereturned up, and the ship's company ordered to mountthe rigging to witness that portion of the whole punishment which, after the sentence had been read, wasinflicted upon the prisoner. When he had receivedthe allotted number of lashes, he was for the time released, and permitted to sit down with a blanket overhis shoulders. The boats which attended the execution of the sentence were then made fast to the launch,their duty being to tow it to the next ship in the fleet,FLOGGING IN THE NAVY.where the same number of lashes was inflicted, withcorresponding ceremony: and thus the condemnedone was towed from ship to ship until he had re- ceived the whole of his flogging. The severity ofsuch punishment consisted not only in the number oflashes, but in the peculiar manner in which they wereinflicted, as, after the unfortunate individual had re- ceived the first batch of stripes alongside one ship, theblood was allowed to congeal, and the wounds partially to close, during the interval which took placeprevious to his arrival alongside of the next, when thecat opened them afresh, and again subjected him torenewed and increased pain. During the latter part ofthe punishment the suffering was dreadful; and theman who had acted as principal during this wearyvoyage, and received the full number of stripes, wasusually broken down in constitution, if not in spirits,for the remainder of his life. One lash in the navy was considered equivalent inseverity to several in the army; and although the lasheswere numbered by dozens instead of hundreds, twelvestripes afloat were fully equal to a hundred on shore.This was partly owing to the make and material of thecat, and also to the mode of flogging. The naval catwas altogether more formidable than the military one,being made out of a piece of rope, thicker than a man'swrist, five feet in length all over, three of which werestiff and solid stuff, and the remaining two feet ravelled into hard twisted and knotted ends. Such wasthe old-fashioned cat; but even when wooden handleswere substituted for the rope ones, it was generally 1 heavier than the military instrument. There was"also a vast difference in the mode of inflicting the^punishment. In the army, the drummer stood on one'243/0 FLOGGING IN THE NAVY.Spot, waved the cat round his head, and brought it down on the culprit's back with the strength of hisarm alone; while, in the navy, the boatswain's mateivhose duty it was to perform, stood fully two stridesfrom the delinquent, then combing out the tails of thecat, he swung it over his head, made a step forward,and bending his body to give more force to the blow,delivered the stroke at the full sweep of his arm.Marryat describes one huge, raw-boned boatswain'smate who flogged left-handed, and had also a peculiarjerk in his manner of laying on the cat-o'-nine-tailsthat always brought away with it little knobs of fleshwherever the knots fell, so neatly that blood wouldspout at every blov/ from the wounds as from thepuncture of a lancet. Besides, the torture was alsodoubled by first scoring over the back in one direction, and the right-handed floggers coming after, it was then scored in another, thus cutting the skin intolozenges.But the days of reckless and indiscriminate infliction of the lash at sea are past: no sailor may now beflogged without a council of inquiiy being held by thecaptain and his two lieutenants. The checks on theundue exercise of the authority of flogging are manyand various. The actual orders and regulations of theAdmiralty absolutely prohibit tlie hasty infliction ofpunishment, and restrict the amount of it in all cases. Then, the knowledge that a captain sending an immoderate return of punishments is looked upon unfavourbly at the Admiralty, and also the certainty that hevill be held up in the public journals as a brute whogloats over and enjoys the spectacle of a flogging, helpto curb the use of the lash. By a circular issued in1S54, on punishments in the navy, it was enjoinedFLOGGING IN THE NAVY.that corporal punishment should only be inflicted forinsubordination or other heinous crime, and only forsecond and future offences. In the same circular wasa clause to the effect that, as it is essential to checkinattention or dirty habits in boys, the custom of punishing them on the hand with a slight cane may beresorted to with moderation, in such cases as the captain may direct.In 1856 sailors serving in the coast guard weremade liable to flogging the same as their brethren alsea; and a determined officer of the navy, in order tosupport discipline within his district, might, by Act ofParliament, order the summary infliction of lashes onthe bare back of an offending seaman, fastened to theflagstaff of the coast guard station.In 1858 special regulations were issued for the punishment of naval cadets. They were not to be floggedaccording to the Mutiny Act, but simply with a birchrod, such as is used in public schools. Four cadets ofthe " Illustrious" having been guilty of such gross misconduct as would justify their dismissal from the service, the admiral in command suggested that theyshould be flogged with a birch rod, as a milder alternative, and the Admiralty sanctioned that course. Inthe circular issued from Whitehall to all commandersin-chief, captain.s, and other commanding officers, it was enjoined that boys should not be flogged as formerly with a cat, but that in all cases where the•)ffences could not be lightly passed over they shouldTe punished in a similar manner to that which is in use at our large public schools-—viz., by birching —and>at in no case should more than twenty-four cuts beinflicted. Officers were also requested to avoir] as much as they possibly could having recourse to this24.—2FLOGvilNG IN THE NAVY.extreme step for a first offence; but the birch wasto be heltl in terrorem over such youngsters as wereaddicted to lying, swearing, thieving, smoking, anddrinking. About the same time there was a proposaljo reduce the maximum punishment of four dozenlashes, to which seamen and marines are now liable, totwo dozen.Sailors have a punishment among themselves similarto the sling-belting of the soldiers. It is called cobbing.According to Grose, cob or cobbing is a punishmentused by seamen for petty offences or irregularitiesamong themselves: it consists in bastinading the offender on the posteriors with a cobbing stick or pipestaff: the number of blows which is usually inflictedis a dozen. At the first stroke the executioner repeatsthe word watch, on which all persons are to take offtheir hats on pain of like punishment; the last strokeis always given as hard as possible, and is called thepurse. This piece of discipline, we are told, is alsoinflicted in Ireland by the schoolboys on personscoming into the school without taking off their hats;it is there called school-butter.The punishment of flogging was abolished in thi? United States navy by a vote of Congress in 185^but the result appears to have been not quite so satisfactory as the opponents of flogging could desire.CHAPTER XXXVII.ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION INFOREIGN COUNTRIES.IF we are to accept the Rabbinical interpretationof the account of the fall of man, flagellation as domestic discipline commenced in the garden of Eden,and the mother of all mankind was the first to applythe Rod. The rabbis declare that when Adam pleadedthat the woman gave him of the tree and he did eat,he means that she gave it him palpably—that, infact, she laid it on so energetically that he was forcedto give in, and " did eat" under compulsion; and manyladies,we knov ,have followed her example and assumeda right to co*^ tect their husbands. Butler, in his " Hudibras," gives i notable instance:

" Did not a certain Lady whipOf late her husband's own Lordship? And, though a Grandee of the House,Clawed him with fundamental blows,Tied him stark-naked to a bed-postAnd firked his hide as if sh' had rid post

And after, m the Sessions Court,Where whipping 's judged, had honour for VThe noble person thus alluded to was Lord Munsonwho lived at Bury St Edmunds, and was one of theKing's judges. To shew her disapprobation of hisconduct in changing his political principles, his lady,with the assistance of her maids, tied him to a bedpost, and gave him flagellation till he promised toi74 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION.behave better in future; and for this salutary discipline Lady Munson received thanks in open court.On the other hand, the majority of lawgivers havebeeii extraordinarily liberal towards men in the question of domestic discipline. The case has often beenargued whether a man may honourably fustigate hiswife, and the point has usually been settled that hisright to do so depends on the behaviour and temperof the wife. Steele remarks in the Spectator thatthere are undeniably perverse jades that fall to men'slot with whom it requires more than common proficiency in philosophy to be able to live. When theyare joined to nien of warm spirits without temper orlearning, they are frequently corrected with stripes.It has been argued that woman was created to be thehelpmeet of man, to be his ministering angel, and to begood, quiet, and orderly, and when she is really suchshe readily submits to the authority of her husband,and is perfectly docile under his government. When,however, she is the opposite of all this there is needfor the Rod, and she must be dealt with according tothe advice of the poet

" Thou wilt be constrained her head to punch,And let not thine eye then spare her: Grasp the first weapon that comes to hand,llorsewhip, or cudgel, or walking stick. Or batter her well with the warming pan; Dread not to fling her down on the earth,Nerve well thine arm, let thy heart be stout As iron, as brass, or stone, or steel,"Or the advice of the Roman oracle given in such a case may be followed with advantage. A man had awife full of bad temper. He went to consult theoracle, and asked what should be done with agar-'ment which had moths in it, " Dust it," replied theANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. 375oracle. "And," added the man, " I have a wife whois full of her nasty little tempers; should not she betreated in a similar manner?" "To be sure," was^he reply, " dust her daily."The Arabians have a tradition that Job once threatened to give his wife a severe flagellation. When Job,says the tradition, was in so loathsome a conditionthat he lay on the ground, and none could bear tocome near him,, his wife alone attended him dutifullywith great patience, and supported him with what sheearned by her labour. One day the devil appearing toher, reminded her of their former prosperity, and promised to restore all they had lost if she would worshiphim. He had overcome Eve by a less temptation.The wife of Job did not yield like the mother of allliving, but neither did she withstand it; she took a middle course; and going to her husband, repeated tohim the proposal, and asked his consent: whereat hewas so indignant that he swore, if he recovered, thathe would give her a hundred stripes; then, accordingto the Koran, he cried, " Verily, evil hath afflictedme," or, " Verily, Satan hath afflicted me with calamity and pain;" immediately after which exclamation the Lord sent Gabriel, who took him by the hand,and raised him up. A fountain sprang up at his feet

he drank of it, and washed and refreshed himself. Hisdisease disappeared, and his health, riches, and family were restored unto him; and, in order that hemight keep his oath with regard to chastising his wife,he was directed to give her a blow with a palm branchhaving a hundred leaves. There are various otherreasons given for the threatened chastisement. Somesay that Job swore to punish her with stripes because«ihe stayed too long on an errand. His wrath is ac-375 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATIONcounted for by another legend thus: —What Job'swife provided for her husband during his misery Satanstole, until he had deprived her at last of all means ofsupporting him, and thus rendered him utterly destitute. As soon as the tempter had effected this, heappeared to Rasima (so she was called) in the form ofa bald old woman, and offered, if she would give himthe two locks which hung down upon her neck, to supply her every day with whatever she wanted for herhusband. Rasima joyfully accepted the proposal, cutoff her locks, and gave them to the false old woman.No sooner was Satan possessed of them than he wentto Job, told him that his wife had been detected indishonouring herself and him, and that she had beenignominiously shorn in consequence, in proof of whichhe produced the locks. Job, when he saw that hiswife had indeed been shorn of her tresses, believed thestory; and not doubting that she had allowed thedevil to prevail over her, swore, if ever he recoverediiis health, to punish her severely. How he was tofulfil his oath the Koran says: " It was said to Job,take a handful of rods in thy hand, and strike thy wifetherewith, and break not thine oath." Commentatorsdiffer about this handful of rods: some supposing it to be dry grass, others rushes, and others (as we havementioned) a palm branch.Several passages from holy writ, alluding to theuse. of the Rod, have been quoted in an earlier partof this work. Here are a few more. The writingsof Solomon and Sirach abound with injunctions touse the Rod in youth—and, indeed, at other periodsof life; and the following passages relating to thissubject have been literally translated: —The fooldespises the chastisement of his father, but he whoANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. 37;receives stripes will be wise: chastise thy son whilethere is hope, but let not thy soul be moved to killhim: let one beat the profane, so will the fool become wise; let one punish one of understianding, sowill he become wise. Stripes for the profane, and arod for the fool's back: the young man's strength ishis praise; one must retain the wicked with hardpunishment, and with sore stripes which one mayfeel; folly dwells in the heart of a child, but the rodof correction will drive it far from him. Open chastisement is better than secret love: the chastisementsof a friend are well meant, but the kisses of a sycophant are dainty; rods and punishment give wisdom,but a boy given up to himself shames his mother

chastise thy son, so will he delight thee, and will dogood to thy soul; the whip makes stripes, but an eviltongue breaks bones and all: he who loves his childholds it continually under the Rod, that he may afterwards experience joy in him; he who restrains hischild will delight himself in him, and cannot beashamed among his friends; he is weak towards hischild who mourns his stripes and is terrified when heshakes; bow his neck while he is yet young, makeblue his back whilst he is yet little, that he may notbecome stiff-necked and disobedient to thee. Ceasenot to chastise thy boy, for though thou strikest himwith the Rod thou wilt not kill him; thou beatest himwith the Rod, but thou preservest his soul from hell.The Mohammedans were in plain terms advised tobeat their wives in case of stubborn disobedience, butnot in a violent or dangerous manner. The Prophethad no doubt found the system answer from his ownexperience, which led him to pen the injunction contained in the fourth chapter of the Koran, " But those378 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATIO.N.whose perverseness ye shall be apprehensive of, rebuke,and remove them into separate apartments, and chastise them."In France, and in other parts of the Continent, theinstrument for correcting a wife was the old-fashionedscholastic birch. The old French poems and romancesfurnish many edifying examples of matrimonial correction. In the " Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles "is a storyof this kind. A jealous husband had suspicions thath's wife was very complaisant to a neighbouringparson. At any rate, he discovered the cleric in hishouse partaking, with great relish, of a stew of lampreys, an especially favourite dish with him, whichhad been prepared by the unfaithful one. Being determined to revenge himself, he made no remarkat the time, but immediately procured a powerfulbirch, which he concealed in the bedroom occupiedby his wife till he should require it. The lady, however, had watched his operations, anr seeing thebirch, had a shrewd fear that it was intended to beexercised on her own tender body. She therefore.went to one of her female friends, and inventing someplausible reason that she required to be absent fromhome all night, requested her friend, as a great favour,to sleep in her house that night. The good lady, sus- specting no evil, willingly consented. So, when thehusband believed that his wife was safely in bed, heglided into the room, seized the rod that he had prepared, and, drawing aside the curtains, commanded hiswife to prepare for .punishment, at the same time pointing out her past transgressions, and the necessity forthe course which he was now pursuing. Being quitepanic-struck at her position, the poor woman was afraidto discover herself, and being brought into an appro-ANKCDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. ,379priate position, the husband exercised the birch veryseverely, and then left his supposed wife to her ownreflections. Next morning the deluded lady complained bitterly to her faithless friend of the treatmentthat she had undergone. The wife made all sorts offriendly condolences for the unfortunate mistake, and,as soon as she was certain that the coast was clear,returned home to put in order the scene of devastationand cruelty, invested the bed in fresh sheets, andquietly slipping into it, went to sleep, or at least pretended to do so, until her husband returned in theforenoon. He was of course very much surprised tosee his wife, whom he had, as he supposed, belabouredso unmercifully, calmly and comfortably asleep, andasked her jeeringly if she did not think it was time toget up. Expressing her surprise that she had slept so long, and had not perceived her husband rise, sheexplained that it was doubtless the profound dreamthat she had. Her husband tauntingly said she wasprobably dreaming of the parson and the lampreys,and also of the little refreshment that he himself hadgiven her. She looked at him with surprise; sayingthat she did not understand him. At length heascertained the state of the bed and of his wife's body,by ocular demonstration, and then began to believethat all he had done had been only a mocking dream.His wife, having thus put him in the wrong, took theopportunity to read him a sharp lecture on his conf^uct, and to make him promise amendment in thefuture.Wives were not always so successful in thus getting«vhipped by proxy. Once upon a time there was aFrench lady who kept most unreasonable hours; her/ery head ran upon nothing but balls and masqueradesv380 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION.and she never concerned herself about her husband's ill concealed chagrin, so that in time he became quite discontented with her proceedings, and determined to bevery explicit. One day therefore he said to her, " Mydear, are the days not sufficiently long, but the nightstoo must be devoted to your pleasure I must insistthat you return home at a certain hour; if you do notmind this injunction, I have a most infallible method tobring you to reason; and of this matter I will be judgeas well as accuser." The fair lady, conscious that herpleasures were founded on innocence, paid no regardto his remonstrances, and returned home that eveningat her usual late hour, little dreaming of the infalliblemethod of cure which her husband had in store. Hehad three days before prepared a most rare collectionof green birch twigs; and that they might ticklemadam to some purpose, he had soaked them well inbrine. Waiting for the appearance of his lady, as soon as she entered the apartment he ran and seizedher in his arms, the lady thinking he did so only byway of frolic; but a shower of blows from the birch,wielded by the arm of her indignant husband, soonconvinced her of her mistake. In vain she screamedand cried for help, and all in vain resisted his superiorstrength, for he continued flagellating her until shewas in a thoroughly penitent state of mind. Thenext day she made grievous complaints to her femalefriends, who only laughed at the serio-comic adventure.At last, being apprehensive of another whipping, andnot desirous of again tasting her husband's infalliblecure, she thought it prudent to be silent and to reformher mode of life. Madam Roland protested fiercely against the indignity of a whipping, and communicates in her me-ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. 381moirs one or two remarkable personal anecdotes.Her father, being a choleric man, used to beat hefoften. When a girl, she more than once bit the thighf across which she was laid for the purpose of undergoing a flagellation. Refusing one day to take somemedicine, she was sentenced to be whipped. Beingagain asked to take it, and refusing, she was whippeda second time with still greater severity. Another day,when a similar punishment was about to be inflicted,she became fierce in her opposition, and thereby excited her father; but seeing her mother in tears, sheyielded, and received her chastisement for that timewith humility. But she was determined to carry herpoint—to die rather than give in—and so she wasnever whipped again.In a south German town, not very many yearsago, there lived a doctor who administered the Rodto his pretty wife on the slightest occasion. Hewas very jealous, and thought proper to practiseflagellation on the body of his wife so often, thatshe at last complained to her friends, and on theiradvice obtained a divorce. We have heard of acase in the same country, where the husband did notgive the correction with his own hand, but handedthe matter over to the ecclesiastical authorities, whoinflicted it quite as eflSciently. This lady was of greatbeauty, and had many admirers. In consequence ofinstructions received from the husband, she was onenight dragged out of bed, carried out of the house, putinto a close carriage, and brought to an unknownplace. There she was examined, and commandedto give up the names of her adorers, but as she persisted in refusing to do so, she received a violentwhipping with a rod, and after some days was taken382 AXECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION.back to her husband, v/hen her admirers collected forher a valuable present, as a reward for her fidelity andsilence. In a somewhat milder wa}^, but likewise withthe Rod (although we are not aware that the husbandssanctioned or ordered the proceeding), did a canon atLimburg punish the transgressions of the pretty married women who came to him to make confession. Theynaturally could make no resistance, and had to enduretheir punishment with patience.The father of Frederick the Great of Prussia wasnoted for his severe domestic rule. The young Frederick was repeatedly caned during his boyhood. Hewas kept very meanly, and when he procured for histable three-pronged silver forks instead of two-prongediron ones, he was beaten. The King, until the year1729, allowed him six hundred dollars a-year, everypenny of which had to be accounted for. This incomewas quite insufficient for Frederick, who ran into debt,and his father, on hearing of this, flogged him unmercifully with his cane. The Prince was forbidden to learnLatin. One day the King came upon Frederick andhis tutor actually engaged in learning Latin, withbooks, dictionaries, grammars on the table, and, amongothers, a copy of the Golden Bull of Kaiser IV. Thescene that followed, according to Carlyle, was this:" What is that that you are venturing on here ex- claims Paternal Vigilance, in an astonished, dangeroustone. " Your Majesty, I am explaining ^////^(Golden Bull) to the Prince!" "Dog, I will GoldenBull you," said his Majesty, flourishing his rattan,which sent the terrified wretch off at the top of hisspeed, and ended Latin for that time. In December1729, the Prince wrote to his mother: " I am in theUttermost 4espair. What I always apprehend hasANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. 383at last came on me. The King has entirely forgottenlhat I am his son. This morning- I came into his roomas usual. At first sight of me he sprang forward,seized me by the collar, and struck me a shower ofcruel blows with his rattan. I tried in vain to screenmyself. He was in a terrible rage—almost out of himself It was only weariness, not my superior strength,that made him give up. I am driven to extremity. I have too much honour to endure such treatment, andI am resolved to put an end to it one way or another."The Prince had shown some little civility to DorisRitter, daughter of a Potsdam precentor; and hisMajesty, believing that there was much more thanmere civility, ordered the poor girl to be whipped bythe beadle, and to beat hemp for three years. Frederick the Great in after years was inclined to think wellof all this strictness, for he is reported to have said toSir Andrew Mitchell that he deemed it a great mercynot to have been brought up as a prince, but as a privateperson; at the same time expressing his convictionthat the great harmony between his mother and theyounger members of his family had indirectly beenthe effect of the severe domestic rule of his father.The following particulars of domestic discipline inthe islands of the Pacific will add to the interest of thischapter: —In New Ireland the people are divided intopetty tribes, each governed by a chief whose power is absolute. The chief often interferes in matters of adomestic nature. If a native has a wife or two and a few children, and through his love for fishing, dancing,and loitering idly about, neglects to bring in the neces- sary supplies for his family, a complaint is laid beforethe chief He makes a personal visitation, and if hesees just grounds for punishment, he orders out the384 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION.whole population of the village—men, women, andchildren. These arm themselves with a stiff rod madeof small canes, and forming into a long double line,about six feet apart, wait, with anxious glee, the approach of the delinquent At last he is placed at theend of the lines, the word is given by the chief, andaway he speeds through the ranks, every one endeavouring to hit him as he passes. According to his deserts he may get off with running the line once, or hemay have to do so twice or thrice. For a month after,his family are provided for by the public at large, un- der the superintendence of the chief. At the end ofthat time, if he has all his domestic matters in perfectorder, he is allowed to resume his place in society

and shortly afterwards, perhaps, helps with an experienced hand to flagellate some one else.The ladies of the New World appear to have beenfavoured with the power of the whip by law. Such a law prevailed among the Mozcas, one of the tribes ofNew Granada, and was seen exemplified one day bythe Spanish general Quesada. Happening to call on thechief of a place named Suesca, the general found himwrithing under a discipline inflicted by all his ninewives; his crime being that he had got drunk the previous night with some Spaniards. His affectionateexecutioners had carried him to bed that he mightsleep himself sober, and awoke him in the morningto receive the rigour of the law.We have read in an American newspaper that theMormon ladies have to suffer flagellation at the will oftheir lords, but have not been able to get this assertionconfirmed.DOMESTIC FLAGELLATION. Plate XVII.SCHOOL SCENE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.Krom a Carving- on a Stnll in Sherborne Minster. " The flog-ffing- scene at school appears to have been rather a favourite snhjeot among the early caricaturists, for the pcourge was looked upon ns a griind stimulant to scholarship. Inthose froofl old tinnes, when a m.nn recalled to memory his schoolboy days, hed'd not sdv. ' Wlmn T was nt school,' but ' When I was under the rod.' "

History of Caricature, p. 120.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME.AS will have been gathered from previous chapters,the birch has played its part in " the government of the family " from a very early period. A hundred years ago the Rod was in extensive use amongall classes. Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd, mentionsa story of a small laird, who not only whipped hisdaughter severely, but turned her out of the house, because she had fallen in love with a tailor. Not verymany years ago, a farmer in Wilts ordered his daughterto give up the company of her lover. He discoveredone day that she had not obeyed his commands, andhe forthwith gave her a horsewhipping, whereupon shewent to her room and committed suicide.In the correction of children by their parents, theRod has always borne a part, not only when the child- ren were of tender years, but even as they approachedthe years of maturity. Boys and girls of the present timehave happy days of it. It is not easy for them to conceive a period when whipping was almost never ceasing.Yet it is certain that sixty years since, and for twicesixty years before that, children of all growths passeda large portion of their time, when they were betweentwo and seventeen years of age, over the knees of theirmammas or governesses. To spare the Rod was tospoil the child; and if whipping could make good35386 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT* HOME.children, then the boys and girls of a hundred yearsago must have been good indeed, for they were veryfrequently whipped. And it was not merely youngboys and girls who were flogged, but old boys andgirls as well. The young ladies of many familieswere sometimes birched by their mammas even afterthey had become marriageable—that is, when theywere seventeen or eighteen years old! What wouldour young ladies of to-day think if they were to bebirched at that age, as their great-grandmothers werebirched a hundred years ago? An illustration of domestic birching occurs in Fen'sPasto7i Letters, referring to the middle of the fifteenthcentury. Elizabeth Clere writes to her cousin, JohnPaston, to advise him to get some suitable husbandfor his sister, she being then of marriageable age,because " she never was in so great a sorrow as nowa-days, for she may not speak with no man, whosoever come, neither with any man nor servants of hermother, but that she beareth her an hand other thanshe meaneth, and hath, since Easter, the most partbeen beaten once in the week, or twice, and sometimes twice a-day, and her head broken in two or three places." The same mother, Agnes Paston,enters among her errands in London a commissionto her son's tutor, Greenfield, to " belash " his chargetill he amend, he being then fifteen and having beensome time at Cambridge.In Vanburgh's " Relapse," Amanda, a widow, askedby Berinthia why she did not refuse to marry a manwhom she disliked, replies, " Because my motherwould have whipped me." Hoyden, on being toldthat her intended husband has arrived, says to hernurse^, " I'll go and put on my laced smock, though IANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME. 387be whipped till the blood run over my heels." Dr.Johnson, upon all occasions, expressed his approbationof the Rod, not only in schools, as a means of enforcinginstruction, but in the domestic circle. Bosvvell re- cords that when he (the Doctor) saw some youngladies in Lincolnshire who were remarkably wellbehaved, and was told that their good manners wereowing to their mother's strict discipline and severecorrection, he exclaimed in one of Shakespere's lines,a little varied

" Rod! I will honour thee for this thy duty."Johnson was a competent authority on the matter ofwhipping: if he did not get it at home according tohis own confession he had plenty of it at school. Mr.Langton one day complimented him on his accurateknowledge of Latin, saying that he was one of thebest Latin scholars of the day. Johnson replied, " Mymaster whipt me well; without that, sir, I shouldhave done nothing."With regard to " the proper government of a man'sown wife," it may be mentioned that among otherrights which the husband possessed over his wife^during the whole Anglo-Saxon period in this country, was that of beating her. The civil law allowedthe husband, for some misdemeanours, Jlagellis etfustibus acriter verberare uxorcin, for others onlymodicavi castigatiom^vi adhibere. " But," says Blackstone in his Commentaries, "with us, in the politerreign of Charles II., this power of correction beganto be doubted, and a wife may now have security ofthe peace against her husband. Yet the lower rankof people, who were always fond of the old commonlaw, still claim and exert their ancient privilege."388 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT IIOMt.Authorities are not agreed as to what constituted a" moderate castigation," or the instrument wherewithit was to be inflicted. A Welsh law fixes as a properallowance " Three blows with a broomstick on any partof the person except the head:" and another fixes thesize of the stick at the length of the husband's arm,and the thickness of his middle finger. Another saysa man may lawfully correct his wife with a stick nobigger than his thumb. A man used to tell his wifethat, though a husband might not by law beat hisspouse with a stick of a certain size, he might safely doso with a switch or with his hand. Some men, notinclined to be severe, used to restrict the size of thethickness of the rod to the little finger. On one ofthe seats of the chancel of Holy Trinity Church, atStratford-on-Avon, is a carving representing a manadministering somewhat more than modicam castigationem to his wife, who figures in a very novel anduncomfortable position.The following passages are from Pepys's Diary:\2th May, i66j. —At home my wife finds Barker(servant) to have been abroad, and telling her so manylies about it, struck her, and the wench said she wouldnot stay with her; so I examined the wench, and foundher in so many lies myself, that I was glad to be rid ofher, and so resolved having her go away to-morrow." — Vol. iv. p. 41." 10//^ yune, i66y. Down to Greenwich, where I findthe stairs full of people, there being a great ridingthere to-day for a man, the constable of the town,whose wife beat him."J^/ofe,—It was an ancient custom in Berkshire, whena man had beaten his wife, for the neighbours to paradein front of his hous* for the purpose of serenading himANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME. 389u'ith kettles, and horns, and handbells, and every spe.cics of " rough music," by which name the ceremonywas designated. Perhaps the riding mentioned byPepys was a punishment somewhat similar.— Vo/. iv.p. 66.Note.—Malcolm ("Manners of London") quotes fromthe Protestant Mercury, about the close of the seventeenth century, that a porter's lady, who resided nearStrand Lane, beat her husband with so much violenceand perseverance that the poor man was compelled toleap out of the window to escape her fury. Exasperated at this virago, the neighbours made a " riding"i.e., a pedestrian procession, headed by a drum, andaccompanied by a chemise displayed for a banner.The manual musician sounded the tune of " Ye roundheaded cuckolds, come dig, come dig," and nearlyseventy coalheavers, carmen, and porters, adorned withlarge horns fastened to their heads, followed. Thepublic seemed highly pleased with the nature of thepunishment, and gave liberally to the vindicators ofinjured manhood.—Vol. v. p. 259." <^th August, 166^.—And so away by water, havingordered in the yard six or eight bargemen to bewhipped who had last night stolen some of the King'scordage from out of the yard."—Vol. Hi. p. 66!^In connection with the subject of domestic discipline

• Grose mentions a sport formerly common at fairs, viz.:

'•'To whip the co:k is a piece of sport practised at wakes, horseraces, and fairs in Leicestershire. A cock being tied or fas- tened into a hat or basket, half-a-dozen carters, blindfolded, andarmed with their cartwhips, are placed around it, who. afterbeing turned thrice about, begin to whip the cock, which, if anj one strikes so as to make it cry out, it becomes his property.The joke is, that, instead of whipping the cock, they flog eachother heartily."390 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH A4 liOME.may be mentioned a curious custom that, until lately,prevailed in the rural districts of the south of England —in Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex, and Somersetshire,When a husband had made himself notorious by beating his wife, or a wife was known to wear the breeches,he or she was treated by the neighbours to the punishment known in this part as the "badger's band:" apractice said to have been quite as effectual in reforming the parties as the present remedy of appealing tothe police magistrate. In Hogarth's prints fron^"Hudibras" there is an illustration of a simil civ scene,where a woman and a man are sitting astride, back toback, on a horse; the woman from time to timebelabouring the man over her shoulder with a ladle or skimming dish. In the custom of the "badger'sband," however, the delinquent is not called on toappear in public, but is made to listen inside his houseto the noise made by his neighbours outside, who collect in great numbers, with pots, pans, kettles, horns,and anything, in fact, with which plenty of noise can bemade. In some parts the music would be kept up forhalf-an-hour, and then the orator of the party made a speech recommending the individual to conduct himself better in future, and hoping that they would notbe obliged to pay such a visit again.In the "Lives of the Lindsays" may be found a most amusing illustration of the severe domestic discipl ne of which we speak, and it will be seen that themanners of the time were somewhat free in other thingsas well as in the matter of whipping. It is thus nar- rated: "Our governess, Henrietta C , amidstmany faults, was passionately fond of her [one ofthe Lindsay children], but did not spare her whenshe was wrong. On a wrtdin occasion, I forgetANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HO.ME. 391what, ' If you do so again,' said she, ' Lady Margaret, devil take me if I do not whip you severely,adding, 'You do not mind what I say, and thereforeI swear to it.' Margaret, at no great distance of time,committed the same sin. ' I see now you have notattended to what I told you,' said Henrietta. 'If thishappens once more, I positively must wliip you.' ' I do remember what you told me,' said Margaret, ' andyou are bound to whip me.' ' I certainly shall the veryfirst time you do so.' 'No, Miss C , you mustwhip me now; you swore to it, and said, Devil takeyou if you would not whip me severely.' Henriettaacknowledged it, but said this once she would excuseher. 'And will God excuse you No,-' said Margaret, 'I insist upon it that you whip me directly.'Henrietta remonstrated, Margaret cried, expectingevery moment to see the devil take away the governess. At last she carried the point, and was laid onlier knee; but Henrietta feeling no anger, and beingfull of admiration of the culprit, who was insisting ona flogging to save her soul, instead of inflicting thepunishment quietly, bellowed so loudly herself at everystroke as to bring my mother into the room, who soonsettled the business. Margaret was to receive fourlashes only; for though Henrietta had sworn to whipher severely, she had not said what number of lashesshe was to give her."In the age of family birching, servants and apprentices were not forgotten. Some of the Puritan writers,treating of the duties of masters towards their servants,include correction among the number: and one of themadds, 'I have heard experience say, that in these punishments it is most meet and acceptable to the offenderthat the man should correct his men, and the woman392 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME.her maids; for a man's nature scorneth to be beatenof a woman, and a maid's nature is corrupted with thestripes of a man." From Tusser's "Poem on Husbandry" we learn the correct fashion of administeringthe discipHne. One verse in a poem describing th/occupation of each hour at a farmhouse is

" Past five o'clock, hillo! maid sleeping beware,Lest quickly your mistress imcover you bare:Maids up, I beseech ye. Lest mistress do breach ye!"Apropos of the flogging of apprentices, there is a good story told of the Linlithgow shoemakingboj's, butwe do not vouch for its truth. Linlithgow, in Scotland,is famed as a seat of the boot and shoe manufacture,at which trade a large number of apprentices were atone time employed. A number of the lads were parishchildren, and many of them were well disciplined bytheir mistresses in the orthodox fashion; indeed, theladies of Linlithgow were adepts at using the strap: one buxom dame in particular was so good at it thatshe could untruss and polish off half a dozen of herhusband's apprentices in less than ten minutes! Othersof the Linlithgow ladies were also adepts at flogging.After a time some of the boys began to object tobeing so often laid over their mistresses' knees. Theyoccasionally met together, and murmured their complaints to each other, determining that some day theywould have a great revenge, and so they had. Fourof the masters, it was known, were to proceed on aparticular occasion to Edinburgh, on business; and as these were just the men whose lads were oftenest lickedby the mistress, the day in question was chosen as the day of revenge. At a given moment, the mistresses of the ill-used boys were seized, each in herANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME. 393own house, and being made ready by willing hands,were treated to a dose of the " oil of strap," as floggingwas then called, each lad laying on a few stripes withall his might. Dire threats of retribution were uttered,but when it was found, upon inquiry, that more thanone mistress had suffered a similar fate, prudencedictated silence, and it was not till some time after theevent that the masters came to know how their apprentices had served their wives while they were absentat Edinburgh. A similar story is told of some weaverboys of Kilmarnock. The mistresses in that town,we believe, were always greater floggers than themasters, and were constantly having the 'prenticesover their knees for even very slight offences.Apprentices in this country were often floggedsome of them very cruelly. In London, a woman ofthe name of Brownrigg was hanged for the murderof her female apprentices:

" She whipped two female 'prentices to death,And hid them in the coal-hole,"says the " Anti- Jacobin " of Mother Brownrigg, butthe account is not quite correct. Mrs. Brownrigg wasa parish nurse, employed to attend lying-in women atSt. Dunstan's Workhouse, during the early part of thereign of George the Third. She lived in Flower-deluce Court, on the east side of Fetter Lane, and, besides her business in the workhouse, received womento nurse in her own house. She made a great profession of religion, was very regular in her attendance atchurch, and altogether appeared to her neighbours asober, religious, industrious, and most commendableivoman. She had three parish girls with her as apprentice servants—Mary Mitchell, Mary Jones, and Mary394 ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME.Clifford. Parish apprentices were not models of goodservants, and Mrs. Brownrigg set herself to train upthose under her in a proper way. The process wassimply beating—unlimited flagellation. She beat thechildren as a drunken costermonger would his donkey. She often laid Mary Jones across two kitchenchairs, and whipped her till too tired to lift the stick.She then threw water over her, and thrust her head in a pail. The girl was soon covered with wounds andbruises on the head, shoulders, and back. One morning she made her escape, and found her way back tothe Foundling Hospital, where she was admitted andcared for. The governors of the hospital wrote toBrownrigg, threatening to prosecute him for the badtreatment of the girl, but Brownrigg took no notice ofthe letter. Meanwhile Mrs. Brownrigg turned her attention to the other two girls. Mary Mitchell tried torun away, but she was caught by a son of Mrs. Brownrigg and brought back. Mary Clifford, the otherapprentice, was kept constantly stripped, and beatennow and then with a cane, a hearth broom, or a horsewhip. She was made to sleep in a cellar used for acoal-hole, with straw for her bed, and bread andwater for food. When they tore their clothes, the twogirls were tied up, and kept naked for several days.The elder son also flogged the apprentices, and con- tinued the punishment when his mother was wearied.One day Mary Clifford was stripped and tied up fivetimes, and beaten with the butt-end of a whip, and herfellow-servant compelled to look on. The neighboursat length interfered, and communicated their suspicionsto the authorities. Mr. Brownrigg was apprehended; the girl Clifford was taken to the hospital, where shedied a few days after; but Mrs. Brownrigg and her sonANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME. 395fled, and managed to conceal themselves for about a month. They were at last taken by the police, and conveyed to prison. As soon as it was known that she hadbeen found, there was great excitement about her trial,and most improbable stories circulated: that she hadmade away with fourteen other parish apprentice girls,and that, in her capacity as a midwife, she used to killchildren at their birth, and throw the bodies to the pigs.At the Old Bailey sessions, the father, mother, and sonwere indicted. The father and son got off with sixmonths' imprisonment, but Mrs. Brownrigg was sen- tenced to be hanged, which sentence was duly carriedinto execution at Tyburn, amid the fury of the mob,who never ceased to howl and curse her all the wayfrom the prison to the place of execution,A straw-plait manufacturer at a village in Bedfordshire, who had been in the habit of whipping theyoung females in his employment, was upon oneoccasion, much to his astonishment, sentenced to sixmonths' imprisonment for indecently birching a girlwho was in his service. We were recently told a storyof a parish girl who obtained a coronet through beingwhipped by her mistress, a lady's shoemaker. Thegirl had been sent to wait upon a lady of rank withsome ball shoes, and had behaved so awkwardly infitting them that the lady was greatly offended. Shesent her son with a note to the shop threatening towithdraw her custom, which so incensed the girl'smistress that she began to punish her before theastonished messenger had time to withdraw. Theboy, being struck with the personal appearance of thegirl, sent her to be educated, and afterwards madeher his wife; and the husband succeeding to a title,she became a countessl^9t> ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME.The gil-ls employed by milliners, mantle makers,stay makers, straw bonnet makers, and in other kindsof workrooms were all liable to the Rod, and manyof them were severely birched during their periods ofapprenticeship. A fashionable milliner in Pall Mall,who had a very large establishment, was noted a hundred years ago for her severity as a mistress. Shehad learned how to use the Rod whilst living in Pari< as an abigail in a family of rank.A very curious old English custom may be brieflyalluded to before closing this chapter. In Londonand many other towns it was at one time the practiceCO birch all the children of a family at the time of anexecution; and as executions were very frequent acentury ago, the children suffered the oftener in con- sequence. An old lady told us about the practice,and said she had been more than once birched in theearly part of the present century, to keep her in mindof the awful lesson of the gallows.Coming down to modern times in England, wefind in the London Examiner for October ii, 1856,quite a recent illustration of the right of chastisingwives. It is there stated: "A very large numberof wife-beating cases have recently been broughtbefore the magistrates of Whitehaven, where thereexists a sect of professing Christians, who propagate the opinion that the practice is in accordancewith the word of God. The Rev. Geo. Bird, formerlyrector of Cumberworth, near Huddersfield, has established himself there, and drawn together a congregation, and within the last few weeks it has transpiredhe holds the doctrine that it is perfectly scriptural fora man to beat his wife. About six weeks ago, JamesScott, a member of Mr. Bird's congregation, was sum-ANECDOTES OF DOMESTIC BIRCH AT HOME. 397moned by his wife for brutally beating her, becauseshe refused to attend the same place of worship thathe did. When before the magistrates, Mrs. Scott saidshe had no wish that her husband should be punished,if he would promise not to ill-use her badly again.When asked by the magistrates whether he wouldmake the requisite promise, he refused, saying, 'AmI to obey the laws of God or the laws of man Ashe would not give the promise, the magistrates committed him to prison for a month, with hard labour.The Rev. Mr. Bird has since delivered a course oflectures on the subject of Scott's conviction. He contends that it is a man's duty to rule his own household; and if his wife refuse to obey his orders, he isjus'ified, according to the law of God, in beating herin order to enforce obedience."Before concluding this chapter, we must mentionthe case of a clergyman living in London, who "gavethe correction of a schoolboy to his servant maid,"and who, when sued at Westminster, made an eloquentdefence, asserting his right to do what he had done.He likewise appealed to the public "in print concerning the lawfulness of the flagellation he inflicted."In our next chapter, the subject of Domestic Flagellation in England is further illustrated by some extracts from an old diary, which contains numerousallusions to the subject of the whipping of children andservants. The extracts are given as written, with theexception of a few alterations which have been madf• n the phraseology.

CHAPTER XXXIX.EXTRACTS FROM THE DIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.THE following are extracts from the diary of theLady Frances Pennoyer of Bullingham Court,Herefordshire:

" Dec. isth, 1759.—My lo'"^ hath just returned fromLondon, after a journey of three days, performed insafety by the fast coach. When we were youngthere were no fast coaches, but our children mustgo flying about, forsooth, much quicker than theirfathers, and my lord brings word that there is a coach projected which will convey travellers fromLondon to Bath in ttuo days. My lord hath seenall the sights of London during his stay: he hathbeen to Ranelagh, where all the wits and beaux as- semble, and listen to music, and promenade; and hewas taken by his friend, Lord Mounteagle, to the play,where he saw the great actor, Mr. Garrick, play Macbeth.Mr. Garrick is a very little man, but wondrously wittyand obliging. My lord went to the green-room, andwas introduced to Mrs. Prichard, whom he thinksmonstrously handsome and affable. He bought apicture of her as Lady Macbeth, in a red satin sacque,over a white brocaded petticoat and a hoop. Her wigis in flowing curls, and her shoes high-heeled, withdiamond buckles. I asked my lord if that was themode in London now, but he could only tell me aboutDIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.gentlemen's dress, and certainly he hath taken theopportunity to get himself tricked out like a man offashion. A parcel of new stuffs for me and the girlsis amongst his luggage, but I should like to knowsomething about the style of making them up. Mistress Bodinham's new French governess was at churchlast Sunday with a new hat of white chip quite flat onthe head, and trimmed with little pink roses. Herruffles, too, were of immense width, and I heard her tellthe doctor's wife that her dress was in the latest mode.I thought it vastly becoming, but I shall not let mygirls copy fashions from a person like that, whocannot speak a word of English, and whose only ac- complishments seem to be to dress finer than her mistress, and to whip her pupils in all sorts of fashions.She may be a papist in disguise—a Jacobite, perhaps.Who knows? Heaven save us from all ill! Mem.,to make dear Dr. Aubrey preach a sermon on vanityin persons of inferior station. " Jan. 1st, 1760.—Began the year by seeing thateverything was right in the sei-vants' hall. My newmaid not nearly respectful enough in her demeanour.Talked to her seriously about it, and told her I shouldhave her whipt if she continued so ill-mannered.'Whipt, my lady!' she said; 'I never was whippedsince I was at school!' Always thought there wafbut lax discipline kept in my Lady Combermere'shousehold, from whence she came to me. At breakfast had to reprove my youngest girl Maria for toogreat familiarity with the tutor: he is a worthy youngman, and hath a pleasant manner, but must be taughthis place. Mem., to look out that black velvet suit ofmy lord's, and see if the tailor can cut it down for him:his clothes look threadbare. After breakfast saw theDIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.girls practise the new reverence they have learned fromtheir dancing master, which appears to be mightilypolite and elegant. Left them sitting with their feetin the stocks and their bacr<boards at their shoulders and went out. Down to the village to see mypoor people. Farmer Probert's wife very self-willedabout her baby. She wants to bring it np bareheaded, and with no support to its back beyond a rollof linen. Lectured her severely upon her neglect ofher motherly duties, and promised to send her someproper garments and caps for it. Called at Ploughman Hodges' and left some orders on the butcher andthe grocer. They are an ill-doing family, but introuble: the mother is sick, and the eldest daughternear her lying-in, and refuses to name the father ofher child. Told her plainly what I thought of her.She seems penitent, so bid her come up to the housekeeper's room for some old linen. My mind misgivesme that the other half of the sin lies at our door.Mem., to write to my son George about it: I think hewill tell his mother the truth. ' Spare the Rod andspoil the child,' Solomon says; and Dr. Aubrey, whomet me on my route, commented on the passage as applicable to this sad case. Had Goody Hodges cor- rected her daughter in her youth with the Rod, asI corrected mine, and as every good mother doth, shewould not now be mourning over her indiscretion.Dr. Aubrey to dinner, who praised the cooking andcomplimented me on my new crimson paduasoy.k very pleasant new-year's day this hath been. Thechildren at the schools behaved very well, and an- swered the good Dr.'s catechising cleverly. Two ofthe girls are to be whipped to-morrow for insubordination and unseemly conduct during prayers. As theDIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY. 401mistress is a new hand, I shall go and see to the whipping myself.Jan. 2d.—Went to the school as I purposed:met Dr. Aubrey on my way Found the school girlsall prepared, and the mistress looking rather frightened.She is a deserving young woman, and will do well if she is careful, though I misdoubt she is too pretty folher place. The doctor entered with me; he assuresme that he hath been present at many whippings infashionable ladies' schools, and he was rather pleasedthan otherwise to see the scholars blush at his presence.' It argued a becoming modesty,' he said. The twogirls to be whipped had been well instructed by thegoverness, and knelt and begged pardon in a verybecoming fashion. I was pleased to see with whata good grace they took their punishment, which Iinflicted myself, to shew the governess the properway of wielding the Rod. Went into her livingrooms afterwards,—was hardly so well pleased withwhat I found there. Ajar of confections and a bottleof orange-flower water in the cupboard (says she hadthese from the landlady of the Blue Boar), a newchintz, far too smart and fashionably made, in her bedroom; and a volume of Mr. Richardson's new novel,' Clarissa Harlowe,' stuffed under the cushion of thechair. Spoke to her seriously about it—strove tomake her understand that novels were not compatiblewith her station and its duties; but failed to make anydeep impression on her. She said Mrs. Aubrey lenther the book, and hath promised her the rest. Ofcourse, it is not for me to say a word about anythingdone at the parsonage, but I think it is indiscreetAt home we found my Lady Catherwood and her sonwaiting for us • he is a vastly proper young man, and26452 DIARY OF A LAbV OUALtTY.as I think, hath an eye on my eldest gh-1. Told herladyship what we had been doing, who said there wasnothing to be done without a Hberal use of the Rod.She spends more time and money on her school than\ am able to do, and hath a greater celebrity for theservants sent out from it. The Hon, Horace, her son,talked greatly to my Maria, calling her attenton tothe new liveries of the servants and the trappings ofthe new chariot in which they came. One so lighthath not been seen in this neighbourhood. My lordsays he thinks it will not stand our heavy roads.Took particular notice of my lady's gown and mantle—the former is very long in the waist and short in thesleeves, with the new fashion of panier skirts, whichseems to me more inconvenient than hoops: the latterwas just one round piece, scarce reaching below thewaist, and trimmed with rich lace. Her son's suit wasof plum-coloured velvet, with a furred greatcoat, andtop-boots of the finest Russia leather; his wig was tiedwith the newest bag, and his hat was cocked in thevery latest mode. They have just returned fromLondon, and assured us that the fashions have butlittle altered. The young gentleman talked much tothe girls of the sights of London—more than I likedabout the play-houses and such places; but with a young man of such family and fortune it would notdo to interfere. They left cards for us for the ballnext March, when the Hon. Horace comes of age." y^an. 30///. —My lord made a rude remark to methis morning. I lay late, having a raging headache,and he said the sun ought never to shine on an oldwoman till she is out of her night gear. I could havetold him that an old man without his wig, and in a rednightcap, was equally uncom<^ly; but I have learnedDIARY OF A CADY OF QUALITY.from experience it is better to bridle my tongue whenhe is in one of his saturnine moods. I must acknowledge his rudeness was not without some excuse^for a lady with her head-dress swathed in linen, andher face anointed with unguents to preserve her complexion, is not a pretty sight. Goody Hodges cameat dinner-time to say her daughter hath been broughtto bed of a fine boy, and to beg some cordial for her, as she is very ill. Sent the things, but spoke severelyto the woman for not bringing up her child to a betterend. Was shocked to hear my youngest boy say thatmy woman had said, in the housekeeper's room, thatGeorge was the father of the child."Jan. 2,1s/. —Thought much of what Harrysaid yesterday, and feel perplexed what to do. Think I willdo as my revered mother did, and whip the girl, orsend her away. What she said may be true; I fearme much it is; but I cannot have the backslidings ofmy son, and the sinful frailty of a village wench, madesubject of comment in the servants' hall. Dearlovemust be made to know her place, and keep it. 'Whosothinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall' She hatha pretty face, and should not be too ready to speak ill of those above her in station. I should be sorry toturn her adrift upon the world, and she hath but apoor home. Sent for her to my room, and gave herher choice, either to be well whipt, or to leave thehouse instantly. She chose wisely, I think, and, withmany tears, said I might do what I liked. I bade herattend me in my chamber to-morrow at twelve. Shesays the girl Hodges herself accused George—notmaliciously, she thinks, but in a passion of terror andgrief which seized her when first found out. Am distressed about it Something must be done, and I 26—2404 DIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.hardly dare speak to my lord. He is anpjry withGeorge for his extravagance already, and this willmake him doubly so. Feb. id.—A terrible accident hath happened, and 1 write this by the bedside of my w ilful boy Harry, whohath had a grievous lesson on the sin of undue curiosity. Dearlove, my maid, came to my room as I badeher. I bade her fetch the rod from what was mymother-in-law's rod- closet, and kneel, asking pardon,which she did with tears. I made her prepare, and 1 whipped her well. The girl's flesh is plump and firm,and she is a cleanly person—such a one, not exceptingmy own daughters, who are thin, and one of them,Charlotte, rather sallow, as I have not whipped for a long time. She hath never been whipped before, shesays, since she was a child (what can her mother andher late lady have been about, I wonder), and she criedout a great deal. Before I had finished, there was a smothered laugh outside the window, and Charlotte,rushing in, said, 'That is Harry's voice, madam.'Before I had time to remonstrate with her on the absurdity of the remark, and her indecorous entrance,there was a heavy fall outside, and a crash of brokenglass. We all rushed to the window, and there, onthe ground below, lay my Harry, bleeding. The girlsforgot all the decorum they usually observe in mypresence, and ran to his help; and I forgot Dearloveand her punishment in the terrible sight. The dearboy had suspected (so he says now) what was goingon upstairs, and had taken advantage of the gardener'sladder to climb up. The window-ledge being shppeiywith the frost, it slid away, and he fell upon the newfangled glass box my lord had made in Hereford forthe protection of choice roots. He was abroad whenDTARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY. 405it happened, and was more furious at the mischiefthan concerned about the boy, who, he says, deservesa good sound whipping. Luckily there are no bonesbrol<en, though my darling's hands are badly cut, andhe is much bruised. Dv°arlove has behaved very well,bringing me the distilled waters and balsams I re- quired from the still-room, and assisting to wait uponHarry (who, I must say, is very fractious) with rightgood will.Feb. 16.—My lord hath not forgotten his threat toHarry, and he being quite well again hath determinedto whip him for his transgression. I ventured to saythat I thought the consequences of his curiosity hadbeen punishment enough, but my lord would not hearme; nay, he even went so far as to remind me of theApostle's injunction, ' Wives submit yourselves to yourhusbands,' &c. I thought it rude, but said nothing.Dr. Aubrey hath been up to the house and talked toHarry, who behaved with much discretion, and promised to consent to whatever his father chooses to do,without opposition.Feb. 17//;.— This morning my lord whipped Harry,He sent for the girls and ordered them to be present,as well as myself; Charlotte flatly refused, speakingfirmly, but I must say not rudely, to her father, whothereupon flew into a great passion and threatened towhip her too. I am puzzled at Charlotte; there is something in her manner lately I cannot make out

a sort of defiance, which sits ill upon her. Harrytook his punishment very well; he hath sense enoughto see that to anger his father further would be nouse, and he knelt and begged pardon in a verybecoming fashion. I thought my lord very severe;it seemed as tho' every stroke cut into my own flesh,406 DIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.but I thought it best not to remonstrate any more.My boy tried hard to keep down his feehngs, andonly cried out once or twice; but he had much adoto keep from throwing himself on the floor and rollingwhen it was over. Dr. Aubrey called him a bravefellow to me afterwards, and gave him a pretty ridingwhip in the evening, when he came upon him in thegrounds." Afarc/i lof/i.—The ball at Cathervvood House is over; and though it cost me many anxieties, andmuch contrivance, I feel that my girls' appearancewas a great success. The new ornaments for theirhair, and the trinkets I begged my brother to send,arrived in time, and the like have not been seen herebefore. Charlotte's hair was drawn up over a highcushion in front, and was dressed at the back in bows,on which rested butterflies made of spangles. Maria'swas not quite so high, and she had a nest of youngbirds of the same bright material, over which themother bird hovered, supported by a cunningly-concealed wire. My head was dressed exceedingly highwith cushions, and dehcately powdered, and shadedwith lace lappets, fastened by small gold doves—thedove being the crest of my lord's family. We werefortunate in getting the hairdresser, who came at twoo'clock. My gown was a brocade of my mother's,altered as near to the fashion as the stuff would allow,and my ruffles were those in which my grandmotherstood beside Queen Anne at her coronation. Theyare real Venetian point, and are of the true coffeetint. I had the new panier, and was not at all comfortable in it, though I flatter myself I did not /ookawkward. The girls were in taffita, which is a new^tuff here—Charlotte in pinl: and Maria in blue, asDIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY. 407became their complexions. They had white shoes, withred heels very high, in the new French style, in themiddle of the foot, to walk in which cost them a greatdeal of practice. The dancing-master and musicmaster from Hereford have been in attendance for lweek, to see them go through their steps and to heartheir performances on the harpsichord, which are pronounced vastly fine by those who are judges. AtCathervvooa Maria walked through a minuet with theheir in a manner which was greatly commented upon.I do hope that more than mere compliments willcome out of it. Charlotte performed a song, writtenby Mr. Pope to the harpsichord, which was much applauded by the company; and certainly the dear girlhath a voice of a fine quality. My lord says it is all'humbug,' which is a new word much in favour inLondon. It soundeth vulgar, but as it hath been introduced by the wise Lord Chesterfield, I suppose it must be considered fashionable." Jime 6th.—My diary hath lain idle a long time,for indeed my mind has been filled with other mattersthan those of home. The King hath had a fit, andnews thereof hath been sent to the Prince of Wales.Also an expedition is fitting out for America, to beunder the command of General James Wolfe, who,though a weakly, little man, seems to be a greatsoldier and a noble commander. Maria is in greatgrief, for the young heir of Catherwood is appointedaide-de-camp to him, and will leave this in four daysto join him in London. My lord laughs at her paleface and red eyes, but time will shew; and if theyoung man does speak, none will be more pleasedthan he, for, though the Catherwood family is not so old as our own, there is more money in it, and it403 DIARY OF A LADY OP QUALITY.only ourselves who know how badly we want it. Some one serenaded the gh'ls under their window lastnight. They were too discreet to look out in theirnight gear, but felt sure it was Mr, Horace, or someone sent by him, as the song was all to Maria, comparing her to a rose, &c. They told me of it atbreakfast, and my lord burst into a great laugh, andasked them, did they not know the voice, or thetwanging of the ill-tuned guitar . It was no Hon.Horace, but the tutor, who hath made a confidant ofHarry, it seems, and frequently bewails the hopelessness of his passion. My lord bantered her so unmercifully that she had an attack of the nerves, but she is better now. I shall have that young man dismissed." June 8t/i.—My surmises were not wrong: theHon. Horace Catherwood /lai/i spoken, and formallydemanded the hand of my daughter in marriage. Hecame with his mother, previously demanding an interview through a mounted messenger, who brought a splendid posy of flowers, and a note to Maria, which?he immediately handed to me, requesting permissionto read it. I could see the dear child was in a flutterof delight, though she was quite composed; and whenher lover and his mother arrived, she received themwith all the true dignity of a Pennoyer. The affair is quite settled. The young man spoke very prettily ofhis hopes and his affection; and if the American campaign ends well they will be married on his return.My lord is delighted, though he conceals his pleasureunder his accustomed churlishness, and teases Charlottedisagreeably about her younger sister being marriedbefore her. I cannot make her out: she takes hisbadinage in such an odd fashion." June ^th.—Drove over to Catherwood to bid fare-DIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY. 409well to my son-in-law that is to be. Charlotte veryunwell, so left her at home. Maria behaved as ayoung lady should, and gave great satisfaction to mylady and her husband, who is but a poor sickly creature. However, he gave her a diamond ring, and mylady some fine old pearls, and from her lover she hatha set of turquoises and a Chinese fan. To me theyoung gentleman made a very acceptable presentno other than a little negro boy to be my page. Thesecreatures are very fashionable among the quality inLondon, and Lady Catherwood brought down two ofthem, to hand her chocolate and stand behind herchair. I rather suspect they became quarrelsome, andshe deemed it better to part them. My new pagehath been at court, and in the service of my LadyYarmouth, and is a perfect adept at all the ways olfashionable life. " Aug. 2d.—Roused from my sleep by roars of laughter, and found my Lord and Harry in the library amusing themselves with Caesar, whom they were makingimitate my Lady Yarmouth. I could scarcely forbearjoining in their mirth as I saw the boy pucker hisblack face into a hundred wrinkles, and shake his fistat an imaginary king. The imp declares that sheboxes the ears of our gracious sovereign, and mimicsthe way in which he rubs his head with his augusthands, and then coaxes his elderly favourite into a good temper again. I cannot have such doings undermy roof. Shall our anointed King be mocked by myservants And as for Lady Yarmouth—but enoughof her in my diary: the nation hath had enoughalready, I took the boy to my room, calling Dearlove to help me, and I made her give him a sound whipping. I never saw a black boy whipped before. The410 blARV OF A LADY OF QUALITY.effects of the punishment are not so easily seen on "hisskin as on a w hite one, but, judging from his cries, it was pretty severe. I think the girl's arm ached beforeshe had finished. " Sept. 20th. —We are in great distress. For days I have not been able to write, and have had fit after fit of the nerves. My daughter Charlotte hath elopedwith the tutor! We were all wrong in supposing themisguided young man fancied Maria: even that deargirl herself thought so for a time. My lord is furious.Charlotte was his favourite, and he swears they maystarve for any help they shall have from him. Theyare in Bath, from whence my unhappy girl wrote to mebegging forgiveness. How she got away is too long a tale to write down here; but I suspect they bribedCaesar to carry messages, and assist them off. I havequestioned him, and whipped him to make him confess, but he is dumb. It matters little now; it is doneand cannot be amended. I dread to think what LadyCatherwood will say. My poor Maria! How will itaffect her." Oct. 1st.—I have writ to Lady Catherwood, who isat Bath for the waters, and she hath sent me a verykind reply. She hath seen Charlotte, whose pride is not yet humbled in the least, and hath spoken to herseriously. She declares they both mean to work, andask nobody for anything. I commend her spirit, andshall send her clothes, though my lord will not allow^me to write. Lady Catherwood assures me it willjaiake no difference to her son, which hath mollifieday lord a little. " Oct. 2'jih. —' One woe doth tread upon another'seels,' Shakespere says somewhere. No sooner hathme excitement of General Wolfe's death died awayDIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY. 411than news comes that the King is dead. He died onthe 25th; and we have to-day been into Hereford tohear King George the Third proclaimed in front ofthe Town Hall there. The sight was very fine, andthere was a great crowd promenading. We left thechariot, and walked through the town, with Ccesar atour heels. Meeting the party from Catherwood, I heard the depraved little wTetch say to one of theirmen, 'What will become of the old witch now.meaning, of course, my Lady Yarmouth. Indeed hewas not the only person who expressed the same curi«osity, though in different words. My lord is ratherelated: he fancies, with a new king, new ways willcome in, and he may stand a chance at court. I withhe may, but I have too much to occupy my attention.I must see to our mourning: many of our stuffs willdye, and the school children must be provided withproper garments. Dr. Aubrey, who had been a greatcomfort to me in my affliction, hath hung the churchwith black, and already sees to the boys being fittedwith their new suits. The poor ignorant childrenseem to think the King's death a matter for rejoicing.Who shall say whether it is or no? " Dec. 24.—Another year is drawing to a close, andits ending sees me a happy woman. I have seen mychild again, and her father hath in some sort relented.Perhaps his new appointment about the person of theKing, which will take him away from Bullingham toLondon, hath had something to do with it. Of coursehe is enraged that his daughter should only be plainMistress Gibson instead of marrying a lord; but the/oung man hath accepted his reproaches with meekness, and owned his fault so humbly that it would bemalicious to hold out any longer. They are to come4fJ DIARY OF A LADY OF QUALITY.to Bullingham during our absence, and an appointment of some sort is to be found for our son-in-law.From America we have good news. Horace Catherwood has been badly wounded, but is recovering, andwill be home in the spring, when the marriage willtake place: a happy prediction to write down, as theChristmas bells break out into cheerful music from t]<eold church tower."CHAPTER XL.DISCIPLINE IN AN ENGLISH CHARITY SCHOOL AHUNDRED YEARS AGO,T^HIS is a genuine narrative of the discipline of a X private charity school, as conducted in anEnglish county a hundred years ago. The exactsituation of the school, and the name of the noblefamily who supported the institution, are, by requestof the lady who has contributed the narrative, hiddenunder a nom de phivie.The charity school of East Barkham was the care ^indeed, I may say the property—of the LadiesRoyston. They provided and regulated everythingnecessary, ruled the teachers, and assisted with bothhead and hands, in enforcing the laws laid down forour guidance—indeed, they were very ready with theirhands, the younger lady—the Lady Maria—superintending all the punishments, doing a great deal ofwhipping herself The Lady Marjory did not care toflog us, but delighted to make her maid do it; and I have seen her stand by and look on till the poor girlwas quite exhausted by the exercise of flogging a number of kicking, squalling youngsters, both boys andgirls, for the ladies flogged indiscriminately, and, it seemed to me, took a pleasure in so doing. Theschool was in the grounds, about a mile from thehouse, which was a splendid mansion—one of theDISCIPLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL.finest in the county. From the windows we couldsee the great doors upon which the arms of the familywere emblazoned—two leopards with golden crownsupon tlicir heads, supporting a shield. It was a very splendid place inside, and twice in the year wewere taken in to see my lord and my lady the countess, who was a very handsome woman, always dressedin the last Paris fashion. ^[Jq had cake and wine onthose days in the great hall, a magnificent place, withpainted windows, and a roof decorated like a cathedralall in gold and colours. My lady would speak verykindly to us, and generally tell one or other of us thatshe had found a place for her, as we were trained tobe ladies' own women, still-room maids, &c.; and verywell some of the girls did when they were put out inthe world. Her ladyship's maid had been trained in the school, and a good one she was, though shorttempered, and inclined to be tyrannical to us whenshe had the chance. We were very much afraid of mylady; she whipped without mercy; and just beforeI went to the school, she had taken her old place inthe punishment hour, and once ordered the wholeforty children up for correction, which she and hermaid then and there administered. Joan—that wasthe maid's name—has many a time laughed at mewhen 1 was crying after a whipping, and told me towait till I was the Lady Marjory's maid, and I shouldthen learn what flogging really meant. She saidLady Marjory, for all her apparent mildness now, wasa regular Tartar, and I should catch it if ever she wasmy mistress. I used to tremble a little at the prospect, but it was the fashion for ladies sometimes to use the Rod, and 1 thought but Httle of it: indeed, I think they were better servants then than they we now.DISCIPLINE IN A CHARlTV SCHOOL. 415The school was an old building called the Hermitage, built in the hollow of a hill, and looking rightdown into the gardens. It had been built by a wickedearl for his mistress, and was beautifully fitted andfurnished. It had been unused for a long time, andon the present earl's marriage (I speak of the } ear1763, and the earl that lived then) his lady had takena fancy to establish a school there for the sons anddaughters of some of the tenantry and orphans, whowere to be clothed and educated at her expense, andput out into the world afterwards fit to earn their ownliving. And an excellent school it was, and very wellwe were done by in it. There was accommodation init for forty children, twenty boys and twenty girls.We were dressed in uniform, which was the most disagreeable part of our experiences, for my lady hadchosen it as being extremely ugly, though sufficientlywarm and comfortable. Our shifts and the boys' shirtswere made of a material half cotton half linen, whichwas very harsh to a tender skin, and afflicted us sorely; then we had grey flannel petticoats, very thick andcoarse yellow-stuff skirts, and parti-coloured gowns.This was a whim of my lady's, who said that her girlsshould not be like those of any other school; so ourgowns were blue and red —the bodies and the skirtsto the knee were blue, and the sleeves and the bottomof the dress bright scarlet. Our stays were made ofleather, ver)^ long-waisted and hard, but there was nomercy in the matter of lacing: one of the teachers superintended that operation every morning, for my ladywould not suffer the least stoop or looseness about thewaist of any of us, and her daughters were just the same;they were the mistresses when I was there, for whenthey grew up their mother gave it up to them, and Ihcy4t6 discipline in a charity school.proved themselves worthy successors to her, I can teUyou. We had white kerchiefs, with a chain border ofscarlet and blue, crossed over our bosoms, and pinneddown so tight as to tear them often, for my lady saidthat it helped to give us a proper set of the breast andimproved the fall in our shoulders. We had little calicocaps, with round crowns and crimped borders, with apiece of muslin, bordered like our kerchiefs, twistedround it instead of ribbon. The ladies were very particular about these caps, and the girls who did thelaundry work got many a whipping and other punishments if they were not ironed to their taste. One wayof punishment for negligent laundry work was to pinall the ill-ironed caps and kerchiefs to the culprit'sback, and make her stand upon a stool in the diningroom, where she could be seen by every one who passedthe front of the house, and was visible to the boys fromtheir play-ground. V/e didn't like that—we even preferred whipping. Our gloves were of nankeen, withthe earl's coronet worked on the backs in red and bluein stripes; and our shoes of strong leather, with highheels, pointed toes, and flat steel buckles. For goingout we had large round camlet cloaks (black, boundwith red), with hoods fitting tight to the heads; andas our hair was all cut off, they were not becoming, I can assure you. The boys wore knee-breeches ofleather, stockings and shoes similar to ours, waistcoatsof red cloth, with large pockets and fiaps reachingnearly to their knees, loose blue coats with large buttons having the earl's crest on them, and calico cravats with the same bordering as our kerchiefs. Theircocked hats were of very heavy coarse felt, and hadneither buckle nor trimming. No child was admittedinto tlie school under seven years of age and the timeDISCIPLINE IN A CHaRI'I SCMDOL. 417they remained was from seven to nine j^ears, so thaiwe were quite young women when we left. The training was excellent, and we were in request in all thefamilies round as ladies' and still-room maids. Thediscipline of the school was very strict. We rose at sixsummer and winter, half-an-hour only being allowedfor dressing; at the end of which time we were inspected by the teacher on duty for the day, and if wehad so much as a fold or a pin out of place, we weremarked down for punishment. Then we had a pieceof bread, after which we went to prayers, and then toan hour's early school. At half-past eight we breakfasted, and at nine we returned to school till a quarterto eleven; thei. another piece of bread, and a quarterof an hour's play; then school till twelve; then dinnerand recreation till two; then school till five, supperat six, and bed at eight, after prayers.The great event of the day was what we called"punishment hour," which was from four till five inthe afternoon, when the ladies attended in person whenthey were at Saltire, bringing their friends with themto inspect the school. We used to regard that hour withvery mingled feelings. Sometimes—especially whenthey had gentleman visitors living with them—theywould come in good temper, and with pleasant faces; sometimes they would be very cross, and ready to ventupon us all the annoyances they might have met withat home. There was a great contrast between the twoladies. The Lady Marjory was fat and sleepy-looking,like her father, with fair hair and blue eyes, that seemedas though they could not flash; and the Lady Mariawas slight and dark, with eyes like a hawk, the pictureof her mother in features as well as temper. Bothbdies had copied the French mode of dressing from274i8 DISCIPLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL.their cousin, and used to come lo the school daily intoilets that were to our eyes like the draperies in a fairy tale. Their feathers and flowers, their sparklingjewellery, and the huge scented fans they carried, weresubjects of daily and hourly admiration amongst us. All the bad marks against any girl or boy were laidbefore their ladyships, who would appoint the punishments and see them carried out—the Lady Maria andher cousin, Mdlle. Burgoyne from Paris, who was staying at the castle, wielding the Rod with much graceand dignity. Lady Marjory used to bring her mother'smaid with her to do the whipping, taking her to taskseverely for the awkward manner in which she sometimes managed the business. I remember, one afternoon, very well her giving the girl two or three sharpcuts with the rod before us all for not administeringpunishment in a sufficiently smart manner. We were allmustered in school, and among the long list of blackmarks against many of us there were three to one girlwho was a great trouble to the teachers. There was a laundry mark, a talking mark, and a mark for " wantof respect to my lady:" any omission of the ceremoniesof duly curtseying to, or saluting, our teachers wascalled by that name: the school belonging to her, wewere considered to have insulted her personally. Forthe laundry mark, she was to have six stripes of therod, and stand with the spoiled caps pinned about heron the stool; for the second offence she was not tospeak or be spoken to, except in school hours, for a week; and, for the third, she was to be " well whipped."Lady Marjory wrote these down on a piece ofpaper, for it was her day, and gave them to the governess, who read them aloud; and Lady Maria and hercousin smiled, and said it was only proper punishment.DISCirLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL. 4'9Mdlle. Burgoyne would like to have taken some ofthe whipping into her own hands, being just fresh froma French school, with the full remembrance of her ownexperiences in her mind, but the ladies would not giveup their privileges, and she had to be content withoffering some suggestions, for which we did not thankher. It was at her prompting that a slender whalebone rod was substituted for the old-fashioned birch,which, though it looked more formidable, did not hurthalf so much, nor leave such weals upon one's skin.She was the pink of fashion this young lady, andused perfectly to bewilder us with the elegance of herattire. She would come to the school in the mostelegant brocade sacques over satin petticoats, withbeautiful high-heeled satin shoes and clogs, and her haiidressed so that her head looked as large as a peckmeasure. But I am digressing from my story of howLady Marjory whipped Joan in the school. BettyBrown, the girl to be whipped, was ordered to standout, which she did, looking very shamefaced. Shewas a big, tall girl in appearance, far more robustthan either the Lady Maria or her cousin. She wasgoing to be still-room maid at Lord Royston's, a finehouse in the next county, for she was a clever girl,though careless and troublesome at times. Bettystood before the party, till Miss Thomas, the schoolmistress, rose, and curtseying, read out the punishment. " Betty Brown will fetch the rod," my ladysaid; and the girl went, colouring crimson, and readyto cry. When she came back, she knelt, and presentedit, as was the fashion, and then Mademoiselle saidsharply—" Kiss it." That was one of the new notionsshe had brought from France, and we didn't like itwe never had to do it before she came. Betty kissed it27—2420 DISCIPLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL.looking dreadfully terrified while she was prepared foif^oSS'^g- Joan stripped her, and she was made to foldup her clothes, one by one, as though she were goingto bed, while we all sat in our places looking on, notallowed to move or speak. When she stood ready foithe rod, the bell was rung for the dairy woman—a great,stout person, who had the enviable task of horsing us when we were birched. Joan tucked up her sleeves andreceiving the rod from the Lady Marjory with a profound curtsey, prepared for business. But Betty wasnot going to be flogged without opposition: she wasa big, strong girl, and it took a good many pairs ofhands to get her fairly established on Dorothy's back,who did not like her office at all. Once there, and thegirl's hands pinioned by her brawny arms, there waslittle chance of the culprit escaping, however she mightkick, for Dorothy was as strong as a man, and it wascurrently reported that she smacked her liege lord inthe privacy of her own home." Hold that girl's feet," was Lady Marjory's nextorder, " or Joan will never be able to get at her."So Miss Thomas made the feet fast, and then Joanbegan. The dreaded rod fell swiftly and surely onthe white flesh, raising red weals in all directions. If Joan was clumsy, she was energetic, and Betty Brownroared and wrestled under the operation most lustily; but, for all that, the performance did not please thethree ladies." What a clumsy creature!" said Mademoiselle; "shehasn't an atom of grace." " Marjory should do it herself," said Lady Maria." One can't expect everything from servants."" I hate such violent exercise," said her sister; andthen, turning to Joan, " You clumsy, awkward creature,DISCIPLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL. 421you! have I not shewn you how to use the rod a hundred times? Has not my mother shewn you?""Yes, and made me feel it, too," said the girl,sulkily; "the brat kicks so, there's no doing anythingproperly."Lady Marjory had risen from her seat, and comenearer to the girl and her punisher as she spoke; andwhether by accident or design did not appear, butJoan, in raising her arm to give an effective blow,happened to touch her ladyship's face. My lady forgot that she didn't like exercise then; she snatchedthe rod from her servant's hand, and posing herself inan attitude, commenced heartily lashing the astonishedgirl on her arms and neck, and wherever she could getan opportunity to hit her. For a minute Joan wastoo astonished to resist; but when she recovered herscattered wits, she rushed round the room, with thelady in full pursuit, leaving Betty Brown shivering andsmarting on her uncomfortable elevation.The ladies not only whipped its, but they whippedthe boys too, at least the Lady Maria and her Frenchcousin did—Lady Marjory had scruples of modestyabout it, and declined. Mademoiselle Burgoyne introduced a good many new customs into our school.Before she came, the whipping used to be entirelyoptional, and the ladies used to whip with short,sharp blows, v/ithout any method; but she recommended the French fashion of long, regular, sharpblo\ys, counted and applied in a measured manner;so that, when we were sentenced to a whipping, weknelt and said, " May it please your ladyship to giveme so many blows on account of my great fault

"

and when we returned the rod, the formula was—" I thank your ladyship humbly for the whipping I have422 DISCIPLINE IN A CHARITY SCHOOL.received;" and we had to say it without any sobbingor stuttering either. She was a regular Tartar, thatj'oung French lady; any one fonder of using the rodI never did see. After a whipping at school, we hadto carry the rod fastened upright on our backs themost of the day, no matter who came to see theschool, or where we went, and I have been sent witha message to my lady with the rod at my back beforenow. It seems strange to tell of these things now, whe^.it is rare even for children to be flogged; but when I was young, it was part of everybody's education.Nobody thought of correcting children in any otherway, and servants were equally amenable to thepunishment. My lady whipped her maids and herpages, and my lord thrashed his valet or his grooms.Mothers whipped their grown-up daughters, who submitted to the discipline without a murmur; for in myday a mother's will was law, I don't know that wegrew up any worse for it; indeed, I sometimes think,though maybe that is an old woman's fancy, thatthere are no better wives and mothers under thepresent free and easy system of education than therewere when mothers ruled their children only by theRod.' CHAPTER XLI.SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.SOLOMON has said, "He that spareth the Rodhatcth his son; but he that loves him chastiseshim betimes," and the maxim has been considered indisputable in all ages. Schoolmasters have regardedthe Rod as absolutely indispensable in the educationof the young. The first flogging schoolmaster thatu'e meet with in our reading is Toilus, who used towhip Homer, and who, after performing that operation effectually, assumed the title of Homeromastix.This worthy man received no other reward for hiaenterprise than crucifixion, which he suffered by thoorders of King Ptolemy. Horace calls his schoolmaster, who was fond of this discipline, " the floggingOrbilius" {plagosiis Orbilius)\ Quintilian denouncesthe practice of whipping schoolboys on account of it3severity and its degrading tendency; and Plutarch, inhis "Treatise on Education," says: "I am of opinionthat youth should be impelled to the pursuit of liberaland laudable studies by exhortations and discourses,certainly not by blows and stripes. These are methodsof incitement far more suitable to slaves than to thefree, on whom they can produce no other effect thanto induce torpor of mind and disgust for exertion,from a recollection of the pain and insult of theinflictions endured."SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.An ancient philosopher, named Superanus, whobegan his studies after he was thirty years of age, so firmly believed that whipping was necessary ineducation, that "he never grudged himself either therod or sharp lectures, in order to learn all that schoolmasters and tutors teach their pupils. He was seen more than once in the public baths to inflict on himself the severest corrections." Loyola, as we haveelsewhere mentioned, was treated in the same wayat an advanced age. Moliere has brought his powerof ridicule to bear on such a character in his play" Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme." M. Jourdain, utterlyilliterate, although of middle age, resolves that he willbe a gentleman and a learned man; and to carry outhis purpose procures masters in music, fencing, dancing,philosophy—everything, in short, that he could thinkof. Madame Jourdain, as ignorant as her husband,but gifted with a little more common sense, rebelsagainst this, and on one occasion sarcastically askshim—"N'irez vous point, un de ces jours, vous fairedonner le fouet, a votre age.-*" ("Do you mean, atyour age, to get yourself whipped one of thesedays."*") To which M. Jourdain fei-vently replies"Pourquoi non. Plut a Dieu d'avoir tout a I'heurele fouet devant tout le monde, et savoir ce qu'onapprend au college." ("Why not. Would to God I were whipped this very moment before all the world,and knew what it is to be learned at school.")"Rods and sticks," writes a pedagogic author, "areschool swords, which God after the fall committed tothe hands of teachers, who ought not to wield them invain, but chastise the wicked with them." Rods andsticks, he further says, are school sceptres before whichthe crowd of children ought to bow their heads. Even

SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS, 425among heatn*wt nations, who never heard of Solomon'swise saying, we learn that whipping was held in highesteem in training the young. The Peruvians whippedthe rising generation plentifully, and the aborigines ofBrazil gave children the bastinado on the soles of theirfeet. Two boys held the delinquent, while the mollabeat his feet with a stick, often so severely that theblood spirted from under the nails. The Carribeansalso applied the Rod. But it is in European Schools thatwe find the birch most systematically used. In German schools the Rod was at one time plied industriously: the operator was called the " blue man." Notonly boys, but youths up to the age of eighteen ortwenty years, were subjected to the Rod. . Some professors preferred to inflict the punishment with theirown hands; but in general it was inflicted by a manwearing a mask, and having his instrument concealedunder a blue cloak (whence the name, the " blue man"),in the passage before the schoolroom, and in the presence of the professor; and very few youths could boast,on leaving the gymnasium, of having never been underthe care of the " blue man."It is recorded of a Suabian schoolmaster that, duringhis fifty-one years' superintendence of a large school, hehad given 911,500 canings, 121,000 floggings, 209,000custodes, 136,000 tips with the ruler, 10,200 boxes onthe ear, and 22,700 tasks by heart. It was furthercalculated that he had made 700 boys stand on peas,6000 kneel on a sharp edge of wood, 5000 wear thefool's-cap, and 1700 hold the rod. The same systemas has been mentioned prevailed in France. RavisiusTextor, who was rector of the University of Paris, inone of his epistles, writes thus concerning the treatment of boys: —" If they offend, if they are detected426 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.in falscliood, if they slip from the yoke, if they murmur against it, or complain in ever so little a degree,let them be severely whipt; and spare neither thescourge nor mitigate the punishment till the proudheart shall evidently be subdued, and they shall havebecome smoother than oil, and softer than a pumpkin.And if they endeavour by mollifying speeches to disarm the preceptor's anger, let all their words be givento the wind."In England the schoolboy has been, time out ofmind, subject to the birch. In the middle ages, weread of children running to the shrines of saints, in thehope of there obtaining protection against the cruelty•)f their masters. A boy, in that hope, once clung tothe tomb of St. Adrian, at Canterbury, and the master,notwithstanding the sanctity of the place, proceededto inflict chastisement. The first and second strokeswere allowed to be given with impunity, but theoutraged saint stiffened the master's arm as he wasabout to inflict the third; and it was only when hehad implored forgiveness of the boy, and the boyhad interceded for him, that the use of his arm wasrestored! Another legend is related where the miraclewas still more surprising: —An ill-used boy havingfled, as usual, to the shrine, the master declared thatnot even although the Saviour of mankind interferedwould he escape punishment. Upon this a beautifulwhite dove is said to have alighted on the tomb, and,by bending its head and fluttering its wings, as if inthe attitude of supplication, disarmed the schoolmaster's anger, and made him fall on his knees and begforgiveness. St. Ermenilda was in the same way thepatroness of the Ely schoolboys. Some boys had fledto. her shrine for protection, but the schoolmasterSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 427dragged them from their place of refuge, and floggedtliem to his heart's content {iisqiie ad animi satictatemverbcrat). The following night the saTilt appeared tohim, and completely paralysed his limbs; and their useivas not restored until his pupils had carried him tothe shrine as a repentant sinner.Tusser, in his rude rhymes, complains of the severityof the scholastic discipline in his day. He says

" From Paul's I went to Eton, sentTo learn straiglitways the Latin phrase; Where fifty- three stripes given to meAt once I had,For fault but small, or none at all,1 1 came to pass thus beat I was.See, Udall, see the mercy of theeTo me, poor lad!"In those days it would appear that bo}^s were flogged,not for any offence, or omission, or unwillingness or incapacity to learn, but upon the abstract theory thatthey ought to be flogged. Erasmus bears witness thatthis was the principle upon which he was flogged. Hewas a favourite with his master, who had good hopesof his disposition and abilities, but flogged him to see how he could bear the pain, the result being that theRod nearly spoiled the child: his health and spiritswere broken by it, and he began to dislike his studies.He describes, without naming, another schoolmasterwho was of a similar disposition. This is thought tobe Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, who, although he delighted in children, and was a good man, thought nodiscipline could be too severe in his school; and whenever he dined there, one or two boys were served upto be flogged by way of dessert. On one of theseflogging occasions, when Erasmus was present, hecalled up a meek, gentle boy of ten years old, who had123 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.lately been earnestly commended to his care by a tender mother—ordered him to be flogged for somepretended fault, and saw him flogged till the victimwas fainting under the scourge: " not that he deservedthis," said the dean to Erasmus, while it was going on," but it was fit to humble him."So necessary was the Rod considered in educationthat in the case of princes whose delicate skins couldnot be ruffled, whipping boys were provided, on whomthe offences of their royal masters were unsparinglyvisited. There is an old play, published in 1632, inwhich a prince (supposed to be Edward VI.) holds adialogue with his whipping-boy:

Prince—" Why, how now, Browne: what's the matter?" Browne—"Your Grace loyters; and will not plye your booke,and your tutors have whipped me for it." Prince—" Alas, poor Ned! I am sorry for it. I'll take themore paines and entreate my tutors for thee."James the Fourth of Scotland had for his whippingboy Sir David Lindsay of the Mount.William Murray, father of the Countess of Dysart,was page and whipping-boy to Charles I. in his youngdays. Le Sage introduces an example of a whippingboy into his life of Gil Bias. Don Raphael, in relatinghis history to the hero, tells that at twelve years ofage he was appointed companion to the young Marquis Leganez, who was very backward in his education,and who did not care to improve. One of the mastersat length thought of the capital expedient of whippingDon Raphael for the deficiencies of his master, andthis was done so emphatically that Don Raphael wasimpelled to take French leave. Modern princes hadnot this immunity from the Rod. George III., whenasked by the tutor how the young princes were to bejChool punishments. 42gtrcaled, piomplly replied, " If they deserve it, letthem be flogged. Do as you used to do at Westmuister." Pity that these whipping-boys, whom wehave mentioned, were not of the humour of that youthwho used to take a flogging for diversion; and, as ajoke, this boy, named Smith, as we have been told,did not care a pin for a flogging, and would put himself in the way of being whipped, for mere amusementfor himself and others. "Smith again!" the masterusually called out at flogging time, and, with a groan.Smith was always ready, affected to kneel down, thenrose again, and said facetiously, " Allow me, sir, to putmy handkerchief under my knees—these breechescost my father five-and-twenty shillings, and he gaveme particular charge not to soil them." Then wouldhe begin only to kneel down, the master all the whilevociferating—"Take him up, take him up." "Sir,"Smith would say, "be so kind as to hit high andgentle.^' Then, when fairly down, he would look round,and at every stroke make horrible faces, as if in dreadful agony, and when the matter was over, jump up withalacrity, make his bow, and say, " I thank you, sir."Most of the schools of England have their stories offlogging, and of masters who were proficient in theart. To many of them the words of Crabbe's school*master were quite applicable

" Students," he said, " like horses on the road,Must be well lash'd before they take the load;They may be willing for a time to run. But you must whip them ere the work be done:To tell a boy, that if he will improveHis friends will praise him, and his parents love.Is doing nothing—he has not a doubtBut they will love him, nay, applaud without

Let no fond sire a boy's ambition trust,To make him study, let him see he must."430 SCHOOL PUNISHMEN'TS.The mode of providing rods in the i6th centuryfor the grammar school at Uttoxeter, and the spirit inwhich the punishment was required to be received, areset forth in the "Orders" of the founder. Theseconsist of seventeen items, and those relating to theRod are as follows:

Item. I will that all my scholars shall love and reverence my schoolmaster, and gently receive punishment of him for theirfaults, sub pcetid expulsionis."Item. I will that all my scholars at their first entrance intomy school shall give twopence apiece to a poor scholar, appointedby the master to keep the school cleane and to provide rods."An amusing story is told of Richard Mulcaster,of Merchant Taylors' school. " He beeinge one daywhippinge a boy, his breeches beeinge doune, and heready to inflict punishment uppon him, out of his insultinge humour, he stood pausinge a while over hisbreech; and there a merry conceit taking him, hesayd, ' I aske y^ banes of matrymony between this boy,his buttockes, of such a parish, on y^ one side; andLady Burch of ye parish, on ye other side; and if anyman can shew any lawfull cause why y^y should not beioyned together, let y^^ speake, for yis is y<^ last time ofaskinge!' A good sturdy hoy and of a quick conceytstood up and sayd, 'Master, I forbid ye banes!' Themaster takinge this in dudgeon sayd, ' Yea, sirrah, andwhy so? ' The boy answered, ' Because all partyes are not agreed,' whereat the master likinge that wittyaunswer, spared the one's fault and the other's p^sumption." The same story is related of Dr. Busby ofWestminster, whose name has passed into a proverbfor scholastic severity. His rod, he used to say, wasthe sieve which sifted the wheat of scholarship fromthe chaff. It is related of him and one of his scholars,that during the doctor's absence from his study theSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.boy found some plums in it, which he began to eat.First, however, he waggishly cried out, " I publish thebanns of matrimony between my mouth and theseplums; if any here present know just cause or impediment why they should not be united, you are to declareit, or hereafter hold your peace." The doctor havingoverheard the proclamation, determined to chastise for' it, but said nothing till next morning; when causingthe boy to be brought up and disposed for punishment,he grasped the well-known instrument and said, " Ipublish the banns of matrimony between this rod andthis boy; if any of you know just cause or impediment why they should not be united, you are to declareit." The boy himself called out, " I forbid the banns.""For what cause." inquired the doctor. "Because,"said the boy, "the parties are not agreed." The doctorenjoyed the validity of the objection, and the boyescaped.Some of Busby^s successors were not far behind himin the severity of discipline. Dr. Vincent's rule nearlyequalled " Busby's awful reign." Of him it is recordedthat he was not satisfied with the regulation punishment, but boxed the boys' ears and pinched them inaddition. Coleman protested against this, saying thata pedagogue was privileged to make his pupil red in theproper place, but had no right to squeeze him blackand blue with his fingers. During Vincent's mastership the older boys started a periodical called TJieFlagellant, which so roused Vincent's wrath that hebegan an action against the publisher, and Southey,who wrote an article caricaturing the doctor, cameforward and avowed the authorship, and had to leavethe school in consequence.The boys of Westminster once administered the432 SCHOOL PUNISIIMLNTS."discipline of the school" on Curll the bookseller,Tope mentions in one of his letters that Mr, EdmundCurll was exercised in a blanket and whipped at Westminster School by the boys. He had incurred the re- sentment of the Westminster scholars thus: —In 1716,Robert South, prebendary of Westminster School,died. At his funeral a Latin oration was pronouncedover the body by Mr. John Barber, then captain of theKing's Scholars, Westminster. Curll, by some means,obtained and printed a copy of the oration without theauthor's consent, and the boys determined to takevengeance. Under pretence of giving him a correctcopy, they decoyed him into the Dean's yard, andwhat followed is stated by the Si. James' Post

—"Being on Thursday last fortunately nabbed withinthe limits of the Dean's Yard by the King's Scholars,there he met with a college salutation; for he wasfirst presented with the ceremony of the blanket, inwhich, when the skeleton had been well shook, he wascarried in triumph to the school: and, after receiving a grammatical construction for his false concords, hewas reconducted to the Dean's Yard, and, on hisknees asking pardon of the aforesaid Mr. Barber forhis offence, he was kicked out of the yard and leftto the huzzas of the rabble." The incident was commemorated in a pamphlet entitled "Neck or Nothing,"with the unfortunate Curll figuring prominently in aseries of tableaux, first "being presented with theceremony of the blanket," then stretched in a tableundergoing a flagellation on the breech, and lastly, onhis knees between two files of Westminster scholars,asking pardon of Mr. Barber.The rod in use at Winchester school is not of birch,,but is composed of four apple-tree twigs, set in aSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 433wooden handle, and provided by two juniors whohold the office of rod-makers under the orders of thePrefect of Hall. The invention of this instrumentis ascribed to Dr. John Baker, who was warder of theschool for thirty-three years, from 1454-87. Themode of application was specially prescribed. Thedelinquent knelt down to the block or bench, and twoboys "took him up"—that is, removed the shirt between the waist-band of his trousers and his waistcoat —and then the master inflicted four cuts called a" scrubbing," or six cuts called a " bibling," on whichoccasion the Bible clerk introduced the victim. QueenElizabeth visited Winchester in 1570. Her Majestyasked a young scholar if he had ever made acquaintance with the celebrated Winton Rod, and he replied,with more readiness than was to be expected, by anapt quotation from Virgil:

•* Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare dolorem."" Great Queen, what you command me to relateRenews the sad remembrance of our fate."

Dryden.Shrewsbury School, about the beginning of thepresent century, was presided over by a great flogger,in the person of Dr. Butler. The whippings which headministered with his left hand are not yet forgotten.At this school there was a small room lighted by onenarrow loophole, a receptacle for the flogging blockand birch, where delinquents were confined. It wascalled the Blackhole, or sometimes "Rowe's Hole,"from a youth who is said to have been a very regularoccupant.Dr. Parr deserves mention in the annals of schoolflagellation. He had a firm belief in the utility ofa8434 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.the birch. At his school in Norwich there was usuallya flogging lev^e before the classes were dismissed.His rod-maker was a man who had been sentenced tobe hanged, but had been cut down and resuscitatedby the surgeons; and from the hands of this amiablecharacter, according to the account of a pupil, Parr" used to receive the birches with a complacent expression of countenance." Another pupil speaks feelinglyof " the lightning of his eye, the thunder of his voice,and the weight of his arm." One of the under-masterstold him one day that a certain pupil appeared to showsigns of genius. " Say you so }" said Parr, " thenbegin to flog him to-morrow morning."Flogging went on briskly at Rugby in Dr. James'stKne, about 1780; and there was, in addition, plentyof caning on the hand. During the mastership of Dr.Wool! in 18 1 3, a memorable scene occurred. One daythe whole of the lower fourth class, except the boywho was up at lesson by the master's side, rushed outbefore the usual time. The matter was at once re- ported to the doctor, who sent notice that every boyin the form was to be flogged at three o'clock, beforethe third lesson commenced. A few minutes beforethat hour the rod-bearer made his appearance, andpreparations for the doleful ceremony were soon made.Punctually at the time Dr. Wooll entered the classroom, and calling for the list, began with the headboy, and went regularly through the thirty-eight, including, unfortunately, the boy who had not run outwith the rest. The whole thirty-eight were finishedoff in a quarter of an hour. The late Lord Lytteltonwas being shown by Dr. Wooll the room at Rugby inwhich the flogging was usually inflicted. " What mottowould be appropriate?" asked the doctor. "G\^^^tSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 435cry and little ivool" replied the other, looking at thediminutive form of the master.The following note to a letter written by Mrs. Piozzito Sir James Fellowes, from Bath, 30th March, 1819,is curious: — I had met Mr. Wickens a few daysbefore at Mrs. Piozzi's. As we were brother Rugbeans, the conversation took place about the mode ofpunishing the boys in Dr. James's time, when Mrs.Piozzi related the story of Vandyke, who, when a boy,first evinced his genius in a remarkable manner bypainting the exact likeness of the master upon theperson of a schoolfellow about to be flogged, which soastonished and amused the pedagogue that he burstout a-laughing, and excused the boy the punishmentthat awaited him. Mrs. Piozzi's manner and humourin relating this anecdote of Vandyke was remarkablycomical."An anecdote, illustrative of how boys took theirbirch long ago, is given in "The Guide to Eton:" —Sir Henry B n, some seventy years since (atwhich period collegers always held down boys whowere being flogged), calmly looked up at his two supporters, who were still holding him down, instead ofreleasing him, though his flogging was over, and said, " Gentle men of the black robe, I believe the ceremonyis over."Birching is a time-honoured practice at Eton. Wesay is, because, on the appointment of the last newhead-master, the Rev. Mr. Hornby, he was presentedby the " captain " of the school, in the name of hisfellows, with an elegant birch rod, tied with a blue/iband. The usual rod at Eton consisted of three longbirchen twigs (no branches), bound with string for abouta quarter of their length, and a charge of half-a-guinea28—2436 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.for birch was made in every boy's bill, whether he wasflogged or not. Dr. Keate was among the most remarkable of the Eton floggers. He was celebrated for thecelerity with which he despatched those who weredown in the " bill" or flogging list. According to theEton boys' code of propriety, there was not the leastdisgrace attached to a flogging; there might, indeed,be some reproach in never having tasted birch, toavoid which lads have been known to get themselvesflogged on purpose. A few years ago, a youth ofeighteen years of age was condemned to be floggedfor smoking, but, acting on his father's orders, herefused to take his punishment, for which contumacyhe was dismissed from the school. In the olden time,that ill-omened day, Friday, was the only flogging dayat Eton.The most noted flagellator in Eton annals, as hasalready been mentioned, was Dr. Keate, whose reignbegan in 1809 and lasted for a quarter of a century,and many amusing reminiscences of his mania for thebirch have been preserved. The author of " Eothen"gives the following portrait of the doctor: —" Hewas little more, if more at all, than five feet inheight, and was not very great in girth; but withinthis space was concentrated the pluck of ten battalions. He had a really noble voice, and this he couldmodulate with great skill; but he had also the powerof quacking like an angry duck, and he almost alwaysadopted this mode of communication in order to inspire respect. He was a capital scholar, but his ' ingenuous learning' had not 'softened his manners,' andhad 'permitted them to be fierce '—tremendouslyfierce. He had such a complete command over histemper—I mean over his good temper—that he scai'celyTHE ROD IN SCHOOL. Plate XIX.WINCHESTER ROD AND CAP.Formerly thp Rod consisted of a wooden handle, about two feet and a half long-, with four grooves at one end, into which were inserted four apple twigs. Asthese branched off at a coilsiderablc angle, it was the " Rod maker's " dutyto twist them together to form one combined stick. At present, the twigs areso cut as to lie in a straight line with the rod, which is considered a disad- vantage to the person being flogged.ETON CLOGGING " BLOCK " AND ROD.

SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 437ever allowed it to appear; you could not put him OMtof humour—that is, out of the ill humour which hethought to be befitting for a head-master. His red,shaggy eyebrows were so prominent that he habituallyused them as arms and hands, for the purpose ofpointing out any object towards which he wished todirect attention; the rest of his features were equallystriking in their way, and were all and all his own. Mewore a fancy dress, partly resembling the costume ofNapoleon and partly that of a widow woman."Of Keate's flogging exploits one very good story istold. On one occasion, when a confirmation was tobe held for the school, each master was requested tomake out a list of the candidates in his own form. Amaster wrote down the names on the first piece ofpaper which came to hand, which happened unluckilyto be one of tl^ slips, of well-known size and shape,used as flogging bills, and sent up regularly with thenames of delinquents for execution. The list beingput into Keate's hands without explanation, he sentfor the boys in the regular course, and, in spite of allprotestations on their part, pointing to the master'ssignature to the fatal " bill," he flogged them all. Another day, a culprit who was due for punishmentcould not be found, and the doctor was kept waiting onthe scene of action, but a namesake of the missing onehappened to pass the door: he was at once seized byKeate's orders, and brought to the block as a vicarioussacrifice. Absence from roll-call was punished by flogging. Keate had imposed on one division an additionalroll-call as a punishment. They held a consultation,and resolved that none of them should attend. Thedoctor came and found himself alone. He had justleft a dinner party at his own house. He collected43» SCHOOL I'UNISIIMENTS.his assistants, and waited until the whole division was. brought into his presence. He then went to work andflogged them all—about eighty—and returned to hisguests as placid and agreeable as usual.Only one instance is on record of a condemnedculprit having escaped the birch of Dr. Keate. A boywho had got into trouble was looking forward to hisfirst flogging with considerable nervousness. Somemischievous schoolfellows recommended a preparationof gall-nuts as an infallible recipe for making the sur- face to which it was applied insensible to pain. Theresult was one of those cases better imagined thandescribed. It was impossible for the boy to put in anappearance before the doctor in that state; and astrictly private conversation with his tutor ended inthat gentleman's waiting upon Keate, in order toexplain the impossibility of the impending operationbeing performed without great risk to the gravity ofboth head-master and attendant collegers: a " poena"of some hundred lines was therefore accepted in commutation."Among the many good stories told of 'Old Keate,'

says the Saturday Review, " perhaps the best is thatof the boy who called on him to take leave. ' Youseem to know me very well,' said the great headmaster; * but I have no remembrance of ever havingseen your face before.' ' You were better acquaintedsir, with my other end,' was the unblushing reply."A similar anecdote has been versified as followsAn old Etonian once met Keate abroadAnd seized his hand; but he was rather flooredTo see the Doctor seemed to know him )ioi: " Doctor," quoth he, " you've flogged me oft I wot • And yet it seems that me you've quite forgot." " E'en now," says Keate, " I cannot guess your nameBoys' b s are so very much the same."SCHOOL PUNISlliMENTS. 439A hundred years since, and, indeed, up till within aquarter of a century ago, the punishments at Christ's,,Hospital were heavy and frequent. The monitors orheads of wards had a licence to chastise their inferiors,which they used freely. Writing of them, CharlesLamb says: " I have been called out of my bed, andivaked for the purpose, in the coldest winter nights—and this not once, but night after night—in my shirt,to receive the discipline of a leathern thong, witheleven other sufferers, because it pleased my callowoverseer, when there had been any talking heard afterwe were gone to bed, to make the six last beds in thedormitory, where the youngest children slept, answerable for an offence they neither dared to commit norhad any power to hinder." The King's boys, or thoseintended for the sea, who studied navigation underWilliam Wales, had peculiarly hard hnes of it; as, inorder to inure them to the hardships of a sailor's life,Wales brought up his boys with Spartan severity, usingthe lash on every occasion, and dealing out his punishments with an unsparing hand. These chastisementswere expected tc oe borne with patience, and thetraining, whatever might be its effects in after times,had the immediate result of rendering the youthshardy but brutal, and, as a consequence, mercilessly severe on their younger companions. They were themortal terror of the young boys; but, at the sametime, it must be confessed that they maintained theprowess of the school outside: the apprentices andbutchers' boys of the neighbourhood stood in considerable awe of their fighting powers. The formal punishment for runaways was, in the first instance, fetters.For a second offence the culprit was confined in acell, large enough for him to lie at full length upon440 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.straw and a blanket, a glimmer of light being admittedthrough a small window. The confinement was solitary—the prisoner onl} seeing the porter who broughthis bread and water, or the beadle who came twice a week to take him out for an airing and a whipping.A third attempt at flight was usually the last, becausethe offender was, after certain formalities, expelled.The culprit, divested of the school uniform and cladin a penitential robe, was brought from his cell intothe hall, where were assembled the whole of his schoolfellows, the steward of the hospital, the beadle, whowas the executioner, and, as befitting, was clad in statefor the occasion; two of the governors were also present, to certify that the extreme rigour of the law wasinflicted. The culprit being hoisted, was slowly floggedround the hall by the beadle, and then formally handedover to his friends, if he had any, or to his parish officer.H-ho was stationed outside the gate.CHAPTER XLII.ADDITIONAL ANECDOTES OF SCHOOL PQNISHMENTSIN "the good old times" flogging was permitted bythe statutes of many colleges, and was a favouriterecreation of the deans, tutors, and censors of the day.Dr. Potter, of Trinity College, flogged a collegian,though arrived at man's state and wearing a swordby his side, and Dr. Bathurst, president of that College,used to surprise the undergraduates, if walking in thegrove at unseasonable hours, with a whip in his hand.Dr. Johnson, in his "Memoir of Milton," says: " I amashamed to relate, what I fear is true, that Milton wasone of the last students in either University that suffered the public indignity of corporal correction."Aubrey mentions the story of Milton being whippedby Dr. Chappell at Cambridge, and afterwards beingtransferred to the tuition of one Dr. Tovel). But thereis a tradition that Dr. Johnson himself was scourgedover the buttery hatch at Oxford. There is, however,no authoritative statement on the matter, and it mustremain a moot point whether Milton or Johnson wasthe last student on whom the Rod was inflicted atthe Universities. In the Dublin College Journal, thefact of such and such a pupil having been trained inthat seminary is recorded in the words, ediicains eratsub ferula—that is, " was educated under the Rod,"from which it may be inferred that the teaching wasfostered by the birch.442 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.The excessive use of the Rod in schools, at thttime we speak of, led to the custom of " barring out,"an attempt on the part of the boys to exclude theschoolmaster from the scene of his usual labours.The custom was very general in the schools of burghtowns and large villages, and usually took place atChristmas. If the boys were successful in keepingout the master for three days, the vanquished pedagogue was obliged to sign articles of agreement, relating to the number of holidays, hours of play, andmatters of discipline. If, on the contrary, the attemptwas unsuccessful, the pupils were compelled to submitto his dictation in these matters, and likewise toundergo an unhmited amount of flagellation.It is said Joseph Addison was, one day, the leader ofa barring out at the grammar school of Lichfield, aboutl684ori685. Quite amodern attempt is recorded in theGentlemaiis Magazine for 1 828. It happened, probably,about the beginning of the present century at the grammar school of Ormskirk, in Lancashire. A few daysbefore the Christmas holidays the older scholars re- solved to revive the ancient custom of barring out themaster. Many years had elapsed since the attempthad succeeded. The scholars had heard of the gloriousfeats of their forefathers, when they set the lash ofthe master at defiance for days together. The headof the Greek class took the leadership, and assemblinghis schoolfellows around him, he addressed them inheroic style: " My boys, to-morrow morning we areto bar out the flogging par.'^on, and to make himpromise that he will not flog us hereafter withoutcause, or set us long tasks, or deprive us of our holidays. The boys of the Greek form will be your captains, and I am to be seneral Those who are cowardsSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 443had better retire, and be satisfied with future floggings;but you who have courage, and know what it is to beflogged for nothing, come here and sign your names."The proposal was carried out next day; and whenthe master appeared, he found the door of the schoolshut and barricaded, and the boys within armed withsticks, pokers, old pistols, &c., determined to defendthe place to the last. The master, after vainly attempting to force an entrance, and getting his headbroken, went for the constable. On the arrival of thecivil authorities, the boys got frightened, and proposedto surrender. A few escaped by the back windows

the others ranged themselves in two lines, weapon inhand. The door was thrown open—the master entered,denouncing vengeance on all concerned. As he walkedin, however, the files walked out, and he was left withan empty school. It was afterwards resolved that theleaders should not come to school until sent for, anda free pardon granted; indeed, so many stayed away,that the master deemed it prudent to remit thepromised flogging.With regard to flagellation as now practised inschools in England, the reports of the Schools InquiryCommission furnish some particulars. From Mr.Giffard's report on the schools of Surrey and Sussex,we find that in sixteen out of twenty-two boardingschools, or about 73 per cent., corporal punishment ofsome kind is in use, but in almost every case the use ofthe cane or the birch is said to be very rare, and no assistant, we are told, is allowed to inflict the punishment,which is the correction for lying, indecent conduct,swearing, insolence, and moral offences. Impositions,fines, and stoppages of pocket money are the otherpunishments. In all endowed schools the cane or444 SCHOOL rUNISTIMF.NTS.birch is in use. Mr. Giffard reports tliat the accountsgiven by schoolmasters of the efficacy of corporalpunishment differ very widely. Dr. Lowe, of Hurstpierpoint says, " It is a positive kindness to the boys."A private schoolmaster in Sussex said the disciplineof the school had been " ruined by the exclusion ofthe cane." On the other hand, the commissioner wastold that it was "degrading and unnecessary." Butin general, both masters and boys seem to prefer theshort and sharp remedy of the birch to impositionsor confinement. The parents are the chief objectors,and private schools have been forced to yield to theiropinions. Two cases were cited in this district ofschoolmasters who had been known to abuse theirlicence to inflict corporal punishment. One wasJlopley, whose case made so great a sensation someyears ago; the other was an under-master of an en- dowed school, who had been summoned before a magistrate and fined for cruelty to a boy. Such cases as these, however, are happily very rare. In reporting on the schools in Flint, Denbigh,Montgomery, Glamorgan, and Hereford, Mr. Bompassays there is almost no corporal punishment: no birchat all and very little caning. In the girls' schools ofthis quarter there is a novel punishment said to bevery efficacious—namely, sending the delinquent tobed I In Northumberland, according to Mr. Hammond's report, tasks, impositions, and corporal punishment are the means of enforcing discipline, but thelast, inflicted either with the taws or the cane, is themost common mode of correcting the boys. Happilyfor the children, there is not a birch in the county,and flogging in the old-fashioned style is quite un- known 1 It is much the same in the schools of Lanca-SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 445shire: the cane is the last remedy for vice or insubordination, and so far as the commissioner, Mr. Bryce,has seen, there is only one birch in regular use in thecounty. At the Liverpool Institute Schools, floggingis tolerated, but only from the hands of the headmaster. The gentleman who was examined on theseschools said at first the system of gentle admonitionswas tried, but it turned out a complete failure, so thatthe Rod was ultimately introduced. Mr. Mason, of theDenmark Hill School, uses the cane and the birch, thefirst as most suitable for the older boys, and the latterfor the younger pupils. He reserves to himself theexclusive right to administer either of these punishments. Mr. C. H. Pinches, proprietor of ClarendonHouse School, a private boarding school, said to theCommissioners, " I object to the accompaniments ofthe Rod—that is, taking the trousers down, and so on; although it perhaps would surprise you to knowthat I refused two boarders the other day because I declined to use the birch in the way suggested by thelady who wished to place them with me. I think, asfar as the punishment itself is concerned, the birch ispreferable, but I do not like the adjuncts."The French Commissioners remark that the Englishschools have "a kind of punishment which we do notthink we ought to envy—the corporal punishmentwhich is reserved among us to children in the nursery."The conclusion at which they arrive in their reportis that—"The Rod is one of those ancient Englishtraditions which survive because they have survived.A foreigner can hardly conceive the perseverance withwhich English teachers cling to this old and degradingcustom. We have read in Dr. Arnold's works an eloquent dissertation in favour of flagging, which has not446 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.at all convinced us. One is astonished at seeingEnglish masters remove a garment which the pruderyof their language hesitates to name."Many anecdotes are told of schoolmasters who havebeen flogged by their pupils. In most cases of thekind, the elder boys, led on by one who has frequentlybeen subjected to the punishment, have seized theunfortunate dominie at some unwary moment, andoverpowered him by superior numbers. Then, prostrate on a table, or horsed on the flogging block, hehas been treated to a most vigorous sample of hisown birch.In Scotland scholastic flagellation was carried to as great an extent as in England, only the instrumentin use was more commonly "the taws," a long strapof tolerably stout leather, with the ends cut intostripes. The orders for the discipline of the school atthe Kirk of Dundonald in Ayrshire for the year 1640have been preserved, and they indicate the manner inwhich flagellation was to be performed. After theregulations for prayers, &c., the master is enjoined toteach his scholars good manners, "how to carry themselves fashionably and courteously towards all "—superiors, inferiors, or equals. Then he was to appoint a clandestine censor, who should secretly acquaint themaster with everything that concerned the scholars,and, "according to the quality of the faults, the masteishall inflict punishment, striking some on the handwith a birk wand or pair of taws, others on the hips astheir faults deserve, but none at any time or in any case on the head or cheeks." The master is further counselled to repress insolence, and enforce duty rather by a grave and authoritative manner than by strokes, yethe is by no means to neglect the Rod when it is needful.SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 447The Rod was not always in Scotland administeredin this serious mood. In the High School of Edinbureh. one of the masters, named Nicol, would occasionally have a dozen of culprits to uhip at once,arranging them in a row for that purpose. When allwas ready, he would send a polite message to hiscolleague, Mr. Cruickshank, "to come and hear hisorgan." Cruickshank having responded to the summons, Mr. Nicol would proceed to inflict a rapid cur- sory flagellation up and down the row, producing avariety of notes from the patients. Mr. Cruickshankwas sure to take an early opportunity to return thecompliment, by inviting his friend to assist at a similaroperation.The master of a grammar school in the central district of Scotland, some ninety years ago, was a vigorous upholder of flagellation. This worthy, namedIlacket, practised all the varieties of flagellation thenin vogue. Heavy applications of the taws to thehands of the offenders were the mildest operations.Many times the culprit was stretched on a table, helddown with one hand and thrashed with the other.Sometimes the boy was made to stride between twoboards, while the master applied the rod behind. Thedull boys were birched for their own demerits, and thebright lads suffered for the deficiencies of their fellows.Belonging to the former class was a boy, namedAnderson, who had many a bitter taste of the birchto stimulate his faculties. His punishments were somany and unjust that he conceived the most deadlysentiments of revenge against his master. He left theschool, went to India, acquired a competency, andreturned to spend his days in Scotland. During hislong residence in India he never forgot his floggings^448 SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.at school, or his determination to be revenged onRacket, On his arrival in Scotland he purchased a whip, travelled to the town where he had been educated, and having ordered dinner for two at an inn, senta message to Racket (who had retired from his profession), inviting him to dine with an old pupil. OldRacket accepted the invitation, dressed himself in hisbest, and went to the inn. Re was ushered into theroom, where he saw a gentleman, who, as soon as heentered, locked the door; then, taking down the whip,introduced himself, and informed the astonishedRacket that he was now about to punish him for themany flagellations he had inflicted on him at school.So saying, he ordered him to strip and receive thepunishment. Racket's presence of mind did notdesert him in such untoward circumstances. Re ac- knowledged that, perhaps, he was a little too severe with his boys in old times, but if he was to be punishedhe would prefer having dinner first and the floggingafterwards. Anderson could not but assent to such a reasonable proposal, although inwardly resolving thatthe flogging should be none the lighter for the waiting.So they sat down to dinner, which proved excellent

and old Racket's conversation was so fascinating andagreeable that gradually Anderson found his purposeof revenge growing weaker. At last he gave up allthoughts of his whip and the intended flagellation.Racket got home in perfect safety, for his host insisted upon escorting him to his own door.We are in possession of a large collection of anecdotes of school punishments in Scotland; but theyare so similar in character that we shall not give morethan one or two by way of sample. Even at the present day the old-fashioned style of whipping boys andSCHOOL PUNISHMENTS. 449girls still prevails in some remote districts of Scotland; and forty years ago, "houpsy doubsy" (being laidover the master's knee), as it was called, was practisedeven at schools in Edinburgh. A present dignitary ofthe Scottish dissenting church, who at the date indicated was master of a small village school, regularlywhipped his pupils, male and female, in the modeindicated, and he did so with the full knowledge oftheir parents. At one time he punished his scholarswithout removing their clothes, but finding that a ladhad placed within his trousers a skin of soft leatherwith a view to lessen the pain of the " skelping," heever after insisted upon laying on the taws after theorthodox mode. The boy who had so imposed uponhis master was immediately saluted by his schoolfellows with the nickname of " leather doub," whichhas stuck to him ever since.An old-fashioned Scottish dominie used to punishthe boys of his school by fastening the culprit upon adesk at the door, and his clothes being removed, it wasthe rule for every one of his schoolfellows to give hima skelp with the "taws." Another Scottish schoolmaster had an odd way of chastising his pupils; hemade them take down or up their clothes, and causedthem to sit upon a large block of marble that hadbeen brought to the parish in order to be hewn into astatue of some local m.agnate. In some of the schoolsin Edinburgh " horsing" was practised—one boy beingflogged on the back of another boy. In Englishschools "horsing" was also prevalent.The skins of eels, we are told, were in ancient timesus«d in schools as whips to correct the pupils. In afishinj; village near Edinburgh, the schoolmaster, fortyyears ago, u.-^ed such skins with which to flog his pupils;SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS.and it is said that the "wives" of the village, "onceupon a time," treated a town gallant, who came a-wooingto one of the lasses of the village, to a good hiding—it being a rule that fisher folkshould only marry fisher folk

the instrument used was a bundle of dried eel skins.An eccentric Scottish nobleman who had, when achild, been frequently whipped at a dame's schoolwhich he attended at a time when he had no expectation of being a man of title, insisted upon beingflogged by his old schoolmistress, shortly after comingto his estate! For her "kindness" on this occasion,it is said he gave the old dame a present of one hundred pounds.Quite recently there was an attempt at legislation inthe matter of scholastic and domestic flagellation. TheMarquis of Townsend introduced into the House ofLords a bill for the better protection of children, ser- vants, and apprentices, by which it should be enactedthat no schoolmaster, usher, or tutor, having the chargeof children under sixteen years of age, should be allowed to inflict corporal punishment except by a birchrod, and further that there should be no corporal punishment whatever for inattention to, or inaccuracy in,their studies. It was also to be illegal for a master or mistress to strike an apprentice or servant. This lastprovision was quite superfluous, because the law, as it stands at present, is sufficient to meet such cases. Inthe discussion, that was followed by the withdrawal ofthe bill, it was pointed out that the safe and efficientinstrument of school discipline in Scotland, the taws,would be illegal, and since Scotch boys are not birched,no kind of corporal chastisement would remain 'oywhich a schoolmaster, or even an uncle or aunf^ couldcorrect a refractory lad.CHAPTER XLIII.ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.HE reader will have noted, in the perusal of preX ceding portions of this work, that ladies, bothold and young, have had to submit themselves withhumiliation to the birch. In ladies' boarding schools acentury ago, the Rod was unsparingly used, and evenup till about the year 1830, young ladies were whipt atschool. In order that we may be as chronological aspossible, we insert here an account of boarding-schooldiscipline at the end of the last century. It is takenfrom a letter written twelve years ago, and which isbrimful of information on the subject:

My Dear little Granddaughter,—Though, Isuppose, I ought not to call you little (young ladies oftwelve years old consider themselves women now, Ihear), I send with this the parcel of good and prettythings I promised you to take to school with you.Ah, my dear, schools v/ere very different in my day!And I send you, too, what you and your sisters haveso often asked me to tell you—some particulars aboutwhat going to school was like when I was young. Ihaven't written it down myself No, no, I couldn't dothat; but I've made Martha, my maid, do it. I canremember a good deal yet, thank God, though I anfeighty years old and better; but I've got a good many29—2452 ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.memoranda of things gone by, and letters, which havehelped me.My dear, it is seventy-two years since I went toschool—only think of that! —and I was twelve yearsold at the time. It was to Regent House, Bath, I wasto be sent, and the journey from here, including a shortstay in London, occupied a week. There's not muchtrouble now in fitting girls out for school, but it wasvery different then. My mother had all the old storesof the house turned out, and passed in review, to see what could be made up for me; for gowns were gownsin those days, and descended from mother to daughter,not like the flimsy things made now-a-days, which are worn once or twice, and never seen any more, except inthe windows of second-hand shops, or on the backs ofpoor wretches not to be named here. And my motherhad a wardrobe which was the envy of all the neighbourhood. I was a young person of quality, and myoutfit was proportionably good. I had six gowns

young ladies would think that nothing now, but thenit was a great deal. I had a chintz gown of white withred spots, the newest style, and made in the firstfashion, with the short waist, which had become so fashionable. Two inches from the arm- pits was themode, and it was quite out of fashion to have the sashlower. There was another of the same material, witha pattern of lace running over it in many stripes, whichwas considered very genteel. Both these dresses (wenever used that word in those days) were made veryopen in front and almost down to the waist, and theskirt of moderate width, almost always fastened up onone side. To wear with these there were elaboratelytrimmed petticoats, not at all unlike some of thoseyou are going to take to school with you, and theON THE WIIIPPTNG OF YOUNG LADIES, 45 jproper out-door finish of the costume was a long,straight scarf, and gloves reaching up to the elbows tomeet the sleeves. A lady might exercise her taste inthe colour of her gloves. I had several pairs, whiteand coloured, all trimmed and embroidered; one pairespecially, of fine lawn, beautifully trimmed with laceand embroidered with silk, cost a great deal of money.The hair was worn frizzed and curled, and bonnetswere small: they were made to sit quite on the top ofthe head, and had a great deal of trimming. I dare sayyoung girls now-a-days would think them ugly, but asI remember them I can't see that they were uglier or more inconvenient than the things women put on theirheads now; but it is all fashion, my dear—fashion: lamode is a very tyrant—always was and always will be.The days were not very long past then when womenused to dress their hair two feet high, and wear coaches,and ships, and animals, on their heads for ornament.My mother had a coach-and-four in blown glass,which she used to wear, when she was young, on greatoccasions. I had nothing of that sort, the fashionsbeing simpler, to my mother's grief, who would fainhave had me decked out in the style of her early days.She had a chip hat made in the shape the lovelyMisses Gmniing made so fashionable, but it would notdo for me, and my best bonnet was not at all unlike acoal-scuttle turned upside down, with three bands ofpink ribbon on it, and little rosettes at the top.Hoops were not quite gone out, and I had one for fulldress, for it was a fashionable school I was going to. The gown to wear with it was a white brocade coveredall over with little moss rosebuds, and trimmed withfly fringe and bunches of red and green ribbon, thebody cut very Iow> and the short sleeves trimmed wi Ji a454 ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.fell of deep lace. Ah, my dear, hoops weren't abit uglierthan the hideously large crinolines that women woretill lately, although King George IV. did abolish themby a royal edict. I had stockings of many colours, andall with clocks, and numbers of pairs of shoes of colours,to match my dresses. My poor mother was so sorrythat the high heels and clogs had gone out; she worethem to the day of her death, and declared they werethe most comfortable and proper things; but they ftr/vout, and all mine were made in the mode, low inthe quarter and flat in the heel, like a modern dancingshoe. I had fans, too; 07ie is enough for a younglady now-a-days, but it wasn't so then; we carriedfans everywhere like the Japanese, and I had onefor walking and one for morning, one for eveningand another for full dress. I had a good manyjewels, but you may see manj^ like them in the shopwindows now, for the old fashion of large earringsand showy jewellery is reviving again. I had totake with me a large stock of towels and sheets,and a knife, fork, spoon, and silver ring, on whichmy name was engraven. Our journey from Greshambury to London, only four-and-twenty miles, as youknow, took nearly the whole day in Mr. Burnet's fastcoach, the coachman and guard going a round-aboutroad, for there were many unsafe places to passBlackheath especially. We put up at the Salutation Inn in the Borough, and the next day I wasshewn a good deal of London.One evening we went to the play at Drury Lane,and saw " The Clandestine Marriage" and " The VirginUnmasked," which were pieces much in fashion at thattime.We posted from London to Bath in my uncle'sON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES. 455chariot, and performed the journey in two days, whichwas quick work then, and reached Regent House onthe evening of the second. The Misses Pomeroy, whokept the school, were two maiden ladies of the greatestfashion, who enjoyed the reputation of sending outtheir pupils in a most finished style, and perfected iaevery grace of manner and deportment. My wardrobe was thoroughly inspected, and, for the most part,approved of, except my stays, which were immediatelysent away to be made much stiffer, so that when theycame back I could scarcely move; but Miss Pomeroysaid that young ladies did not require to swing theirbodies about like milkmaids. She never did, and wewere trained to be as stilT'and as upright as she was.Every morning when we had walked into the schoolroom, and saluted our governess with the latest dancingmaster's courtesy, we were placed with our feet in thestocks, the backboard at our shoulders, and a largedarning needle, point uppermost, stuck in our bodice^so that if we stooped in the least we scratched ourchins. We were punished if we did prick ourselves: ah, many a severe whipping have I had for that andother offences as trivial. Whipping was at that timedecreasing as a punishment in girls' schools, but theMisses Pomeroy believed in its efficacy, and practisedit largely. When a culprit had committed an offence(and it would astonish you very much to hear whatslight things were offences then), and was adjudgedworthy of being whipped, she had to march up to thegoverness's desk, and courtesying very low, requestpermission to fetch the rod. The permission granted—and it was given with much ceremony—she retired andreturned, without her gloves, bearing the rod on a cushion. Then she knelt down a,nd presented it, and4S6 ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.the governess, bidding her rise, administered a fewcuts upon her bare arms and shoulders. The rodswere of two kinds, one made of birchen twigs and theother of fine pieces of whalebone, wound round withwaxed thread to keep them together. Either of themwould give a stinging stroke, but the whalebone one,which we called " Soko" amongst ourselves, was espe-^cially dreaded. Its fangs were like a cat-o'-nine-tails,spreading over our unfortunate flesh. " Soko" wasreserved for grave offences, amongst which any sortof disrespect to our governesses (and the MissesPomeroy were regular martinets in these matters)was reckoned. It was a very select school, not morethan thirty young ladies being received, and these allof the first fashion. It was not at all an uncommonthing for a girl in those days to remain at school till she was nineteen or twenty years of age, only goingfrom school when an eligible parti appeared for herto marry, or when the settling in life of an elder sistermade way for her presentation to the gay world.But young or old, rich or noble though many of themwere, none could 'scape whipping when it was theMisses Pomeroys' pleasure to whip. Enough castigation went on at Regent House to have satisfied themost strenuous upholders of the oft-quoted proverb, " Spare the Rod and spoil the child."There were two or three degrees of severe whipping

one was in private, with only the Misses Pomeroy anda servant present; another was being publicly prepared for the punishment before the whole school andthen being forgiven; and lastly there^was the publicwhipping fully carried out. The only time I wasprivately whipped I remember, old woman though I am, as well as though it were only yesterday. I wasON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES. 457formally bidden by the teacher in charge of the schoolroom at the time to fetch the rod, and carry it into a room which the lady principals called their study.There I found the two ladies, before whom I kneltand presented the rod, which the elder took and drewthrough her fingers, caressingly, as it seemed to me.Then she rang a hand bell which stood upon thetable beside her, and one of the maids entered andwas bidden to prepare me. This was done by simplyturning my clothes up and holding my hands, thoughin the public performances the preparatory ceremonywas much more elaborate. I was terribly frightened; the shame of the proceeding—I had never beenwhipped in my life before—completely overcame me,and a violent fit of hysterics was the result of my firstschool flogging. Alas! I got used both to seeing andfeeling them before I left Regent House. I have seenmarriageable girls flogged for breaches of discipline,before all their schoolfellows, the necessary portion oftheir dress 'being removed. There was a dress put onfor a public flogging, something like a night-gown,and in this the culprit was exhibited before all herschool-mates, to receive her punishment. She wasmade to stoop forward over one of the desks, herhands being firmly held by an attendant, and her feetsecured in the stocks on the floor. I remember well a young lady being chastised in this way only a fevweeks before she left school to be married. I willcall her Miss Darwin here. She was a bad girl—naturally bad, I do believe—and she was always pilfering; nothing was safe from her fingers. We lost all sortsof things—money, trinkets, and even clothes. It waswhat they call kleptomania now, but we had no grandnames for crimes when I was young: stealing was458 ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.Stealing, and there was an end of it. I forget whatparticular theft caused the whipping I am going totell you about, but I remember it very well. In themidst of the afternoon school Miss Pomeroy said

" Young ladies, you will dress half-an-hour earlierthan usual to-day, and be in the class-room at halfpast four instead of five o'clock."We looked at one another, and Miss Darwin coloureda little, but made no other sign that she knew anythingabout the alteration, and we went to our rooms. Upstairs we found out what it meant, for the maid whodressed my hair had to make the rods, and a new onehad been tied up that day, expressly for the comingceremony. At the appointed time we were all in theclass-room, and Miss Pomeroy took her place. MissDarwin was ordered to stand in the middle of theroom, and then our governess proceeded to tell us what she had done, and what she was going to suffer.She was a very handsome girl, quite a woman inappearance and size; yet she stood there to take herwhipping as a matter of course. She was very handsomely dressed in a gown of green brocade, with afrilled under-petticoat of white silk, silk stockings,and embroidered shoes to match her dress. Her hair,which was only confined by a red ribbon, was frizzedand curled, and she wore a handsome necklace andearrings. Miss Pomeroy rang for an attendant, whocame and stood beside her with a deep courtesy. " Prepare her," was the mandate, and the girl courtesied again, and requested permission to remove thegloves. Miss Darwin bowed (that was the formula),and the process of disrobing went on. Then the punishment blouse was put on—it used to remind us of a shroud—and then the young lady, taking the rod^ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES. 459presented it, kneeling, to Miss Pomeroy. The governess took it and came down from the dais, where herchair was placed, while Miss Darwin, between twoteachers, was led to the desk, and fastened over it inthe manner I have described. Then the governess,with right good will, whipped her till red weals rosein all directions on her white flesh. The castigationover, she now, trembling in every limb, and withblazing cheeks and sparkling eyes, returned the rodto the governess kneeling, and retired to make hertoilet, a servant bearing her clothes in a basket.Another curious punishment was practised in ourschool, to subdue our pride, our teachers said. Anygirl transgressing against the rules respecting cleanliness or order—and it was no easy task to rememberthem all—was stripped of her clothes and dressed upin the costume of a charity girl! The slightest deviation from the regulations, the most trivial neglect ofour toilet duties, sentenced us to this most provokingdegradation. The dress used at Regent House wasthey^^: simile of that worn by the " Red Girls," a largecharity school in Bristol, whose attire was composedentirely of scarlet serge with a white apron. Anything more unbecoming or more uncomfortable couldscarcely be imagined, and there was hardly one of usthat would not have preferred a flogging. The sameceremony was observed as in the whippings: the culprit requested permission to fetch the clothes, and car- ried them in on a salver neatly folded, with the coarseshoes and stockings laid on the top. Then a servantwas summoned, and her dress and ornaments weretaken off, and she was attired in the gown, tippet, andcap. Then her fashionable shoes were removed, andthe coarse leather ones put on, and in that dress she460 ON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES.had to remain for the time prescribed. No matterwho she was, or who came to see her, the garb mustbe worn: she attended the dancing-master, the differentclasses, and the drill-master in it, and stood upon a high stool during school hours, a mark for all our eyes.T am sure no such punishments are in vogue now,Katie, and that you won't be so strictly disciplinedwhere you are going. What would you think ofhaving your pretty mouth plastered up for lettingyour tongue run too freely } Yet that was the punishment for talking in improper hours at Regent House: a broad strip of sticking plaster put slanting across the lips, holding them fast together, and that kept onfor many hours. It used to be one large piece putcompletely over the mouth and covering it, but onerather delicate girl was almost choked by the process,and it had to be discontinued. The number andmanner of punishments for faults would make schoolmistresses of these days open their eyes. We hadour hands tied behind us if we blotted our copies, andour elbows fastened back with straps if we stoopedover our spinnets in practising. Our life was a hardone, and yet it was thought effectual in turning outgraceful and finished ladies, I could tell you a greatdeal more of our school life—of our lessons, and meals,and recreations, such as they were—but I think thiswill do for this time. When your schoolmistress seemsstrict, my dear, think about what I have told you, andbe thankful. You'll learn more, I dare say, than I everdid, for a lady's education then was limited comparedto what it is now; she was not expected to understandAll the ologies, and be able to hold her own with thebest, whatever was talked about. If she could danceivell, speak French, play the spinnet, and read andON THE WHIPPING OF YOUNG LADIES. 461write passably, her schooling was complete. I've gotthrough the world with it, and I don't know that I'vebeen any the worse wife or mother for not understanding half-a-dozen languages, or being able to talk tolearned folk about all sorts of things out of the worldand in it. I've sent you a long letter, little Katiemay be the last you'll ever have from me, for eightythree years is a long while to live. If I don't see youcome back from your first half, my love, don't quiteforget me, but think sometimes of the loving old grandmother who talked to you sometimes of her ownschool days. You'll never be flogged, my dear: it's not the fashion now. But Martha says I have madeher write enough.—So believe mc, your affectionatefjrandmother. -CHAPTER XLIV.BIRCH ACCORDING TO THE "FAMILY HERALD.**N the whipping of young ladies a perfect mine ofinformation is to be found in that most popularof all periodicals, the Family Herald. As everybodyknows, this journal is famed for its notices to corre- spondents, and among these we find a large numberrelating to discipline in ladies' schools, and also athome. Correspondence on this delicate subject hasbeen going on in the Herald at various times duringthe last eighteen years. These controversies begin inthe simplest possible wa)'. A mother, for instance,who has an unmanageable daughter, writes to knowif any correspondent can inform her of a trainingschool of severe discipline for girls in any of thesuburbs of London; or Emily desires to find a schoolat which to place the daughter of a friend, a spoiledchild, where the discipline is very strict, and floggingis permitted. And Emily goes on to mention thatshe herself attended the school of the Misses Fulcherat Chiswick (now abroad), where the discipline wassevere, and birching the invariable punishment forcertain offences.Such requests, it would seem, draw out a series ofreplies; for, to begin with, " Domina " writes a longletter full of delicately chosen words, in which sheexpresses horror at Emily's request "for a ladies' schoolBIRCH ACCORDING TO ^ FAMILY HERALD." 463in which flogging is practised." She rightly says that' it is as much a physical as an ethical question, andquarrels with the verb " flog" when applied to a girl." I even never heard of a girl being flogged since thedays of the murderess, Brownrigg," and " Domina"is troubled at so " rough a proposal as we have suffered to be inserted in our widely-circulated pages."She trusts the Family Herald will supply the antidote,and express strong disapproval of so gross an impropriety. It was a lapsus calami, she would hope. " I am pedantic, perhaps, in the choice of expressions,"she continues, "because words denotes things andactions, and to substitute the gross Dutch-soundingword you have used for the elegant and soft Englishexpression, * chasten,' appears to me a clear indicationof character, such as Emily would doubtless disclaim,and yourself would indignantly repudiate. I confessthat I am one of the most earnest advocates of corporalchastisement, gently and affectionately administered; but I have an utter horror of severity, such as youmention having been practised by the ladies of Chiswick, at whose emigration I heartily rejoice. I dowish that our feminine teachers could discriminatebetween the extremes of baneful indulgence and pernicious laxity of discipline on the one hand, and themore revolting, if less injurious, system of using theRod with severity, on the other. For my part, I shallcontinue to inculcate the practice and principle sohumorously paraphrased by Sir Robert Peel, withreference to the Temple Rifle Brigade, in the motto(which please address to Emily), In medio tutissimaibisrAnother correspondent of the same periodical sendsan account of the discipline practised in a high-class464 UlRCh AdCOkblNG to "FAMILY HERALD.**ladies' school in Edinburgh, which is certainly curiousif true, but we very much doubt its veracity. Accord- , ing to the communication, the ceremony attendant oaa whipping is as follows: —"When an offence of suffi' cient magnitude takes place, the culprit enters it inthe book herself, and carries the report to the ladysuperintendent, who writes under it the amount ofpunishment. For the first offence the delinquent is prepared for punishment, but is generally pardoned.For the second she is whipped privately. For allsubsequent delinquencies, the punishment takes placem the schoolroom, on the ' horse;' and, in additionto the pain it inflicts, it costs in money about Is. infees. This is the system: The girl proceeds to thehousekeeper to procure the rod, a leather thong;she pays 2d. for the use of it. She has then to bepartly undressed by the maid, and this costs 2d.The culprit has then to walk barefooted to anotherpart of the house to be robed for punishment, a peculiar dress being used to add to the disgrace. It is a long linen blouse, short cotton hose, and list slippersThe young lady, thus dressed, proceeds to the drawing-room, to be exhibited to the lady superintendent. Having been approved, she is then conductedto the schoolroom, when she has to pay 6d. to thegoverness who inflicts the punishment awarded. Awooden horse, covered with soft leather, is the mediumof castigation. The delinquent subsequently thanksthe governess, kisses the rod, thanks the superintendent, and retires to her own room, to appear nomore until prayer time next morning. The ceremonyhas more effect than the punishment." We shouldthink so. A different method of punishment is described by aBIRCH ACCORDING TO Jf AMlLY HERALD." 465gentleman, a teacher in numerous ladies' schools. Itis by means of a strap, or, as it would be called insome places, a pair of " taws." The gentleman thusdescribes the instrument and the mode of using it:" This strap is made of soft, pliable leather, and at theend is divided into a number of small strips, and whenthis instrument is applied to a young lady's hand theeffect is marvellous. The pain it produces is no doubtrather severe, but in a short time it goes off; and thereis not the least doubt that in this respect it is infinitelysuperior to the birch, as there can be nothing immodest or indecent in this mode of punishment, not theslightest fear of bruising or injuring the lady's person,and the pain it produces is quite sufficient to causethe young ladies to learn their lessons."When the controversy carried on in the FamilyHerald begins to flag it is stimulated by some suchletter as that of Miss Birch, who, says the editor," sends us one of those extraordinary letters, so manyof which we cast aside, begging for a further explanation, dissertation on, and defence of flogging in girls'schools, which she declares is necessary, and withoutwhich no school can be well conducted."We gather from his remarks that the editor is evidently very suspicious of his correspondents. In manyof the answers he conveys the idea that he is dealingwith some one who is not what he (or she) implies bythe signature attached to the letter. In other words,we gather from some of the communications that menare engaging in the correspondence from purient or,at least, questionable motives. Many of the writersdesire strongly to have particulars of the modus operandi—that is, whether the culprit is put over the knee,mounted on some person's hack, laid over a chair, tied30466 BIRCH ACCORDING TO " FAMILY HERALD."down on an ottoman, whipt in bed, or how the neces- sary chastisement is administered, also what amountof whipping is given for different offences. Some ofthe correspondents are very stupid, others not verytruthful or inventive, for we find the whipping lettersof early numbers repeated in late numbers, and so on,with accounts of schools which evidently never werein existence.The point discussed by another class of corre- spondents is whether or not punishments at ladies'schools are indecent; but it is very properly held thatfor a girl to be birched by a woman is no more indecent than for a boy to be flogged on his nakedperson by a man, as is done every day at such schoolsas Eton, Rugby, Winchester, and others. The question whether or not females ought to be flogged is a different point. The tenderest of mothers will sometimes beat children, and with good effect. " He thatspareth the Rod hateth his son:" such is Solomon'sdictum. Latterly we have introduced too much soft- ness and too much indulgence with children, and it willnot surprise us if our pedagogues turn round to theopposite extreme. We prefer corporal punishment,says one editor. To deprive of food, of open air, tostigmatise by a fool's-r.ap, to degrade and insult, toimprison and confine—all these methods of punishment are bad; at the same time, discipline must bekept, and example set of diligence and devotion tostudy. A smart castigation, corporally, given in thebest and most decent way, is infinitely preferable tomental degradation. Neither women nor girls are such ethereal beings as many good men think.That a great variety of opinions are prevalent as tothe proprietyof whipping girls,we know from what tookBIRCH ACCORDING TO " FAMILY HERALD. 467place a few years ago at the Chelsea female schoolfor the daughters of soldiers killed in the Crimeanwar. The authorities of this school —the secretary,chaplain, and lady superintendent—who was thedaughter of a naval officer, and a woman of greatrespectability—approved of the old-fashioned mode ofcorrection. The girls were whipped by the ladysuperintendent herself, and the older ones were notexempt from the Rod. The superintendent was ofopinion that a girl of fifteen or sixteen required strictdiscipline to keep her in order when she was ill disposed, and also that the Rod had greater terrors forher than for a younger child. There was a committee of lady visitors, some of whom disapproved ofthe practice, and a keen controversy was carried on. The secretary and lady superintendent held that in aschool of about three hundred girls, many of themsprung from the lower ranks, corporal punishment wasabsolutely necessary. The ladies who dissented fromthis opinion resigned, and the subject was at lastbrought before Parliament. The inquiry resulted ina compromise; the birch was abolished, and the mistress was authorised to inflict punishment with a caneon the palm of the hand.CHAPTER XLV."BIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR.'*t.THE /'a jni/y Herald Is not the only journal thaideals in birch. The Queen, a fashionable journal emanating from the great metropolis, opened its columns about five years ago to a controversy onthe subject. The communications were at first onlyabout the proper discipline for little children, andwhether or not the Rod should be used in the nursery; but a good many letters were ultimately permitted,illustrating t^ie punishment of children of larger growth.We need not quote from these, as they were similar tothose which appeared in the Family Herald—many ofthem being quite unreal—so unreal that we presumethe following burlesque communication from " B."wasintended to bring the controversy (which had to bestopped by the editor) into ridicule:

• ' I think the public exposure and punishment of

grown girls should be legally prohibited. A whippingto a child of seven or eight is one thing; such castigation as your correspondents describe is quite another.A few months ago I should have read their letterswith incredulity, but my own recent experience furnishes confirmation. " I am a bachelor. Many years ago my only sisterdied, leaving her daughter to my care. My niece is only eighteen, and is as modest and well-conducted aBIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR. 469young lady as I know anywhere. Up to last September she attended a London ladies' college ofthe first rank, and gave extreme satisfaction, and•Aias at the head of her classes. In that month I took a residence at a pleasant town on the Thames.My niece, who is fond of study, wished to attend certain classes at a large school in the neighbourhood,and the arrangement was made by me with the ladyprincipal."One Saturday afternoon in the commencement ofDecember, I returned from London just before dinner,and was met with a very distressed face from my oldhousekeeper. Her young mistress had come homefrom the school in a half-distracted state, and lockedherself in her room. The old servant had, however,obtained admittance, and ascertained what was thematter." There was a class for English composition at theschool that morning, the teacher being a visitingtutor. Lecturing rather glibly on English poetrythis person attributed the line,

• We mortal millions live alone,'

to Mr. Tennyson. As I am occupied in literary pursuits, my niece had read more than many girls of herage; she at once corrected him, saying that the linewas Mr. Matthew Arnold's. A governess, who sat inthe class-room, sharply told her not to contradict or not to interrupt, and when the lecture concluded abad mark was entered against her in the register. Itis the custom of the schoolmistress to inflict corporalpunishment for all the bad marks of a certain magnitude, and my niece had seen one or two of the youngerchildren whipped, but her attendance being only on470 BIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR.certain days, she did not know that the discipline wasanything but infantile."To her surprise, when about to leave after herlessons she was ordered into the schoolroom. To heramazement and indignation, she found she was to bebirched for impudence to a teacher. She protestedand implored, but in vain. Her resistance was uselessagainst force: she was held across a desk, the clothingwas completely removed from the lower part of herperson, and the lady-principal gave her twelve sharpcuts with a birch."I am an Irishman, and you may imagine my indignation at such an outrage to a modest young lady,who is actually engaged to be married. My resolutionwas soon taken. That evening I consulted the wivesof three of my friends, who approved of it. Withmuch difficulty I induced my niece to return to theschool on Monday. Luckily, it was not long toChristmas, and she escaped any further insult, exceptthe occasional chaff of one or two younger girls. Earlyin January I wrote a polite note to the lady-principaliasking her to lunch at my house, and receive theamount due to her. She came, and was shewn intothe library, where the three married ladies abovementioned awaited her. Causing her to be seated, I told her my opinion of her conduct; observed that formy niece's sake I desired to avoid the exposure attendant on legal proceedings, and added that, withthe approval of the ladies present, I should punish heras she had punished my niece. Of course there wasa tempestuous scene, but she submitted. I had riddenover to Eton and got a good stout birch from the manwho makes for the College—it is a good appointment.It is only necessary to add that she was treated as myBIRCH IN THE i^OU.DOIR.niece had been in the matter of apparel, and that I gave her twenty strokes, whose severity the state ofher cuticle plainly attested. She was well able to bearthem, being forty years old, unmarried, a tall, strong,stout woman. My niece declined to be present at thepunishment, but I compelled the woman to apologisehumbly to her afterwards. I have since heard a rumour that she intends to give up the school andleave the neighbourhood."It might have been supposed that the discussions inthe Family Herald B.nd the Queen would have exhaustedthe subject of birch for young ladies, but that it is notyet exhausted is evident from the fact that a controversy about household whipping "broke out" in a popular magazine a few years ago. "Birch in theBoudoir " was the title given to an article in the Saturday Review, in which the letters that appeared in theEnglisJiivoman s Domestic Magazine (the periodical inquestion) were criticised. After making some verysatirical remarks on the correspondence, the Reviewconcluded by asking, " Is it possible that before longthe only creatures in Europe, besides cattle, that are flogged will be English criminals and English girls.Or is the whole of this amazing correspondencefictitious Is it nothing more than an elaborate andvulgar hoaxThe editor of the Englishzvoman's Domestic Magazine says he gave only a small portion of the lettershe received on the subject of birching young ladies

some of the communications, indeed, were unfit forpublication. The following is one of the letters infull, just as it was published: —" I have just beenreading in your admirable magazine the remarks of)-our correspondents on the important subiect of472 BIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR.corporal chastisement for children, and as I have hadsome experience in that way, perhaps you will kindlyallow me to relate it I may then state that, inconsequence of my wife dying about three years ago,I was left with the entire management of ni) children, two girls and four boys. The latter I sent to a boarding school, and employed a governess to superintend the education of the young ladies, who, untileighteen months ago, had been carefully trained underthe no-personal-chastisement system; but their progress was so very unsatisfactory, and their general con- duct so insubordinate and unlady-like, that I yieldedto the reiterated solicitations of the governess, andconsented to her introducing the Rod. One was ac- cordingly procured, and at her suggestion it was madeof soft pliable leather, cut into long narrow thongs atone end, which she assured me produced intense painwith little or no injury to the person. It was used forthe first time on the occasion of the girls being detectedin pilfering money, after I had examined them andfound there was no doubt of their guilt. I directedthe governess to inflict upon each of them a mostsevere whipping, which was arranged to take place inher boudoir immediately after evening prayer. Theeldest was first taken to her dressing-room and prepared for the Rod, and then conveyed to the boudoirby the governess, who at once administerd the discipline. The younger one was then prepared, andreceived a wholesome flagellation. These whippingswere administered stipra dorstivi midum, the delinquents being tightly strapped to an ottoman duringthe castigation, at the conclusion of which they had tokiss the rod and thank the governess, wlien they werepermitted to retire. Since then there has been aBIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR. 473marked improvement in their behaviour, and the progress made in their studies has been truly gratifying.It is now nearly nine months since one had to be cor- rected in the boudoir, although the Rod is yet occasionally applied to the palms of their hands when theyare negligent, I have also used it with good effect onmy boys, and find it far more efficient than the birch,which occasions considerable injury to the person aftera severe application. This is not so where the leatherrod is used, while at the same time the pain sufferedby the delinquent is much more acute; and this, Ithink, should be the object of all whippings—to makethem remembered. In conclusion, I would recommend your correspondents to obtain a rod such as I have described, and they will find that, after using it thoroughly once or twice, their children will becomeperfectly docile,"The following account of the discipline of a lady'sschool at Havanna, in Cuba, has been abridged froman old newspaper. The practices referred to are evidently of an oldish date, 1836 being the year in whichthe paper was published from which the extract wastaken:

" The school of Madame De Berros was the finestinstitution of the kind in the city. It was very select,and madame's terms Avere very exorbitant, no younglady being admitted who could not afford to pay twchundred pounds per annum. As only thirty-two pupilswere received in all, great interest was made to obtainthe eiitrte of this institution. It was a finishing schoolin the highest sense of the term. No young lady wasadmitted till she was fourteen years of age, and theseries of lessons embraced a period of three years.As I had the advantage of finishing my education in474 BIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR.madame's house, I will detail, as briefly as I can, howthe discipline was conducted, and the ceremonies whichwere the usual etiquette of the house." In consequence of having to wait for a vacancy, I was beyond the proper age when I was admitted—afact, however, which niy guardians were obliged to conceal from madame, as it was a strict rule that no youngperson above fourteen years of age could be admitted.There were many parents who resorted to a little fraudto obtain the entrance of their children; and I was con- temporary with one young lady, rather a fragile creature, who was over seventeen at the period of herentrance, whom I saw birched by madame on her nineteenth birthday. Madame, of course, recognised onlythe nominal age of her pupils, and was not supposed tobe aware of the little frauds of parents. Every parentwas made aware of the rules of the school, and thatwhipping was one of the commonest chastisements

but, indeed, at the time whipping was so common inevery household that even grown-up young ladies andgentlemen had to submit to the birch, and madamewas a perfect adept in the administration of this punishment." Each young lady was obliged to have a very ex- pensive outfit: underclothing of the finest descriptionof linen and lace; satin slippers of different colours^black morocco shoes, bedroom slippers, &c.; also silkand lace stockings of fine textures. Underclothingrichly trimmed, elegant dressing gowns, and a largesupply of gloves, also formed a portion of the trousseau —if I may so call it. I was taken to school by myaunt, and was received by madame in an elegantdrawing-room. I had to courtesy to the ground onbeing presented to her, and was then sent to the firstBIRCH IN THE BOUDOIR. 475room to be introduced to my future companions, whichwas done by one of the governesses." The schoolhouse was a very large and elegant chateau, which had been built for the governor of the city.It contained four reception rooms and several minordrawing-rooms and boudoirs, all of which were richlyfurnished. Each set of eight pupils had a separatedrawing-room, bedroom, schoolroom, dressing-room,&-C.; madame herself occupying the principal drawingroom, in which were held the weekly dancing assemblies of the pupils, and where took place what we usedto call the state flagellations of the pupils." I had not been an hour or two in the house till I learned what was in store for me. Novices, however,escaped a considerable time before they were floggedin state. Although it is anticipating a little, I may mention that upon one occasion I was sent to madame'sboudoir with the awful black book, in which was entered my first crime. Madame was dressed in abeautiful morning robe of cashmere, and looked awfullygrand. I had to courtesy very low on presenting thebook, and after madame had looked at it she rang thebell and desired her maid to prepare me for the Rod! Oh, how I trembled. The young woman took off myfrock and upper petticoats, and then, pinning up myunderclothes, left me exposed before madame. I felt as if I could sink into the earth, but after enduring a severe lecture I was, much to my relief, let away without being whipped." The first public flagellation that I witnessed wasthat of an exceedingly beautiful and very handsome and also clever young lady; but neither herbeauty nor her accomplishments saved her from thecommon discipline of the house—the universal birch^76 BTRCH IN Tllli BOUDOIR.rod, which knew no respect for persons, as every younglady who was finished by madame very well knew.I had not been many days in the house before I sawthis lady smarting under the well-applied birch ofthe mistress. This young lady, being a person offamily, was haughty in her disposition, and negligent in observing the etiquette of the household, whichwere, in the eyes of madame, very unpardonableoffences. Having three times in the course of thesame day omitted to courtesy when entering what weused to call 'the presence chamber,' Madame De Berrosbecame so offended that she resolved to whip theoffender at once, although it was not the usual time; nor did she allow Miss B to change her dress,which was also usual. " The time at which the flagellation I am about todescribe took place was just after tea, when we hadassembled to dance for an hour in the blue drawingroom. Observing that her pupil was more thanusually haughty, madame had evidently resolved toflog her; therefore, calling her up, she made a littlespeech about her arrogancy and rudeness of manners,and quietly concluded by saying, ' Dorothy, I mustwhip you again.' Madame De Berros then clapped herhands, when two of the female attendants, who werealways in waiting in the ante-room, came in throughthe folding doors and courtesied. ' Bring me a rod/said madame to one of them. ' Prepare Miss Bshe motioned to the other. The culprit scarcely evenchanged colour, and, seeming to know that all resistance would be in vain, resigned herself at once to herfate. , The maid having brought in a long birch rodof very slender twigs, handed it to madame from asalver, with a courtesy, and then proceeded to aidBTRCIT IN THE BOUDOIR. 477her confrere in the unrobing. Having courtesied tomadame, and kissed the rod—a cei-emony which wasnever omitted upon the occasion of a flagellationone of the maids took her gently on her shoulder,hirning round at a little distance from madame. Itbeing my first appearance at a flagellation, I felt a mixture of emotions which I cannot describe."All being ready, madame, flinging back her arm,brought the rod down gently on the culprit, who atonce uttered an exclamation as if she had been plungedin a cold bath. About a dozen stripes equally gentlefollowed, and then madame, as if warmed by the exercise, concluded in a way which brought the lady totears. Being at length let down on an ottoman, herhands were released, when, after kneeling down andkissing the rod, Miss B retired with a profoundcourtesy, the attendant carrying her petticoats androbe into the ante-room."Many other instances and descriptions of the discipline bestowed on the pupils of ladies' schools athome and abroad might be added, but as they haveall a family likeness we need not extend this chapterby quoting thein.CHAPTER XLVI.INSTRUMENTS OF WHIPPING, ETC.THE important question, What is the proper and^ most effective instrument for inflicting a whipping? has long been a matter of controversy. Of thealmost endless variety of instruments that, at variousstages of the world's history, have been used forthis purpose, some were no doubt the product oflong and thoughtful invention; while others wereimprovised and suggested by the circumstances andurgency of the moment. Angry dominies, unable tolay their hands on the usual instrument of correction, have been known to seize their hat, towel, ruler,or, in fact, the first weapon that could by any possibility be applied. Among saints, Dominic Loricatusthrashed himself with besoms (birch, we presume); St.Dominic, the founder of the Dominican Order, usedan iron chain; Gaulbert had his knotted leather thong; and others employed nettles and thistles. In the" Golden Legend " we read of a saint who had no dis*cipline of his own, but who did not on that accountneglect to perform the penance of flagellation— hiscustom being to take the poker, or the tongs, or anylike instrument that came handy. St. Bridget di'sciplined herself with a bunch of keys; and anotherfemale saint, commonly reported to perform remarkably severe flagellation on herself, was found to havePlaie XX. WHIPPING IMPLEMENTS.The fig'ures in the upper half of this plate represent the Prison-Uotl and Whipping-Post. The liattan, Biroh, and Loose Garment belong to ladies' boardingSchools in the last century. The Rule and Spatula (or " Jonathan ") wereused in boys' Schools. The holes in the spatula raised blisters. Beneath are the modern Jesuit discipline witli the Whipping-Post or Hurdle inl Wandsworth House of Correction. On either side are Knouts of leather and nfi twisted cord. tl

INSTRUMENTS UF WHIPPING. 479inflicted thediscipline witha bunch of feathers. Sancho,ss every reader of Don Quixote knows, in strict conformity with the simplicity of his character, did hispenance with the palms of his hands.Aubrey informs us that in i6;8 English gentlemenwere in the habit of carrying huge fans, with handleshalf-a-yard long, serving not only for their protectionand delectation, but coming into domestic use as instruments for correcting their grown-up daughterswhen troublesome or rebellious. Sir Thomas Moreused to whip his grown-up daughters with a rod madeof peacocks' feathers; and some Newhaven fishwives,as we have seen, once chastised a gay Lothario withdried eel-skins; and we have heard of a mistress whoinflicted a flagellation on her servant with a leg ofmutton. A slipper has frequently been used as aninstrument of punishment.The Romans, Avho carried the art of whipping to ahigh degree of perfection, had a number of recognisedinstruments for different offences. Horace and Juvenalparticularise three—namely, scutica, ferula, and flagellum. Scutica was a strap of leather or parchment, andferula a rod or stick; both of these were employed as instruments of correction in schools, and, with severalalterations and improvements, have been handed downto recent times. Flagellum was a whip or lash ofleathern thongs or twisted cords tied to a woodenhandle, and sharpened with knots, and sometimes withsmall bits of iron and lead. Some doubts exist as tothe exact form of the ferula of ancient times—whetherit was a rod, or switch, or strap; but the means of determining its more modern shape are not so scanty.In the oak cai-vings of the cathedrals of the middleages, the figure of g monkish schoolmaster, holding a48o INSTRUMENTS OF WHIPPING.rod ready to beat a boy on the breech, is quite frequent.The ferule of modern days was a more ingenious instrument, and was not used on the breech like the abovementioned, but only on the hand. It was made ofwood, shaped somewhat like a small bat, and in manycases it was furnished with a small hole in the centreof the broad part, which raised a blister on the delinquent's hand and made the punishment very sharp.Thirty years ago the spatula used by London schoolmasters was known amongst the boys as " Jonathan."The ferida in use at the school of Howgill someforty years ago is described as being of wood, shapedlike a battledore; and the common seals of thegrammar schools of Tewkesbury and Camberwelldisplay a formidable battledore in the hands of themaster. Lately, there was at Amsterdam, in Holland, an exhibition of objects either belonging or having belonged to school management and discipline.Among the relics exhibited was a ferula, and the figureof a bird. The mode of application was this: thebird was thrown to the ofifender, who had to take it backto the schoolmaster in order to receive his destinedshare of slaps on the palm of the hand. In GerardDow's picture of the Schoolmaster in the FitzwillianiMuseum, Cambridge, the master holds an instrumentof this kind in one hand. The blows of the woodenferule were called pandies in some parts, and were sofar objectionable that they were liable to wound andbruise the hand. There was another form of the ferule, a less objectionable but equally effective instrument.This was a broad leather strap, about ten inches long,the end beingrounded, and between four and five inchesbroad. The other end was tapered to a breadth of aninch and a half, and fastened to a wooden handle. TheINSTRUMENTS OF WIIirPING. 481leather was thick and hammered hard without losingits flexibility. It was used for striking the palm of thehand, and produced a smart tingling sensation. TheScotch ferule or iaws (toes, taes, taws) was simply aleather strap, with one end cut into strips and hardenedin the fire. Sometimes it was furnished with a woodenhandle, as in the case of the Edinburgh High Schooltaivs, but the usual form was a long strap, and althoughoccasionally applied to the bare buttocks, was chieflyused on the hand; hence the word palmy from paltncR.Juvenal speaks of the Roman schoolboys "drawingback the hand from the ferula^' mamiin feriilce subdiicimiis; and the modern schoolboy practises a similardodge by pulling down the cuff of his jacket over hishand to catch the blow of the taws The virga, aswitch rod, was another instrument of whipping employed among the Romans, and seems to have suggested the use of the birch, which has long been inoperation in large public schools. Following theopinion of Solomon that " a rod is for the back of himthat is void of understanding," and " a whip for thehorse, a bridle for the ass, and a rod for the fool's back,"the punishment of the birch was in general inflicted onthe bare posteriors of the ofifender. For the convenience of the flogger the delinquent was placed on ablock or hoisted on the back of one of the older pupils(this last operation was called horsing), and there re- ceived his appointed punishment. 'Ihe custom ofhorsing is of considerable antiquity, for a paintingdiscovered at Pompeii, still preserved in the RoyalMuseum at Naples, represents one boy taken uponanother boy's back, and suffering the infliction of aflogging. Another instancemay be mentioned. The sealof the Louth Grammar School gives a representation482 INSTRUMENTS OF WHIPPING.of the punishment of the Rod, as applied to a sclioolboy in the time of Edward VI., accompanied by theinscription " Qvi: Parcit: Virga: odit: filiv:" " Hethat spareth the Rod, hateth his son." In publicschools there was an ofificial whose duty it was to perform the operation of flagellation, and this custom hasalso been handed down from remote times. St. John,in his " Manners and Customs of the Ancient Greeks,"mentions that in the Spartan Republic " regular floggers, as at our own great schools, always attended theinspectors of public instruction." In France, the flagellator in a school was called cuistre, which originallysignified a cook, and this arose from the fact that inthe houses of the nobility, as well as in public schools,the people of the kitchen were supposed to possess peculiar abihties and facilities for performing flagellation.Excommunicated persons were formally restored to.the Church, according to the old Ritnale Romannm, bythe ceremony of whipping their graves. When it wasresolved that the dead party should be restored to thecommunion of saints, it was ordered that the bodyshould be disentombed, but that the graves shall bewhipped, and while the priest whip the grave he shallsay, " By the authority which I have received, I freethee from the bond of excommunication, and restorethee to the communion of the faithful." This proceeding seems quite as rational as that of whipping theimage of a saint. Many of the legends of the saintsdescribe Jews and Pagans as having recourse to theagency of the saints with as much confidence in theirmiraculous powers as Christians themselves. St.Nicolas, the patron of Russia and Thieves, was muchfavoured in this way. One legend narrates that a Jew, who had witnessed the miracles of St. Nicolas,INSTRUMENTS OF WHIPPING. 483procured an image of the saint, which he kept in hishouse. When he went out, he used to entrust theimage with the care of his property, saying, " Nicolas,these are all my goods; I leave them in your charge,and if you do not guard them well, I will take revengeby flogging you soundly when I return." One daywhile the Jew was absent robbers came; they tooka,way everything they could lay their hands on. leaving only the image behind. When the Jew camehome, and saw his house completely plundered, headdressed the image, saying, "Master Nicolas, I placedyou in my house to protect it from robbers, and whyis it that you have not taken proper care of it Youshall be properly punished for your neglect. Mylosses shall be avenged by the tortures and beatingswhich I shall inflict, for on you 1 will vent all myrage." Then the Jew took the image, and beat it with whips and scourges most cruelly. But from tliisgreat marvels ensued; for the saint appeared to therobbers, in the place where they were concealing theirbooty, streaming with blood, and his whole bodybruised and lacerated. Pointing to his wounds, hesaid, " Why have I been so cruelly beaten, and whyhave I endured so many tortures on your account? See how my body is lacerated, and how my bloodgushes forth in streams! Go and restore all that youhave stolen, or the anger of the Almighty God willburst upon you so fiercely that your crime will beuniversally known and you will all be hanged." Therobbers asked, " Who are you that hold such language ." and he said, " I am Nicolas, the servant ofthe Lord, whom the Jew has thus cruelly beaten onaccount of the property which you have stolen." Soterrihed were the robbers that thev imir.ediately went484 INSTRUMENTS OF WIJU'PINli.to the house of the Jew, saw how he had treated hisimage, and restored all his property. Thenceforthtb.e robbers led an honest life, and the Jew became aCiiristian. Whilst we are on the subject of legends,we may mention a tradition referring to St. Luke'sday (iSth Oct.). This day was known in York by thename of Whip-dog-day, from a strange custom thatIhe schoolboys used of whipping all the dogs thatwere seen in the streets that day. The story goesthat a priest was one day celebrating mass on St.Luke's festival in a church in York, and unfortunatelydropped the pax afterconsccration, which was snatchedup suddenly and swallowed by a dog that lay underthe altar. The profanation occasioned the death ofthe dog, and a persecution began, and was for a longtime severely carried cn asainst the v^-hole caninetribe.CHAPTER ALVII.rilE RODIAD AND OTHER POE^rSThe Rodiad.THIS poem, said to have been written by GeorgeColeman the younger, is by far the most elaborate defence of the Rod that we have met with. Theauthor describes all the varieties of flagellationdomestic, scholastic, penal, and eccentric—and is veryenthusiastic in his praise of the Rod. Unfortunatelyit is impossible to give it entire, as many parts of it are altogether unsuitable for modern ears polite. Thefollowing extracts will give our readers a good idea ofthe meaning and scope of the poem. Taking for hismotto a Une from an old ballad," The schoolmaster's joy is to flog,"he begins

"Schools without birch" and "all correction cruelBeyond ten lines by heart—and water gruel,All moral force"—a nice look-out in truthFor us the teachers of ingenuous youth.Far from participating in such sentiments, he ex- claims

But don't think me a sentimental fool

I'm a schoolmaster of the good old school,One to whose ears no sound such music seemsAs when a bold big boy for mercy screams. .THE RODIAD.Whipping small boys across his knee is good sport,but he acknowledges a decided predilection for highergame

" But now for years my chief delight has beenTo scourge the obnoxious stripling of sixteen,Horsed at nice angle on the sturdy backOf one whose faithful aid I never lack,My John, who with his grip and grin enjoysThe bounds and twistings of rebellious boys.Some masters love the wooden horse that holdsThe fast-bound victim in its leathery folds.But why this apparatus, which affrightsRidiculous parents in their sleep o' nights,Each fancying in his dreams his naughty whelpThere strapped and stripped, and yelling out forhelp > Nor do I like the block—he never feelsThe proper smart who there unharnessed kneels.Or if the other lads must hold him downIt makes a scandal in the neighbouring town.Stick to the living horse."He then goes on to describe the flogging hour at noon,and the various unfortunate victims who are to feelhis power. Then follows an account of the differentoffences which he considers proper to be rewarded bydie birch, and in truth their name is legion. Themost trifling fault is to form a pretext for flogging" Till the child learns the endurance of a man,"and can take a whipping with cheerfulness and gratitude. During the vacation, when flogging materialis scarce, he "keeps his hand in" by operating on theTHE RODIAD. 487Door scholar, who at other times enjoys freedom fromthe birch:" But when no other lad at school remains,I read his bill of 'penalties and pains.'"On rainy days, when there is nothing else to do, whenhe is in bad humour, or is ill with indigestion, a turnat the Rod relieves him at once. The parish apprentice also comes in for a share of the poor scholar'sentertainment, but his chastisement is in general leftto the tender mercy of the "gods below," who certainlydo not allow the privilege to lapse for want of use

" Whatever maid her mistress calls a foolPinches and spanks him till her rage is cool

Odd men and charwomen about the placePunish his buttocks for their own disgrace: 'What's all that row downstairs I often cry,' We're whipping Work'us, sir,' 's the safe reply

All right—the more the merrier, say I. The butler whips him when he's full of ale,The footman whips him when the beer is stale,The housemaids whip him their hot lust to slake,The porter whips to keep himself awake; There's not a groom nor horse-boy in the stableBut has a cut at Work'us when he's able

The gardener, from this window, I can see»Vhipping him now beneath the old birch tree.• • • • • • •He's licked for breakfast in the pantry small,He's thrashed for dinner in the servants' hall,The supper time's more beating time than all.Flogging should by no means be confined to the school,488 THE RODIAD.for the poorest peasant may enjoy the pleasure ofwhipping his children—so our author says: " So live the Rod—let Spartan Dion ruleCottage and hall—the parlour and the school.The rudest boor, who labours late and hardTo feed his children, finds his just rewardWhen he corrects them royally at night,His honest face transparent with delight.No nice scholastic rod can he display.But picks up something on his homeward way,Lithe willow— supple birch—or budded beech."Then follows a description of whipping clubs, wherechildren are corrected in an approved fashion, andwhere amateurs of the Rod may for a trifling feepurchase the privilege of administering a flogging.Whipping, according to our author, is sufficientlyappreciated among the higher rank.s, but not so amongthe middle class, where he is" Grieved to sayThe Rod scarce holds its honourable sway.The•clergy,••••••carelecs of the word of God,Too often spoil the child and spare the Rod."He is shocked at the discontinuance of the punishmentin prisons, and bewails the change

" Time was—before the philanthropic trash

When jails resounded with the hearty lash,When any morning some known rogue you'd meetAt the cart's tail sent yelling through the street

While the delighted crowd with jovial criesUrged on the hangman's boisterous exerciie,When West End dandies paid a visit dailyTo see the strumpets whipped at the Old Bailey."THE RODIAD.It is no less painful for him to reflect that"In peace no drummer boy now fairly manglesThe ruffian rascals lashed to the triangles.And only in the camp or bivouacIs the black deed paid off by purple back."After this we are of course called upon to use ever)endeavour to keep up the brave old custom:"Oh ye, who still hold flagellation dear,Maintain it bravely, each in his own sphere.Parents—schoolmasters—guardians, do your bestNever to let the Rod in torpor rest.Extend the practice, propagate the zest.Flog at all times—in every novel mode,Instruct your teachers in the Busby cede."We are enjoined to" Make each nursery, in its form and rule,A real preparatory ' Flogging School,' "so that each urchin may take to the Rod as naturallyas a duck to water. In conclusion^ our poet says:

"Delightful sport! whose never failing charmMakes young blood tingle, and keeps old bloodwarm."And the remaining lines of eulogy are too impropeifor quotation.490 ANCIENT SONG OF TilE FLAGELLANTS.The Ancient Song of the Flagellants.According to Massman's Edition, compared with the MS. bProfessor Lachmann.Whoe'er to save his soul is fain,Must pay and render back again.His safety so shall he consult:Help us,- good Lord, to this result.5 Ye that repent your crimes, draw nigK,From the burning hell we fly,From Satan's wicked company,Whom he leadsWith pitch he feeds.10 If we be wise we this shall flee,Maria! ^ueen! we trust in thee.To move thy Son to sympathy.Jesus Christ was captive ledAnd to the cross was riveted.15 The cross was reddened with his goreAnd we his martyrdom deplore."Sinner, canst thou to me atone.Three pointed nail.s, a thorny crown.The holy cross, a spear, a wound,20 These are the cruel pangs I found.What wilt thou, sinner, bear for me VLord, with loud voice we answer thee,Accept our service in return.And save us lest in hell we burn.25 We, through thy death, to thee have sued,For God in heaven we shed our blood

Tiiis for our sins will work to good,Blessed Maria! Mother! Oueen!Through thy loved Son's redeeming mean.ANCIENT SONG OF THE FLAGELLANTS.30 Be all our wants to thee pourtrayed,Aid us, Mother! spotless maid! Trembles the earth, the rocks are rent,Fond heart of mine, thou must relent.Tears from our sorrowing eyes we weep;35 Therefore so firm our faith we keep.With all our hearts—with all our senses,Christ bore his pangs for our offences.Ply well the scourge for Jesus' sake,And God, through Christ, your sins shalltake.40 For love of God abandon sin,To mend your vicious lives begin,So shall we his mercy win.Direful was Maria's painWhen she beheld her dear Q;ie slain.45 Pierced was her soul as with a dart

Sinner, let tTiis affect thy heart.The time draws nearWhen God in anger shall appear.Christ was refreshed with gall

50 Prostrate crosswise let us fall. Then with uplifted arms ariseThat God with us may sympathise.Jesus, by thy titles threeFrom our bondage set us free.35 Jesus, by thy precious blood,Save us from the fiery flood,Lord, our helplessness defend,And to our aid thy Spirit send.If man and wife their vows should break,60 God will on such his vengeance \vreak.Brimstone and pitch, and mingled gall,Satan pours on such sinners all.492 ANCIENT SONG OF THE FLAGELLANTS.Truly the devil's scorn are they: Therefore, O Lord, thine aid we pray.65 Wedlock's an honourable tieWhich God himself doth sanctify.By this warning, man, abide,God shall surely punish pride.Let your precious soul entreat you.70 Lay down pride lest vengeance meet you.I do beseech ye, pride forsake,So God on us shall pity take,Christ in heaven, where he commands,Thus addressed his angel bands:

75 " Christendom dishonours me,Therefore her ruin I decree."Then Mary thus implored her Son:

" Penance to thee, loved child, be done

That she repent be mine the care; 80 Stay then thy wrath, and hear my prayer."Ye liars!Ye that break your sacrament,Shrive ye throughly and repent,Y'our heinous sins sincerely rue,85 So shall the Lord your hearts renew.Woe! usurer, though your wealth abound,For every ounce thou mak'st a pound,Shall sink thee to the hell profound.Ye murderers and ye robbers all,50 The wrath of God on you shall fall,Mercy ye ne'er to others shew.None shall ye find—but endless woe. Had it not been for our contritionAll Christendom had met perdition.95 Satan had bound her in his chain; Mary had loosed her bonds again.ANCIENT SONG OF i~HE FLAGELLANTS. 493Glad news I bring thee, sinful mortal,In heaven Saint Peter keeps the portal.Apply to him with suppliant mien,100 He bringeth thee before thy Queen.Benignant Michael, blessed saint,Guardian of souls, receive our plaint.Through thy Almighty Maker's death,Preserve us from the hell beneath.The Ingoldshy Penance." I'll devise tnee brave punishments for him."

Shnhspert.. This legend narrates that Sir Ingoldsby Bray, whilefighting in Palestine, heard that his lady had consoledherself in his absence with the Abbot of Abingdon.Sir Ingoldsby Bray took summary vengeance on allthe parties concerned in the intrigue. He kicked thepage, who acted as post-boy, down stairs, and brokehis neck. He hacked the abbot in pieces; and getting liberty to return to England for a time, he twistedhis lady's head off. The penance imposed by thePope for these crimes was very heavy, especially foithe murder of the abbot. Besides having to richlyendow the abbey, it was decreed

" That Sir Ingoldsby Bray, so bold and so brave,Shall never wash himself, comb or shave.Nor adorn his body, nor drink gin-toddy.Nor indulge in a pipe, but shall dine upon tripeAnd blackberries, gathered before they are ripe: And for ever abhor, renounce, and abjure.Rum, hoUands, and brandy, wme, punch, and liqueurSir Ingoldsby Bray here gave wayTHE INGOLDSBY PENANCE.To a feeling which prompted a word profaneBut he swallowed it down, by an effort, again,And his holiness luckily fancied his gulp aMere repetition of O, med culpa!).Thrice three times upon Candlemas-day,Between vespers and compline. Sir Ingoldsby BrayShall run round the abbey as best he may,Subjecting his back to thump and to thwack,Well and truly laid on by a barefooted friar,With a stout cat-o'-nine tails of whipcord and wire.• • • • • • • So his qualms of conscience at length may cease,And page, dame, and prior, shall rest in peace."Sir Ingoldsby was further directed to collect thebones of his victim, the prior. The penance processionis next described. The monks and nuns of Abingdonare drawn up in front of the abbey, when a funeralprocession appears:" Palmers twelve, from a foreign strand,Cockle in hat, and staff in hand,Come marching in pairs, a holy band!Little boys twelve, dress'd all in white,Each with his brazen censer bright,And singing away with all their might.Follow the palmers—a goodly sight

Next high in air twelve yeomen bear.On their sturdy necks, with a good deal of care,A patent sarcophagus, firmly rear'dOf Spanish mahogany (not veneer'd),And behind walks a knight with a very long beard.Close by his side is a friar, suppliedWith a stout cat-o'-nine tails of tough cow-hide;THE IKGOLDSBY PENANCE. A9bWhile all sorts of queer men bring up the rear—Men-at-arms, nigger captives, and bowmen andspearmen.It boots not to tell—what you'll guess very well

How some sang the requiem, some toU'd the bell

Suffice it to say, 'twas on Candlemas-day,The procession I speak about reach'd the Sacelhim; And in lieu of a supper, the knight on hiscrupperReceived the first taste of the father's flagelbun; That, as chronicles tell, he continued to dwell.All the rest of his days in the abbey he'd founded,By the pious of both sexes ever surrounded.And partaking the fare of the monks and the nunsAte the cabbage alone, without touching the buns; That year after year, having run round the Quad,With his back, as enjoin'd him, exposed to the Rod,Having not only kiss'd it, but bless'd it, and thank'dit, heDied, as all thought, in the odour of sanctity."Unfortunately, when the scattered limbs of the defunct abbot were collected for burial, his head couldnot be found, and another was substituted in its stead,and the consequence was, that the first CandlemasEve after the death of the knight, the monks andnuns were awakened by a terrible noise, and, loo^^ingout, saw"The form of a knight, with a beard like a Jew,As black as if steeped in that ' Matchless' of Hunts,And so Dushy it would not disgrace Mr. Muntz; A barefooted friar stands behind him, and shakesAJia^ellum, whose lashes appear to be snakes;496 THE INGOLDSBY PENANCE,While, more terrible still, the astounded beholdersPerceive the said friar has no head on his shoulders,But is holding his pate, in his left hand, outstraight.All gaze• with•••••surprise, scarce believing their eyes,When the knight makes a start like a racehorse,and fliesFrom his headless tormentor, repeating his cries.In vain—for the friar to his skirts closely sticks,' Running after him ' —so said the abbot—' likebricks!

Thrice three times did the phantom knightCourse round the abbey as best he might,Be thwack'd and be-smacked by the headless sprite.While his shrieks, so piercing, made all hearts thrill,Then a whoop and halloo—and all was still!• • • • The ghost of Sir Ingoldsby {ci-devant Bray),It is boldly affirmed by the folks great and smallAbout Milton and Chalk, and around Cobham Hall,Still on Candlemas-day haunts the old ruin'd wall,And that many have seen him, and more heard himsquall."Ingoldsby Legends.The Hamburg Fishwife.I. In Hamburg town a fishwife dwells,Whose venom'd words each neighbour fears; Aye from her lips vile slander wells,For lying tongue she has no peers.THE HAMBURG FISHWIFE. 4972.In a small court with single doorThe victims of her tattling meet,Intent to scourge her flesh right sore,Could they but lure her from the street.3. One makes believe her fish to buy.She comes—she's theirs—they shut the gate; Eight or nine foes now meet her eye,She has no hope to shun her fate.4- Smart as she may, between her lipsA sponge is thrust, t'impede her cries; And, stoutly held by sturdy grips,All motionless perforce she lies.5- Unhinder'd thus, with loud reportThe rod exerts its stinging force; Her quiv'ring body yields them spor'.And pain is dealt without remorse6.And thronging to the windows round,With curious eyes full many a headSees her stretched out upon the groundAnd sourdly whipp'd until she bled7.Most wisely thus they strive to teachThe woman not to err again,Their lesson wrote upon her breech,Her blood their ink, a rod their pen.33CHAPTER XLVIII.THE ANTHOLOGY OF THE ROD.Enigma.YE doughty physicians attend to my lure,For I'm grown famous for many a cure,And in reason and justice deserve more regardThan the greatest performance of Taylor or Ward.I'm as old a prescription as any on earth,And Solomon often does speak of my worth; And still I continue with the greatest success,If with skill and discretion I'm used, you'll confess.I'm known for dispelling the fumes in the head,For correcting the humours, and sweet'ning the bloodFor refining the intellect, clearing the brain,With a long roll of maladies all in a train.I'm an excellent cure, and a remedy tried.But observe, I must always be outward applied.I sometimes by sweating my virtues impart.But bleeding's the top and the chief of my art. Nay, once on a time I have bled a great prince,And he—I much thank him—has remembered n esince.I could name you a doctor—in peace may he rest

Stands famous on record for service confest.Who by my assistance did more good I know,Than all the physicians for ages ago

Whose skill in his art was never disputedENIGMA. 499And neither a quack nor an upstart reputed.There are constitutions and tempers I own,That are to be modelled or mended by none

Those soon I give over, because 'tis in vainTo strive where the cure will not answer the pain.But to make all your labours to prosper and thriveApply me betimes, is the caution I give,And then in all likelihood you'll find some reliefAgainst the most stubborn and obstinate grief.The Biich Tree.From " The Rod," a poem in three cantos, by Henry LayngFellow of New College, Oxford.A TREE there is, such was Apollo's will,That grows uncultured on the Muses' Hill,Its type in heaven the blest immortals know,There called the Tree of Science, birch below.These characters observed, thy guide shall be,Unerring guide to the mysterious tree.Smooth like its kindred poplar, to the skiesThe trunk ascends, and quivering branches rise: By teeming seeds it propagates its kind.And with the year renew'd it casts the rind; Pierc'd by the matron's hand, her bowl it fills,Scarce yielding to the vine's nectareous rills. Of this select, full in the moon's eclipse,Of equal size thrice three coeval slips,Around the osier's flexile band entwine,And all their force in strictest union join.Each muse shall o'er her favourite twig preside,Sacreed:% *- £.500 THE BIRCH TREE.Willi this, when sloth and negligence provoke,Thrice let thy vengeful arm impress the stroke,Then shalt thou hear loud clamours rend the breast —Attentive hear, and let the sound be blest

So when the priestess at the Delphic shrineRoar'd loud, the listening votary hail'd the sign.Upon Fojie, a ScJioohnaster.FONE says those mighty whiskers he does weareAre twigs of birch and willow growing there: If so, we'll think too (when he does condemneBo)'es to the lash) that he does whip with them.Upon Paget, a Schoolboy.Paget, a schoolboy, got a sword, and thenHe vow'd destruction both to birch and men: Who would not think the younker fierce to fight \ Vet coming home, but somewhat late (last night)," Untrusse," his master bade him, and that wordMade him take up his shirt, lay down his sword.HERRICK.Parody on Sappho's celebraied Ode.Rv Miss C, a child of eight years of age, but remarkably quick,now at Mrs. D ^"s boarding school, addressed to the Rodwith which she had just been corrected by her governess.Curst as the meanest wretch is she,The unlucky girl just whipt by thee.Who sees and feels thy stinging rageWhich nought but time can e'er assuage.PARODY ON SAPPHO'S CELEBRATED ODE. 50'Tis thou that plagu'st us ev'ry day,To shame and smart mak'st us a prey;Is ouglit misdone—straight on the knee,Poor culprits, we are twigged by thee.Thy shattered ends and shabby phghtShew e'en thou sufferest by thy spite

Judge then, thou ugly shaggy thing,How my poor flesh can bear thy sting.Guardian powers protect me then.Let me ne'er taste fell birch again

To naughty boys confine thy rage,And not with tender chits engage.An Ode.To Miss L y W n, a beautiful gi;l, on findin^J her intears, on having received just before from her mother the severe birch discipline for a siTiall transgression, thougV'fourteen years old.W\ charming lady, tell me whyThat blubbered face, that wat'ry eye

Whom lately, like a lambkin gay,I saw so wanton skip and play.Is little Beau, thy goldfinch, flownOr playsome kitten sulky grownHas frolic squirrel broke his chain.And been sad author of thy pain }Has saucy Tommy snatched a kiss.Or done still something more amiss? Has he through keyhole dared to spyThy taper leg or wat'ry e^'^'^AN ODE.These would not make my fair one grieve,Nor her of wonted smile bereave

Far sharper evils cause her gloom,A Rod has been poor Lydia's doom!In vain at mamma's feet she knelt,Not less the tingling birch she felt

How hard, mamma, must be thy heartTo make that lovely skin to smart!Hence, baleful twigs! from hence depart,Curst birch, that caus'd my Lydia smart,May'st thou prove food for honest fire. And there, though late, thy stings expire!Dear Molly.The following lines were the production of one ofthe boys in the upper form of a very large schoolwhere great severity was practised in the last century.The retaliation recorded was firmly credited by all thescholars, and affirmed by tlie servants." The tables turned by ' Dear Molly,' the name ofendearment used always by the Doctor to that vixenhis wife." Our master, who, within his school,Bears always most tyrannic rule.And every day, to keep us jogging,Gives four or five a good sound flogging,Storming like any demi-godWhilst he administers the Rod: Of all his manliness forsaken<\.t home can scarcely save his bacon,DEAR MOLLY.Whilst his ' Dear Molly ' with tongue pyeScolds him all day confoundedly: And oft at night with his own birchMakes him pray louder than at church; Until, ' Dear Molly's ' wrath to appease,He begs her pardon on his knees."Tlie Mmister.He gied us Scripter names tae spell,But what they meant we couldna tell

He maybe didna ken his sel'

The maister.What funny dogs we used tae drawUpon our sklates, an' ships an' a',Till, keekin' roond wi' fright, we sawThe maister.He gied oor lugs a fearfu' pu',Said he wud skelp us black an' blue

I doot he wudna try that noo

The maister.We mind them weel, his lang black tawsThey nippit sair like parten's claws

A. crabbit little man he was

The maister.He birled me roond like Nanny's wheel,Said he was tellt to lick me weel

He seemed tae like tae hear me squeal-^The maister.504 THE MAISTER.His plump roorid cheeks as red's the rose,His twinklin' een an' redder nose,Shewed that he suppit mair than brosc

Tlie maister.[Te opened aye the schule wi" prayer,An' psahns an' questions gied us mairThan what we thocht was proper thereThe maister.An' after time an' siller spent,VVe left as wise as when we went

It wasna muckle that he kent

The maister.It's forty years noo since that day,An' Time, whase besom's aye at play,'Mang other things, has soopt awayThe maister.Joseph Teenan..Epigram on Busby.At a recent dinner of the " Old Westminsters," thecaptain and Queen's scholars delivered their Carviina€t Epigramviata. Among the latter was an Englishepigram, which convulsed even the Dons with laughter,It was in reference to the old " Birch Room " of Westminster School having been removed, with very pointedremarks to that Spartan disciplinarian, Dr. Busby.Two verses will shew the style in which it is written:" From time to time his watchful ear Caught the old well-known notes of fearEl'IGRAM ON BUSIiY.From hapless victims forced,'Fetch me a rod!' this soothed his soui,Recalling still his ancient roieAnd maxims stern endorsed." But now the garish light of dayLet in, scares spirits all away

Hard, Busby, is thy lot!For how, great doctor, can'st thou findEase and contentment to thy mind,Where birchen rods are not 1"T/ie Terrors of the Rod.The following extract from a poem entitled "TheTerrors of the Rod " is from a small collection ofpoems printed solely for private distribution in 1815,by the late Francis Newberry, Esq., the friend of Dr.Johnson, and Goldsmith's publisher:

"The Muses smiled, and gave consent,When, whisk, at once away I went!And, what was still more odd and risible,I found myself become invisible,And slily seated on a stool,(\mong a pack of girls at school!

All tongues! as fast as they could chatter —Sure never was there such a clatter!

But one, much louder than the rest,Amused them with a mighty jest

A word! —she had picked up in the street { A word! —the bard will not repeat.Now, hushed at once the little band,Behold! the governess, so grand,5o6 THE TERRORS OF THE ROD.The schoolroom enters!—not a word,Where all was riot, now is heard! Each head, by her majestic look,Bent down on sampler, or on book!When, lo! the gloomy, lowering eyePrognosticates a storm is nigh

Too sure a presage! Saj's the dame,' What girl, as down the stairs I came,Dared utter that vile naughty wordWhich never in my school was heard? If now this instant you won't ownWho 'twas—I'll whip you every one.*All—all—were ready then to cry,Twas not me, ma'am—'twas Betsy Fry

' Who! Bf/sy Fry /—I'm quite ashamed-^Such a great girl! —to hear her named

But for this crime, a whipping ampleShall be to others an example.Indecent wretch! —you, Sally Treacher,Go run up stairs and tell the teacherTo bring that rod she made, just new,And tied up with a ribbon blue

Then such a punishment I'll giveAs you'll remember while you live.No begging, miss, will be of use. For such a crime there's no excuse

No further parley!' Here Miss GlyiiTtWith the grand instrument came in: So smartly tied up with a bow,It might be deemed a rod for show: Yet though thus elegant the plan,And wide expanded hke a fan.When well applied, each twig apartWould tend to multiply the smart.THE TERRORS OF THE ROD. 507'You know, Miss Glynn, it is my rule,When wicked words invade my school,T' employ this instrument of painTo whip and drive them out again: So down with that vile hussy Fry,That I may flog her instantly.'The ready teacher then, Miss Glynn(A thorough friend to discipline),Proceeds the culprit straight to seize,Crying, and begging, on her knees: But vain her tears, and vain her prayer!

She laid her down across a chair.The governess now takes her stand,The birchen sceptre in her hand: With lofty air, inspiring awe.And upraised arm to inforce the law,She shakes the whistling twigs, and then,Whip—whip—whip—whip—inflicts the pain: Now pauses—while miss roars aloud,Sad warnings to the little crowd

Crying, ' Oh! dear ma'am, pray give o'er,I never will do so no more.'In vain: the rod's reiterationsProduce fresh pauses, fresh orations.' These stripes I'm sorry to impart

But 'tis for your own good you smartWho spares the Rod ivill spoil the child!—Ijy me the proverb sha'n't be spoiled.'This brought the conflict to a close; When quick the smarting culprit rose. The governess, with awful state.And head erect, resumed her seat

Then calling up her victim, Fiy(Sobbing and wiping either eye),5o8 THE TERRORS OF THE ROD.Descanted, with all due reflection,On crimes provoking such correction:y^ut, still to heighten the impression» Of punishment for this transgression.On a high stool she made her perch,And in her bosom stuck the birch: Warning the school 'gainst crimes and errors By the grand triumph of its terrors."The Birch.A Poem. Written by a Youtli of Thirteen.Though the Oak be the prince and the pride of thegrove,The emblem of power, and the fav'rite of Jove: Though PhcEbus her temples with Laurel has bound,And with chaplets of Poplar Alcides is crowned: Though Pallas the Olive has graced with her choice,And old mother Cybel in Pines may rejoice: Vet the Muses declare—after diligent search

That no tree can be found to compare with the Birch.The Biixhy they afifirm, is the true tree of knowledge:Revered at each school, and remembered at college.Though Virgil's famed tree might produce, as its fruit,A crop of vain dreams and strange whims on eachshoot,Vet the Birch, on each bough, on the top of eachswitch.Bears the essence of grammar and the eight parts ofspeech.'Mongst the leaves are concealed m.ore than memorycan mention

All cases, all genders, all forms of declension.THE BIRCH. 509Nine branches, when cropp'd by the hands of thenine,And duly arranged in a parallel line; Tied up in nine folds of a mystical string,And soak'd for nine days in cold Helicon springForm a sceptre composed for a pedagogue's hand,Like the Fasces of Rome, a true badge of command.The sceptre thus finish'd, like Moses's rod.From flints could draw tears, and give life to a clod.Should darkness Egyptian, or ignorance, spreadTheir clouds o'er the mind or envelope the head,The Rod, thrice applied, puts the darkness to flight,Disperses the clouds, and restores us to light

Like the Virga Divina 'twill find out the veinWhere lurks the rich metal, the ore of the brain.Should Genius, a captive in sloth, be confined,Or the witchcraft of pleasure prevail o'er the mind,The magical wand but apply—with a strokeThe spell is dissolved, the enchantment is broke.Like Hermcs'i Caduceus, these switches inspireRhetorical thunder, poetical fire: And if Morpheus our temples in Lethe should steep.Their touch will untie all the fetters of sleep.Here dwells strong conviction—of logic the glory,When applied with precision d posieriori,I've known a short lecture most strangely prevailWhen duly conveyed to the head through the tail; Like an electrical shock in an instant 'tis spread,And flies with a jerk, from the tail to the head: Promotes circulation, and thrills through each vein.The faculties quicken, and purges the brain.By sympathy thus, and consent of the parts,We are taught, fiindaincntally, classics and arts.510 THE BTRCIIThe Birch, d pi-ioii, applied to the palm,Can settle disputes and a passion becalm.Whatever disorders prevail in the bloodThe Birch can correct them, like guaiacum wood:It sweetens the juices, corrects our ill humours,Bad habits removes, and disperses foul tumours.When applied to the hand, it can cure with a switch,Like the salve of old Molyneux, used in the itch! As the famed rod of Circe to brutes could turn men,So the twigs of the Birch can unbrute them again.Like the wand of the Sybil, that branch of pure gold,These sprays can the gates of Elysium unfold

The Elysium of learning, where pleasures abound,Those sweets that still flourish on classical ground.Prometheus's rod, which mythclogists sayFetched fire from the sun to give life to his clay,Was a rod well applied, his men to inspireWith a taste for the arts and the genius to fire. This bundle of rods may suggest one reflection

That the arts with each other maintain a connexion.Another good moral this bundle of switchesPoints out to our notice, and silently teaches

Of peace and good fellowship these are a token.For the twigs, well united, can scarcely be broken.Then if such are its virtues, we bov/ to the tree.And Tilt Birch, like the Muses, immortal shall beTHE BLOCK.The Block," Infanduni; regina, jubes renovare doloremBlock loquitur."*Most people think, at least 'tis thought by sonit.That a fat book is a "Gradus ad Parnassum;"But these two steps called Block, you here beholdThe real staircase Parnassian unfold: The Library-f- my palace is; called so Without a book; " Lucus a non lucendo;"The bane and antidote of learning seeFilling both sides of this said Library.The first a grim press, filled with betula,Learning's sad tree (whence formed the ferula),The tree of knowledge of the present day

Of good, the masters—evil, younkers—say." The birch trees weep," so Scott, in " fragrant bloom,"But here, they iveeping cause, without perfume.Opposed, in gilded letters names appearWhom science crowns on each revolving yearAs scholars, victors in ClintonianJ race,Or marked as medallists the old walls grace.Heath, Ascot Heath§—so was he called, becauseHe wielded birch on fundamental laws

Was the first high priest who, 'midst shrieks and noisf.,Flogged on my aitar hecatombs of boys.Him followed Goodall, gentle, kind—too kind,Of all my high priests I can bring to mind;

• The answer of an Etoni.m to Queen Elizabeth, who liad

asked him how often he had been flogged.+ The old, if not the present name for the flogging room.X The scholarship founded by the late Duke of Newcastle.§ Dr. Heath preceded Dr. Goodall as Head Master, Manyof his poems are in tlie " Musae Etoncnses."512 THE liLOCK.With boys least fit to cope: that savage race Regards concession as a weakness base.But e'en the boys at length to feel beganThat 'twas a shame to plague so good a man.As Eton provost he won general praise; A lengthened sunset blessed his honoured day^.ICeate, stern and resolute, who knew not fear,And never, as a baby, shed a tear(Though boys denied he'd been a baby e'er),Came next, his name derived—the younkers said sa—From aTT], dolor, and from X'^> f>-'ncio

" A man he was, austere and stern to view

I knew him well, and every truant knewLike Jove, with vengeful brand, the world he dares

The robe (" Eothen " vide) which he wearsHalf widow, half Napoleon, appears; Yet he was fair—not " How divinely fair!*" But Just—a scholar;* and in this his lairHe quelled rebellion with Rod of birch

With Rod cut those who cut their names in church: Here, here, boys lowly knelt to Block of wood; Whilst, brandishing his sceptre, there he stood

Down swept the birch, the boys who'd tried to shirkTheir books, resolved in future that they'd work.'Twas in Keate's reign—one night, when flogging o'er,(I think 'twas fourth of June) wide oped the door,A band of miscreants upon me tore.Headed by onef who, used to feats of arms,And rows, and sprees, and all sorts of alarmsAnd rebel deeds—who often at my .shrineHad knelt unflinching to receive his nine

• A most elegant Latin scholar,

t The late, alas! Marquis of W- d.THE BLOCK.- 513Hard, unrepciiting, when deculott^-Seemed made of stone> whene'er Keate flogged awi/—Headed by him they bore me from the roomI huped t' inhabit till the day of doom.

• * *»

How boys were flogged during my absence brief

Who 'twas who came at last to my relief

What happened, where I went, is all unknown; They say, there was confusion through the town,Great, as when Helen in her Sunday gownWas by that Paris helped the ladder down.Such bangs and whacks I suffered and such noise,I've almost since felt pity for the boys. ..... *Twas whispered that my captor's courage failed(Though ne'er before nor since at aught he quailed),And thought the freehold might some loss entailOf what he'd been so oft tenant in tail.Enough: again the Library I saw,Again uplifted, Keate his sceptre bore.Again boys knelt, as they had done of yore.And all things went on " pleasant" as before

Again my fatal room the old hands bravedAnd stammered "first fault" new boys scarcely saved.When Keate " the bubble reputation" soughtBy "cannon's^ mouth," and by his genius wrought,Conviction, and by sermons gave alarmTo men, as erst to boys by lifted arm,Hawtrey, another high priest, at my shrineBegan to serve; a scholar formed to shineWherever talent men of talent greet,Where'er converse is made, by genius, sweet

• Dr. K.eate was made Canon of VVitulsur

514 The block.No pedant; he knew that " dulce joco"Sometimes "est desipere in loco."Valued alike by W(~>man, sage, or peer,Formed both the young to teach, the old to cheer.In different tongues he wrote, or thought expressed,The one he used seewed ever far the best.The curse of Babel he was 'most excused,And often proffered honours he refused.The boys at once Hawtrey both loved and feared..Their hearts spoke with their I'ps when him theycheered.Scholar and gentleman at once was he,Model of what Etonians should be.Now full of years he fills the provost's chair,Time but improves his brain, though grey his hair

The tutors love to see him in his stall,Though he, as boys, had doubtless flogged them all. True son of Eton! where he's passed his life,Eton to him is father, mother, wife! Goodford now reigns, and through that good safe fordMust wade some thousand boys, the hopeful hoardWhence England will her future statesmen draw

And those who in the Church, the army, law,O'er surging waves, at home, abroad, in war,In peace, shall spread old England's glories far.Most of these thousands kneeling on the Block,Must rue the mysteries of hie, hsec, hoc.' Tis for their good, although some modern Rads" Non taili auxilio" say, "'Tis right our ladsShould form acquaintance with some crack jaw noun< ] And flogging breaks the youthful spirit down; r\nd then to think of strengthening the brainBy giving the antipodes such pahi!" Tis well for me that few talk in this strain,The block. 515Like gunflints, else I should be thrown away,Or, like stage coachmen, starve upon half pay.Floreat Etona! floreat birchen wine,Block floreat, floreant high priests mine!Object Lesson in Wages and Surplus. Ic crease of Wages. Increaseof Surplus. Explanation of Joint Stock Companies. Value.Effect of Demand and Supply. Fleecings. Capital andCapitalists. The Secret of Capitalistic Production. The germCHAPTER XLIX.ECCENTRIC AND MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLAI ION.T^HE history of flagellation would be incompleteX without some notice of the practice of whippinginflicted or received by persons of both sexes as apleasurable sensation, Avhich has at many periods ofhistory been manifested, and which has been incidentally noticed and commented on in previous partsof this work. It is impossible, for obvious reasons, toenter at length into the philosophical and medicalpoints involved in this question. Among the elementsof the mania which some people have for flagellation,there appears, according to an old commentator, tobe "a feeling ot gratification in the pain of another,proceeding from that malignant principle which, incommon with the good, is to be found in the heart ofman; the close affinity between cruelty and voluptuousness, which, to the physical eye, produces sportfrom the ludicrous convulsions and gestures of theperson under the Rod;" and, requesting the reader tostudy the following illustrations, that is all we needsay on this part of the subject.A striking example of this species of flagellation is tobe found in the story of Peter Abelard and the beautiful Heloise. Fulbert, uncle of Heloise, committed thecare of his niece to Abelard, and gave him full libertyto chastise her according to his pleasure, whenever sheMISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION. $1^was negligent or obstinate. At that time it was a universal custom for male and female scholars, without anyhesitation about sex, or respect to age, to be chastisedfor school offences. The custom of the day led Abelard to use the Rod to his charming pupil, and sheallowed herself to agree to it so willingly that, as he'himself writes, " not schoolmaster's indignation, butlove, often moved him from time to time to administer'correction." No doubt there would be occasions whenthe obstinacy or disobedience of the pupil might leadto the infliction of punishment in full earnestness, butgenerally there was rather, we suspect, a feeling ofvoluptuousness in the matter than a desire to correct.At any rate, Abelard describes with poetic fire andpleasant recollection the sweetness of the disciplinewhich he administered to Heloise.In times when it was the fashion to correct pagesand other dependents with the Rod, the mania wassometimes developed to an alarming extent, and morethan one exalted mistress excelled in this point ofhouse management. If of a serious turn of mind, thelady was no doubt deeply convinced of the utility ofthe punishment, while she was also possessed of ananatomical inquisitiveness and an undefined mentalfeeling. If, on the other hand, she was of an impurenature, she very likely sought in that manner the gratification of a voluptuous sensation. As may be guessed,disastrous consequences not unfrequently followed, andmany a virtue was made shipwreck of in this way.Gentlemen also availed themselves of the same principle of house government, and many curious stories are extant of the flagellations that took place in palacesand other great houses. Brantome, in his " Memoirs,"mentions a lady. " a very great lady," who delighted5i8 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.in causing her female companions and dependents tostrip, when she corrected them in nursery fashion withthe palm of her hand. Those, however, who had committed grave faults she corrected in a more energetic manner with the Rod. She often amused herselfin this way, and, according to her humour at the time,varied the correction to produce laughter or tears. Inthis matter she may have been actuated by a desire tomete out justice among her dependents, or she mayhave meant it to be no more than a healthy exercise

but, as Brantome indeed says in so many words, shewas most probably prompted to it by a wanton disposition,Rousseau, in his " Confessions," discusses with greatminuteness this pencliant for the Rod. He shows thatin his case the use of this means of correction towardshim in his childhood created the desire to receive it inafter years, a desire which was not at all momentary,but accompanied him through the greater part of hislife. When a boy of eight years of age he was, withsome others, entrusted to the care of a Miss Lambercier, a lady thirty years of age, who had a mother'scare for her young charges, and sometimes exerciseda mother's authority to inflict chastisement on them.After repeated warnings, Rousseau came under thepunishment, and received the Rod over her lap; but sofar from experiencing only shame and pain, he tells us that he felt a strong desire to receive it again, and, infact, wished for an occasion of a repetition of thepunishment. Miss Lambercier was, however, an. acuteobserver, and perceiving that whipping did not answerher intention, which was entirely of a pedagogicalnature, renounced the punishment for ever. The con- sequence of this taste of the Rod, administered by aMISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.woman's hand, was such that it is said he sought thecompany of young girls, and in their childish gamesthe favourite one was where they figured as schoolmistresses and asserted their authority by whippinghim. His imagination brooded over the satisfactionof the senses which he had experienced under MissLambercier's rod, and he imagined every young womanto be a schoolmistress or stepmother. When he wasafraid to communicate his ridiculous wish to be chastised, he revelled in thought under the lash of his mistress. He ardently desired the felicity of a floggingfrom the hand of Miss de Vulson, with whom he. wasenamoured, but was ashamed to ask it. He displaysthis absurd yet overpowering taste in his " NouvelleHeloise," where, as St. Preux Julien, he prays forformal chastisement for committed faults.Domestic and scholastic flagellation sometimes ren- dered youth so familiar with the Rod that it wasused in after years by way of sport and jest. Manyincidents of the kind might be related. Youthfulwhipping clubs, where persons of both sexes joinedin the game, we are told, were at one time common! Not many years ago, one of these clubs led to a lawsuitin Germany, and although the matter was kept secrc\,it is known that a number of young women, from fourteen to seventeen years of age, were involved in it. Inthe relations of step-parents to the children entrustedto their care this feature of sensuality often appears.The very idea of stepfather or stepmother is in manycountries almost identical with that of niucJi beating.There have been women who showed an especialpleasure in administering the Rod to their stepsonsand daughters, under the pretext of maternal discipline, hs vc- the stor-./ of a celebrated officer, who,520 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.not only between his welfth and fourteenth years, butafter he was twenty years of age, received the Rodfrom his stepmother, who applied it passionately.Another, v/ho was frequently punished, and often sawhis grown-up sisters and cousins chastised on accountof love affairs, was excited to an inordinate love ofwhipping. In his later years he would bribe theofficials in the Dutch houses of correction to allow himto perform the office of flagellator on such persons as were sentenced to receive it: and when he was notallowed to officiate, he took pleasure in lookingon. A story is told of a pretty milliner who almostdaily received the Rod from her stepfather. Once thefather caught her lover in the house. The lover waschastised vigorously on the spot, but the maiden waslocked up for several days and treated to a doubleflagellation. In the whipping clubs that were formed,sisters and relatives whipped themselves in turn.Games of forfeits were sometimes introduced, in whichthe forfeit was an article of dress, and the game wascontinued until all was given up, when the forfeitswere redeemed by so many strokes of the Rod!It is related of a German lady, who was very fondof the exercise of whipping, that she was accustomedto rise early in the morning and make the tour of herservants' bedrooms, whipping all those that she caughtin bed. She performed often on the maids with aslipper until they were black and blue. In consideration of the whippings, she made them presents fromtime to time. This lady was not content with theflagellation administered in her own house, but frequented the houses of correction in Holland, wherewomen were flogged; and if the executioner did notappear to her to do his duty properly, she took the rod•MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION. 521herself, and administered it heartily. The superintendent of poHce, who was himself an amateur of the Rod^readily granted her this liberty, and declared that herstrokes should not be counted. The superintendenthimself took great pleasure in flogging, a taste whichhe had acquired in Hungary.Among the anecdotes of flagellation in our possession is one of a certain nobleman who flourished in thereign of George 11. This singular character rented a house in St. James' Place, and made an elderly goodlooking woman his housekeeper. It was this woman'sbusiness, one day of each week, to provide every article,for scrubbing out a room, and to engage two womento meet him there on the day: one to represent a housekeeper and the other a chambermaid. Whilehe was scrubbing the room, he fancied himself a parish*girl, and he did his work so very bad, that one orboth of the women whipped him, as parish girlswere wont to be whipped by their mistresses!In the following case one application seems tohave completely satisfied the craving for birch. Alady of good family was married to a young magistrate of great wealth and amiability, who was moststudiously attentive to her. Her slightest desireswere immediately satisfied; absolute mistress in thehouse, nothing was refused to her, and her husbandmade himself her submissive slave. In spite of allthe happiness of this beautiful honeymoon, however,the young wife suddenly became melancholy andpeevish; whereon the poor husband redoubled his attentions and caresses, and even supplicated her uponhis knees to tell him what ailed her. She at lastyielded to his entreaties so far as to reply that she hada longing so violent, ungovernable, and extraordinary,522 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.that she preferred to die rather than make it known.Of course, this had only the effect of heiglitening hiseagerness to hear what this desire was, and if possibleto gratify it; and after several more days of prayersand earnest beseechings, she owned that she wished tobe beaten! —not with strokes from the fist or feet, butwith a rod to be vigorously thrashed, sharp and quick,in a manner that would thoroughly satisfy this ridiculous longing. The husband regarded her in amazement, believing she had lost her reason; so that whenshe would not, do as he might, be content, he had herput to bed, and treated as for what might be a seriousmalady. A doctor was consulted, who relieved, yetstill more surprised, the troubled husband, by at oncefalling in with the patient's desire, and prescribing thebirch as the sole remedy of this vagary, only he recommended that she should be flogged on that part of herperson least likely to be attended with any danger.^ The husband, as it were abandoning himself to his fate,then determined to execute the doctor's prescription,and, profiting one day by a turn of ill-humour on thepart of his wife, seized a rod, and applied it in rightgood earnest to the region indicated. From thatmoment the young wife was completely satisfied andcured.The peiichant for flogging and for being flogged wasexemplified in the case of Sir Eyre Coote in so extraordinary a way that we give, from a printed pamphletof the period, a short narrative of its principal features.On the 25th Nov. 181 5, Lieut-Gen. Sir Eyre Cooteappeared before the Lord Mayor of London to answera charge of improper and indecent conduct, preferredby the officials of Christ's Hospital. The case wasadjourned for investigation until the following Mon-MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLAflON. 523day. The Lord Mayor then found, from the statements of Mr. Corp, chief clerk of Christ's Hospital,that although the general had committed an act ofegregious folly, there was not the slightest groundfor supposing that it proceeded from any vicious orcriminal intention or propensity; and his lordshipaccordingly dismissed the case. It was afterwardssuggested by the President of the Hospital, Sir WilliamCurtis, that Sir Eyre Coote should, in atonement forhis folly and impropriety, present the institution witha thousand pounds. Sir Eyre Coote was induced tocomply with this suggestion, and gave a cheque forthe amount, which the Governors of the Hospital subsequently returned, as having been improperly demanded. Rumour magnified the facts that had comeout before the Lord Mayor to such an extent, thatHis Royal Highness the Duke of York thought properto institute an inquiry into the circumstances that hadgiven rise to such reports, and applied to the LordMayor for copies of the minutes of evidence takenwhen the charge was before him. In the reply sentto the Commander-in-Chief, the Lord Mayor stated,that on the 25th Nov. Mr. Corp, chief clerk of Christ'sHospital, waited on him, and said that Lieut.-Gen.Sir Eyre Coote had gone into the mathematicalschool, and conversed improperly with the boysasking them whether they liked flogging, and telling'them they might flog him; and that for this extraordinary conduct the lieutenant-.^eneral was takenby the porter of the lodge to the city compter. Theresult of this communication was that a lieutenantgeneral and two major-generals met at the MansionHouse to inquire into the charge that the LordMayor had seen proper to dismiss. From the524 MISCET.LANEOUS FLAGELLATION.evidence adduced before the court we give the following extracts:

Edward Deane, aged fifteen years seven months,a scholar in Christ's Hospital (in the mathematicalschool) —" On a Saturday before Christmas, betweentwo and three o'clock in the afternoon, the gentlemancame into the school. He asked if we would let himflog us, and he would give us so much money. Afteihe asked rae several questions, he asked if he shouldflog me. I consented. He said he would give meone shilling and sixpence for six stripes. I let downmy breeches, and he flogged me. After he floggedme, he flogged another boy. Then he asked if anymore would be flogged; they said no, and he asked if we would flog him. After his request some boysflogged him. I held his watch while he was flogged; he pulled down his breeches while the boys floggedhim. The nurse came in, just as he was pullingup his breeches. She sent me for the beadle. I could not find him. Another boy found two of thebeadles; they took him to the steward. Seagrimwas one that flogged him. I believe there -were twoothers. He flogged us with a rod. He gave me oneshilling and sixpence. I had seen him go into theschool with other boys two years ago."Henry Seagrim, aged fourteen years—"Rememberthe gentleman coming; was in the school at my business. Bailey was sitting at second table, was doorboy. A gentleman came in, said it was one of thebest schools for writing, and desired Bailey to let himlook at his writing, and asked how often master floggedIf any of us would be flogged, he would give, us somemoney. He asked Deane in particular; he is thebiggest boy. Whilst he was talking to De-jie, MeariMISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.came in, and asked him how he did, and shook handswith him. He asked Hears if he would be flogged.Would give him one shilling and sixpence. Mearswould not for less than two shillings. He floggedMears and Deane. He asked me to flog him. Mearswas on the table, Deane standing. Bailey first, Mearssecond, and myself third. The same rod. He tookhis breeches down and shirt up behind. He held it up himself He said he would give three shillings between us all. The nurse came in when he was buttoning up his breeches, and asked what he came for. Shethought he came for no good purpose, and sent a boydown for a beadle, and locked the door, and lockedhim in. He asked her if she was the mother of afamily. She said. Yes. And he asked her to let himgo. Said several times, ' Upon my word and honourI was doing no harm.' He offered her something.She said, Take your detestable hand from me, and allits contents. The beadles came and took him. Hadnever seen him, but heard of him before that he cameto flog the boys, and give them money. He went bya number of names. Some boys said it was Sir EyreCoote."Several other boys gave similar evidence, and thenurse said—" One Saturday afternoon, in the month ofNovember, saw some of the boys up stairs. Asked whythey were not in school. They said they could not: there was a gentleman there. I went down. Saw a gentleman uncovered as low as his knees from hisbreeches. Was closing his drawers. I asked himwhat he was doing there. No harm, I assure youupon my honour—no harm, he repeated. I said. Thatcannot be, sir; I will have the beadle. Don't havethe beadle, he said. Again he repeated, I am doing526 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.no harm upon my honour: I was only flogging theseboys. I said, I am a mother: I will have a beadlefetch me a beadle. I am also a father, he said. Worseand worse, I said. Do let me go: you do not knowwho I am, nor what I am. I said, Who you are I don'tcare, but what you are I plainly see. I will go outside the door and stand, if you will not let me go. I said. So you shall, and I will go with you. He stood ashort time; then he said, I will go in again, ma'am.I said. So you shall —I will go with you. He walkedabout agitated for a short time—then came near: said.Hear me, madam, and commanded me. He held hishand. There was paper in it. I said. Take your detestable hand from me and its contents; your voice is dreadful to me and shocks me. He said, Let me gobefore I make use of force. I said. Don't talk to meof force; before you should go I would knock youdown. Mr. Rigby, our porter, came, and I gave himinto his custody." Evidence was brought to prove thatSir Eyre Coote was not of sound mind, and that theunaccountable eccentricities and follies in his mannerand conduct proceeded from insanity alone, and couldnot be imputed to any vicious or criminal intention or propensity whatever. The final report of the militarycourt of inquiry concludes as follows:—" That although there is ample testimony of very eccentric andincoherent conduct, amounting perhaps to derangement of mind, yet, at the period when the aforesaiddiscovery occurred, he seems to have had such possession of himself as to be fully sensible of the indecency of the proceeding, and capable of adopting themost guarded and prudent means to avoid furtherdisclosure." The result of the inquiry was that SirEyre Coote was removed from the service by quietlyMISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION. 527gazetting his?uccessor, without any explanation. Allthat the public could see was the announcement thaton the 2 1st May, 18 16, Lieutenant -General Sir G.Lowry Cole was appointed colonel of the 34th Regiment of Foot, vice General Sir Eyre Coote.There is still extant a comic opera in two acts, evidently written as a satire on this eccentric passion forthe Rod. The characters are principally ladies, suchas the Duchess of Picklerod, Lady Castigate, Countessof Greenbirch, some children, and Miss Stoutback,whose rdle is to horse the culprits subjected to thebirch. The scene is laid in Birch Grove, and the operaopens in a grand saloon, where a number of largebranches of birch, tied together^ represent a tree in the

entre. The chief performers, each armed with a rod,

iiake their appearance, and strike the key-note of theopera by singing a song in praise of the Rod, the first verse of which was as follows:

" All hail, lovely Rod! twigs of yonder Birch Tree,Which surely, dear Busby, was planted by thee,Enraptured I kiss it, and bow to the shrine: What comes from thy hand must be ever divine I Chorus.—All shall yield to the lovely Birch Tree,Bend to thee,Immortal Tree,None like theeThe world agree,E'er gave such sweet felicity."After much discourse on the advantages and felicities of a good whipping, the children are set to learnthe enigma which is given in the chapter on the Anthology of the Rod. In order to impress its meaning ontheir minds, the solution was written in legible characters on their bodies. We have also a male votary ofthe birch introduced, and he expresses great raptureat the sight of the performance. In the second act,528 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.the proverbial fondness of stepmothers for chastisingtheir children is satirised. One of the boys, however,is that rare character who does not care a fig for theRod, but rather thinks it a good joke to be whipped.In the last scene there is a grand tableau, where someof the performers are horsed on the back of MissStoutback, and made to taste the delights of a whipping administered con amore.The following particulars were accidentally omittedto be placed in the chapter on penal flogging. Theyare in regard to the whipping of prostitutes:

This practice has continued in some countries fromvery early times among Pagan as well as Christian nations, and even among some of the uncivilized peoplesof the world. Such barbarous nations as held a community of women would not recognise prostitution as anevil, and among those there was, of course, no punishment awarded for it, while some, backward in otherrespects with regard to morals, punished the crime withgreat severity. Among the Romans, lenocinium, or the keeping of femalcslaves to hire them out as prostitutes for profit, was, during the reign of Theodosius andValentinian, interdicted under pain of the scourge,banishment, and other punishments. At other timesthe matter was left to be regulated by public opinion.The Anglo-Saxons of our own history enacted verysevere laws against adultery, but we do not find whip-. ping adopted for the prevention of prostitution. Forthe former crime the guilty creature was whipped from_ village to village by a number ofwomen, who tore off hergarments to the waist, andpierced her with their knives.MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.Among heathen nations the tone of morality is ingeneral so low that there is very little shame or disgrace, far less punishment, attached to this crime.Some exceptions, however, occur. For instance, amongthe natives of New Zealand adultery is severely punished, and exposure of the person by a woman is aheinous offence. One girl at Kawaranga, on the riverThames, charged with this offence, was hung up bythe heels, and ignominiously flogged before all thetribe. If we search among what may be called semicivilized nations, we find flagellation a very commonmethod of punishment for women. Polygamy isallowed in Persia, and, of course, the royal harem iswell filled. Eunuchs are employed to keep order, andtheir favourite mode of chastising the female slaves isto strike them on the mouth with a slipper. When agirl refuses to accept a suitor who has obtained herparent's sanction, she is taken back to the recess ofher parent's harem, and there whipped into compliance. In China and the surrounding countries thebamboo is in constant requisition to disclipine thewomen; and husbands are sometimes seen to flingtheir wives down in the open street, lay them on theirfaces, and flog them with a rattan. An unexpectedvirtue is related of one of the tribes inhabitimj Arabia.Modesty among them is regarded as the finest graceof the female sex. It is genuine and unassailable.In Sweden, parties guilty of adultry are punished; the male gets 120 blows with a stick, and the female90 lashes with a whip. These punishratiirs are inflicted in a public square at Stockholm. Iri wnippingfemales the breast and abdomen of the culprit areprotected by a sheeting of copper.According to the ancient German laws, any free530 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.\»otnan who prostituted herself was, for the first offence,punished with 300 strokes, and for the second reducedto slavery, given to some poor man, and prohibited fromentering a town. Parents who connived at the vice oftheir children were flogged. If the offender was alreadyin bonds, she was whipped, shorn of her hair, and re- turned to her master. Should he himself be theaccomplice of her sin, he lost her, and suffered anequal penalty of the rod. Prostitutes who walked thestreets and fields were thrown into prison. In Francein early times, and down to 1756, it was usual to punisha procuress by mounting her on an ass, with her facetowards its tail, a straw hat on her head, and an inscription on her back. In this state she was paradedthrough the streets, whipped, and sent to prison orexiled.An edict of Charlemagne enacted that men foundharbouring prostitutes were compelled to carry themon their shoulders to the place where they were to bewhipped with rods. A refusal to do so was punishedby whipping.The laws of Naples were extremely severe. Anywoman found practising prostitution was condemnedto be burnt on the forehead with a hot iron, whippedin the most humiliating manner, and exiled. Thecode of Alphonse IX., King of Castile, published aboutthe latter half of the twelfth century, among otherenactments, decreed that girls who supported Rufhanishould be publicly whipped, and also be deprived ofthe clothes they wore when arrested. The men themselves were to be flogged for the first offence, expelledthe city for the second, and sent to the galleys for thethird. Afterwards a severer law was passed againstthe Rufifiani, a first offence being punished by ten yearsMISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION. 53'chained at the oar, and a second by 200 blows andthe galleys for life. The master of a workhouse in England had to bedismissed for improperly whipping some of the femaleinmates who were under his charge. In 1841 it wascomplained to the magistrates of Rochester, in Kent,that James Miles, the master of the Hoo Union Workhouse, was in the habit of flogging the children, particularly girls of the age of twelve or thirteen years, withheavy birch rods. After several meetings had been held,and abundant testimony had been given that Milescarried on such a practice, the magistrates resolved tosend him for trial at the next assizes. He was obligedto find bail in ^100 for his appearance. In a letterwritten by Mr. Tuffnell, assistant Poor Law Commissioner, published shortly after this decision, we find thefollowing: —" The master has, as yet, had no opportunity of putting in any defence, the proceedings havingbeen purely ex parte, and it therefore might seriouslyprejudice him on his trial were I to call upon him atpresent for his answer to the charges brought againsthim. There is one chief point, however, in this investigation that I think may fairly be brought before you,as I understand that it has never been the master's intention to deny it, and, in fact, it was openly admittedby his attorney in the court, I have therefore thoughtmyself justified in taking his admission on this simplepoint—viz., the fact of his whipping female children. Itis thus: ' I have been in the habit of whipping femalechildren, but not often; I cannot say how often.'Knowing your views on this point, I think you willconsider this admission as decisive of the question: for although I cannot find one person in a hundredwho will agree in my opinion, that no corporal puni h34—.532 MISCELLANEOUS FLAGELLATION.ment should be permitted in schools, and that thealleged necessity for its existence is only a proof ofmismanagement, I think every one will allow that,at least, there is no small impropriety in the whippingof girls by the other sex."We conclude our labours with the following anec- dote:—A certain king had lost a much valued falcon, onwhose golden bells were engraved the fleurs-de-lis, andoffered two hundred francs to the fortunate finder and re- storer. A peasant presented himself at the palace doorwith the hawk, but the porter would not allow him toenter till he had promised him half his reward. Kingsbeing easily accessible in those old days, the peasantsoon came to speech with his Majesty. Having caressedthe bird, and thanked the finder, Philip directed his trea- surer to count out two hundred francs. " That is notthe reward 1 desire, please your Majesty." " WhatV else? " " Fifty lashes on my bare back." " You arejesting." " By no means: I will take no other reward."" Well, call the executioner in and gratify him." Thepeasant bared his back, and the lashes were administered—not very severe ones, as may be supposed, theKing having whispered to the officer to come downlightly. When twenty-five had been given, the patientcried out, " Stop your hand; I have a partner who is toget the rest," and he went on to tell of the porter's incivility and the bargain that had been made. Theknave was brought in, and received his stripes, whichwere laid on with no light hand; and when all wasover, it was an additional punishment to him to see the peasant passing out with his two hundred francsin a good canvas bag.LIST OF AUTHORITIES.4LIST OF AUTHORITIES.ATHER than burden each page of this workwith a crowd of notes and references, it hasbeen deemed advisable to give a separate list of thenumerous authors referred to or extracted from (ofwhich formal acknowledgment has not been made)in the course of this compilation:

Arnold's Works: Dissertation on Flogging.Baker's History of the Inquisition.Bayle's Dictionary.Blanc's (Louis) History of the French Revolution.Boileau: Historia Flagellantium.Boswell's Life of Johnson.Brand's Popular Antiquities.Brantome's Memoirs.British Essayists: World: Spectator.Brooke's Fool of Quality.Brown's Sixty Years' Gleanings from Life's Harvest.Buckle's History of Civilization in England.Burnet's History of his own Time.Butler's Hudibras.Campbell's Lives of the Lore Chancellors.Carlyle's Frederick the Great.Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles.Chalmers's History of Dunfermline.Chambers's Book of Days.Do. (R.), Domestic Annals of Scotland.Coote (Sir Eyre), Plain Statement of Facts.Coxe's Travels in Russia.Crabbe's Poetical Works; Tales of the Hall.Cunningham's Handbook of London.Defoe's Works.536 LIST OF AUTHORITIES.Dottings on the Roadsid in Panama, &c., by Bedford Pirn,Capt. R.N.Ellis's Embassy to China.Empire of the Czar, by the Marquis de Custine.F.ngUshwoman in Russia.Eversman's (Dr.) Journal of a Tour in Bokhara,Flagellants, History of the; or, the Advantages of Discipline.Foxe's Book of Martyrs.Golovin's Russia under Nicholas ) Grant's Travels in Africa.Grose's Antiquities.Hallam's Middle Ages.Haxthausen's Notes on Russia.Keeker's History of the Epidemics of the Middle Ages.Helyot: Histoire des Ordres Monastiques.Historic van B. Cornells Adriansen van Dordrecht.Hue's Chinese Empire.Koran (The).Lamb's (Charles) Works; Recollections of Christ's HospitalLanjuinais la Bastonnade et la Flagellation penales.Les Mysteres de la Russe.Lives of the Lindsays.Livingstone's Travels in South Africa.Locke on Education.Macaulay's History of England.Mackenzie's Reminiscences of Glasgow.Mackenzie's (Sir George) Works.Madden's Phantasmata.Manners of the Crim Tartars, by Mary Holderness.Marryat's Works,Mayhew's Prisons.Medical Life in the Navy, by Stables.Meibomius; de Usu flagrorum.Memoirs of the Court of Russia, by Dr. "V^hse.Memoirs of the Empress Catherine II. of Russia.Millingen's Curiosities of Medical Experience.Morellet's Translation of Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments.Nicolini's History of the Jesuits.Olmsted's Slave States of America.Paget's Hungary and TransylvaniaLIST OF AUTHORITIESPark's Travels in AfricaPinkerton's Collection of Travels.Presbytery Display'd.Plutarch's Works.Public Schools (Blue Book).Punishments of China.Recollections of Russia, by a German Nobleman.Report of Commission on Military Punishments, 1836.Report of Schools Inquiry Commission, 15 vols.Rousseau's Confessions.Russia, by Count de Lagny,Scotch Presbyterian FlonuenccScottish Annual for 1836.Secondary Education in England, by J. Demogeot an*? MontuccSewell's History of the Quakers.Shenstone's Poems.SmoUet's Roderick Random,Sommerville's Autobiography of a Working ManSouthey's Doctor.Speke's Travels in Africa.Staunton's (Sir George) Penal Code of Cl.iraSteinmetz's Noviciate.Stephen's Travels in Greece, Russia, Turkey, and Poland.Stowe's (Mrs.) Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.Taylor's Poems.Timb's Curiosities of London.Trelawney's Adventures of a Younger Son.Tusser's Poems.Voltaire's Works; Philosophical Dictionary.Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of tue Ancient EgyptiansWilson's Western Africa.Wodrow'b Collection upon the Lives of Ministers.PERIODICALS CONSULTED.All the Year Round.Art Journal (Wright's Domestic Manners of the English duringthe Middle Ages).Blackwood's Magazine.53^ LIST OP AUTHORITIKS.Chambers's Journal. Nov. ii, 1843.Cornhill Magazine (Notes on Hoganh).Dablin University Magazine.Edinburgh Review. Flogging at Eton. Vtl. 51.Frazer's Magazine (Ensign O'Doaoghue on Courts Martial1836).Gentleman's Magazine.Good Words. 1863.Household Words.Lancet (The).New Monthly Magazine.Notes and Queries.Once-a-Week.Quarterly Review.Scots Magazine.United Service Magazine.INDEX.Abelard and Heloise, 516Adanaites, Sect of, 47Africa, Flagellation among thenatives of, 279Africa, Flagellation in South, 280Africa, Flogging in Western, 282African Penal Code, Flagellationin the, 285Africa, Rod as a means of Training in, 282America, Flogging of Slaves in, 301America, Pillory in, 297American Schools, Whipping in,299America, Whipping at Newcastle,297America, Whipping-post in, 297Apprentices, Flogging of, 392Augustine and Ursuline Nuns, Flagellation among the, 79"Badger's Band," 390Bamboo in China, 213Barbara Ubryk, 83Barring Out, Description of a, 442"Barring Out," School Custom of, 442Baslinade among the I'urks andPersians, 240Bastinade in Egyptian Schools, 279Benedictines, Order of the, 75Bemardinus de Bustis, 58Birch, Craving for the, 521Birch, Discussion m the QtteenNewspaper, 468Birch in English Schools, SchoolsInquiry Commission on, 443Birching Young Ladies, Lettersin the Englishwoman's DoniesticMagazine, 471Birch in Schools, Attempt to Abolish, 450 " Birch in the Boudoir," Article iu the Saturday Review, 6,1 1 " Blue Man " in German Schools,"Boot Nuns —their IngeniousDiscipline, 342Brantome, Anecdote of a Lady, 517Bridewell, Account by Defoe, 198Bridewell, London, 195Bridewell, SmoUet on, 195Bridewell, Whipping at, 196British Araiy, Flogging in the, 351Biownrigg, Mother, 393Busby (Ur), Anecdote of, 430Cadiere, Miss, and Father Girard,134Caleken Peters, her first Visit to Hadrien,:24Caraalduenses and Celestines, Orders of the, 73Capuchin Nuns, 72Carmelites, Flagellation among the,60Carthusians, Flagellation amongt'ne, 75Catenna of Cardona, 63Catherine II. of Russia, Penchantfor the Rod, 250Cat-o' -nine-tails, 356 " Cavaletto " in the Prisons of Rome, 202Charity School Discipline OneHundred Years ago, 413Chelsea Female School, Whippingat, 467China, Domestic Discipline in, 225China, Flogging in, 22

J540 INDEX.Chinese Marriage Laws, 221Chinese Officials, Punishment of, 219Chinese Penal Code, 216Chinese Penal Scale of Punishments, 223Chinese Punishments, Pictures of, 224Chinese Ritual Laws, 222Christ's Hospital, Punishments at, 439Cistercians, Order of the, 66Clara Seiffo, 70Clergyman Correcting his Servantmaid, 397Clopinel, Anecdote of, 332Cochin China, Flogging in, 226 " Cobbing" in the Navy, 372Colet (Dean), Anecdote of, 427College, Flogginc: at, 441Confession, Anecdote of, 53Confession, Dangers of, 52Confessors, their Duties and Dangers, 51Coote (Sir Eyre), Story of, 522Corea, Punishment in, 228Coreans, "Shin Plaster " among, 229Correction in Monasteries, 43Correction of Children Sixty Yearsago- 385Court Jester Whipped, 335Crabbe's " Schoolmaster," 429Creswell (Madame), Anecdote of,Curll Whipped by the WestminsterBoys, 431"Cutty Stool," 177Damian, Cardinal, 49Dangerfield, Flogging of, 158Day of Flagellations at Lacedsemon, 41Defoe on Whipping in Edinburgh,192Diary of a Lady of Qu^dity, Extracts from, 398Discipline, Conversation on, between Iladrien and Caleken, 127Discipline, Definition of the Term,18Discipline, Medical Opinion on, 19Discipline, Upper and Lower,Comparative Merits of, 18Discipline, Voluntary, among the Jews, 32Dispute between Two Ladiessettled by a Flogging, 330Domestic Birch, Anecdotes of, 385Domestic Discipline in the Islands of the Pacific, 383Domestic Discipline, Story of, 378Dominicus de Guzman, 86Duel with Whips, 289Ecclesiastical Commission, Punishments by the, 178Edinburgh, last Public Whippingin, 189Edinburgh, Whipping in, 187Edinburgh, Whipping for Riotingin, 186Eel Skins used for Whipping, 449Egypt, Flagellation in, 277Egypt, Flagellation of Tax-payersin, 278Elizabeth of Genton, 69Erasmus on School Discipline, 427Eton, Flogging at, 435Fashions in 1759, 398Fashion in Young Ladies' Dressesin the Eighteenth Century, 452Father Achazius, 1 18Father Seraphim, his Penance, 63FcTula, Different kinds of, 479Festival of the Innocents, Flagellating Custom on the, 327Flagellation as mentioned in the New Testament, 30Flagellation, Eccentric, 516Flagellation, Extraordinary Storiesof, 55Flagellation of Slaves among theRomans, 35Flagellants, Hecker's Account ofthe, 106Flagellants in France, 109Flagellants in Spain, 112, 120Flagellants, Persecution of the, lUFlagellants, Processions of the, 104Flagellants, Processions in Paris,110Flagellants, St. Justin's Account ofthe, 102Flagellants, Sect of the, 102Flogging, Abolition of, Agitationui Parliament, 352INDtX,Flogging as a Diversion, 429Flogging in Asylums, Anecdote by"Voltaire, 317Flogging in Feltlmm Reformatory,200Flogging in Hungarian Prisons, 202Flogging in Newcastle Gaol, 170Flogging in the Army, Severity of, 352Flogging, Medicinal Use of, Among the Ancients, 204Flogging of a Servant in Holland,201Flogging round the Fleet, 368Flogging with the Strap andPaddle, 304Fontevrault, Order of, 64Franciscans, Order of the, 70Francis of Assissi, 70Frederick the Great Flogged byhis Father, 382French Nurses, Flogging by, 318French Schools, Discipline in, 321French Schools, Flogging in, 319French Writers on the Rod, 318Girard, Disciplines of Father, 136Girard, Popularity of, 135Girard, Treatment of Miss Cadiireby, 138Girard, Trial of, 142Girard, Voltaire's Epigram on, 144Geiman Doctor and his Wife, 381German Prisons, Whipping in, 344Germany, Ancient Laws of, 340Germany, Domestic Discipline in,344Germany, Penal Flagellation in, 148Germany, Whipping-post in, 338Girls, Whipping of, 395Glasgow, Last Public Whippingat, 165Gonnella, Court Fool of Ferrara,333Groningen, School Custom at, 339Racket, a Scotch Schoolmaster,Anecdote of, 447Haddington, Whipping at, 187Hadrien and Betken Maes, 131Hadrien and his Whippmg Institution, 122Henry H. of England, Penance of, 53Henry IIL of France as a Flagellant, noHenry IV. of France, Penance of, 54Hermits, Flngellation among, 48High School of Edinburgh, Birchin the, 447Hildegard of Cologne, 68Hindoos, Flagellating Warren oithe, 238Hoo Union, Master of the, 531Hospitalites and the Theatines,Discipline among the, 82 " Houpsy Doupsy " in ScotchSchools, 449House of Commons, Curious Scenein, 162Houses of Correction in France,316Hungarian Military Flogging, 350Immaculate Conception, Controvei-sy between the Franciscansand the Dominicans, 94India, Plogging as a means for theCollection of Revenue, 235India, Flogging in, 234India, Torture in, 236Indies (East), Flogging in the, 311Indies (West), Flogging in the, 308Innocent's Day, Anecdote of, 328Inquisition, Crimes Punished bythe, 92Inquisition, Prisons of the, 89Inquisition, Punishment of Polygamy by the, 91Instruments of Whipping, 478Instruments of Whipping amongthe Romans, 34, 479Inverness, Whipping at, 193Italy, Rod in, 147Jamaica, Flogging during the Insurrection in, 312Japanese Criminal Code, 233Japan, Rod in, 231Japan, School Discipline in, 232Jeffreys's Campaign in the West of England, 159Jeffreys, his Delight in Flogging,156Jesuits, Flagellation among th» Modern, icoJesuit Father Whipped, 335542 INDEX.fesuit Missionaries, Flagellationby, 99Jesuits, Order of the, 96Jesuits, Scaiulals among the, 97Jesuits' Schools, Whipping in, 343Job's Wife, Arabian Tradition of,1 375Johann Tauler, his Flagellations,88Johnson's (Dr) Approbation of theRod, 3S7Johnson (Dr) Flogged at Oxford,441Johnson ("Julian"), Flogging of, 160Juvenile Male Offenders Act, 171 Keate (Dr), Anecdotes of, 436Kirk Session of Dunfermline, 179Knout, Description of the, 239Knouting, Description by a British Merchant, 265Knouting of a Student, 263Knouting of Seven Tartars, 264Ladies Royston, Whipping Girlsand Boys, 413Ladies' School at Edinburgh,Discipline iii, 464Ladies' School at Havanna, Discipline in, 473Ladies, Severity of the Roman, 37Ladies' Whipping Club, 336Lady Birched by her Husband, 3/9Lady Birched for her Sins, 336Lady of Rank Flogged, 329Lady Whipping her Servants,Anecdote of a, 520Lamb (C.) on Christ's Hospital, 439 " Lancet " on Flogging, 210Lapuchin, Ma iam-j, Knouting of, 261La Trappe, 66Laws of Scotland, Severity of, iSi Linlithgow Apprentices Flogg'jcl,392 " Lives of the Lindsays," Anecc^uteof Domestic Discipline, 390Lord Munson Whipped by his Lady, 373Loyola, Ignatius, 96Lupercalia, Festival of the, 39Madame de la Molte, Whii)pingof, 322Maid of Honour Whipped, 334Marchioness of Rozen Floggt-d Ijy the Countess du Barry, 331Maria Laurentia Longa, 72Maria Magdalena of Pazzi, a Carmelite Nun, 64Maria Vittoria Fornari, 80Mexico, Penance in, 290Military Flogging, Circular on, 355Military Punishments, 347Military Punishments in France,347'Millmgen on the Rod, 205Milton Flogged at Cambridge, 441Mistresses, their Severity towardsSlaves, 310"Moderate Castigation" of Wives,388Moliere on School Discipline, 424Monks, their Penchant for the Pleasures of the Table, 45Mo'. her Passidea of Sienna, 68Mulcaster, Richard, Anecdote of, 430

• ' Mumbo Jumbo " in Africa, 285

Nakedness in Flagellation, Doctrine of, 46Naval Cadets, Flogging of, 371Navy, Cat-o'-nine-tails in the, 369Navy, Flogging in the, 363Navy Floggmg, Severity of, 364Nicholas i. of Russia, Character of, 252Nuns of Minsk, Flogging of, 273Oates, Titus, Flogging of, 156Olney, Whipping at. Anecdote byCowper, 164Officer Flogged at Sea, 365Parr, Anecdotes of, 433 " Paston Letters," Reference to Domestic Birching, 386Penance, 50Penance, Laws of, 76Penitents, Order of the, 73" Pepys's Diary, "Extracts from, 38SPOKTKY OF THE ROD

Anthology of the Rod, 49SBirch, the, 508Birch 'Pree, the, 499Block, the, 511Busby, Epigram on, 504Dear Molly, 502INDEX. 543Poetry of the Rod (con.)—Enigma, 498Flagellants, Ancient bong otthe, 490For.e, a Schoolmaster, 500Hamburg Fishwife, the, 496Penance, the Ingoldsby, 493Maister, the, 503Ode, 501Paget, a Schoolboy, 500Parody on Sappho's CelebratedOde, 500Rodiad, by Ceorge Coleman,Extracts from, 485Terrors of the Rod, 505Poland, Flagellation in, 345Poland, Whipping of Domestics at Easter in, 346Portuguese Army, Punishments inthe, 351Posteriors, a Characteristic Part ofthe Body, 22Posteriors as a place for Insults, 24Posteriors, Flagellations on the, 27Posteriors, French Notions on, 25Posteriors, Opinions of the Ancientson, 23Posteriors, Opinions of the Modernson, 23Premonstratenses, Penance amongthe, 76Prostitutes, Whipping of, 528Prussian Army, Flogging in the, 348Punishment at Regent House, Balh,459 " Punishment Hour " at a CharitySchool, 417Punishments of "Booting" and"Bottling," 361Punishments in Ladies' Schools,Discussion on the Decency of, 466Quakers in America, Law against,292Quakers, Whipping of, 154, 292Rabbinical Gloss on Fall of Man, ",73Raymond, Earl of Toulouse, Excommunication and Penance of, 89Rod among the Saxons, 149Rod, a Cure for Choking, 208Rod, a Cure for Fever, 209Rod, a Cure for Laziness, 206Rod, a Cnre for Love, 207, 339Rod, a Cure for Various Disorders,206Rod, Comic Opera on the, 527Rod in Ladies' Boarding Schools,451Rod in the Middle Ages, 145Rod, Medicinal Powers of the,204Roland, Madame, 380Romuald, 73Rovisseau's Confessions, 518Rugby, Flogging at, 434Running the Gaunllec, 268Russia, Anecdotes of Flogging in,Russia, Executioner in, 280Russia, Ladies Flogged in, 257Russia, Instruments of Flagellationin, 259Russia, Rod in, 242Russia, Whipping of Domestics in,257Russian Army, Punishments in, 349Russian Baths, Birch in, 247Russian Bath.s, Description of, 247Russian Manners in the time of Catherine II., 252Russian Master Flogged by his Slaves, 245Russian Monaichs using the Whip,249Russian Nobles, Anecdote of theRod among, 244Russian Prisons, Flogging in, 254Russian Social Circle, Rod in the,246St Anthony, 43St Dominic Loricatus, his Flagellations, 49St Kresenzia of Kaufbeurn, 342St Lazare, School of the Fatliers,320St Nicolas, Whipping the Imngeof, 482St Theresa, 59Saints Protecting Schoolboys, 426Scandal Punished by Kirk Sessions, 177Schoolmaster, Flogging of a, 182School at Regent Mouse, Bath, 455School Punishments, Ancient, 425544 INDEX.School Punishments, French Commissioners on, 445School Punishment, Old-fashionedMethod of, 449Scotland, Whipping in, 175Scottish Flagellation, mentionedby Various Authors, 176Scottish Magistrate, Anecdote of, 201Self-Flagellation as an Atonementfor Sin, 117Self-Flagellation in Russia, 269Self-Flagellation, its Usefulness,114Shrewsbury School, 433Slave Flogged to Death, 302Slave Owner Executed for Flogginghis Slaves, 315 " Slingbelting, " 361Soldiers, Flagellating Customsamong, 361Sommerville, his Account of his Flogging. 357Spectator on Domestic Discipline,374Stilling, Anecdote of a Whippingat, 184Stripes, Number of, among theJews, 29Suabian Schoolmaster, his Severity,425Superanus, an Ancient Philosopher,424Surgeon, Flogging of a, 329Surinam, Flogging in, 308Sutchin sentenced to be Whipped,160Tartars, Flogging among the Kirghese, 233Tartary, Administration of Justicein, 231 " Taws " in Ladies' Schools, 465 " Taws " in Scotland, 446Temple of Venus Callipygie, 23Trappists, Order of the, 67Tusser on Scholastic Discipline, 427Tusser's Poem on Husbandry,Quotation frpm, 392Urban Nuns, 71Uttoxeter, School Punishments ai, 430Vanburgh's " Relapse," Referc-nccto Domestic Discipline, 386Vincent, Dr, 431Virginia, Flogging in, 306Visitantines, Order of, 8iWhipping, a Cure for Choking, 208Whipping, a Cure for Love, 207,339Whipping, Action for not Receivinga, 168Whipping at the Cart's Tail, 199Whipping-boy mentioned by I.e Sage, 428Whipping-boys for Princes, 428Whipping by Missionaries, 2S3Whipping Ceremonies among ihe Ancients, 41Whipping Clubs, 519Whipping Companies, Private, 1 18 Whippings Decreed by the Courtof Love, 341Whipping, Examples of, 151 Whipping Garroters, 168Whipping Graves, 482Whipping Slaves at Sierra Leone,287Whipping Thieves, 167Whipping Witnesses in Scotland,Whipping Women dunng the French Revolution, 325Whipping Young Ladies, 45 r Whipping Young Ladies, Corre- spondence in the Family Herald,463Whipping a Young Lady, Letter on the, 468Whipping-post, Benefits of the, 150Whipping the Boston Saints, 296Whippings, Various Notices of, 185Wife-beating, Anecdote of, 396Wife-beating, Right of, in England,387Winton Rod, 432Workhouse Girls Flogged, 531